1. Comparison of Different Batteries on an Electric Vehicle
using MATLAB simulation based on Pakistani operating
conditions
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Student Muhammad Sohaib
Supervisor Dr. Nasser Ahmad
Registration No 2019-MS-AME-29
Date of Registration 02-09-2019
Subjects Passed 08
2. Problem Statement
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad 2
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
• Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming an increasingly popular transportation option as
concerns about climate change and environmental sustainability grow. With their lower
emissions and reduced reliance on fossil fuels, EVs are considered as a key component
for the transferring of more efficient and low-carbon transportation system.
• However, the performance and reliability of EV batteries remain a critical area of
concern, particularly when it comes to the effect of temperature on battery performance.
• In general, higher temperatures can increase battery performance by reducing internal
resistance and improving ion conductivity. However, the temperature can also have
negative effects on battery performance, including accelerated aging, increased
degradation, and reduced cycle life
• The motivation for this study is driven by the need to develop more efficient and reliable
EV batteries that can operate optimally under a range of environmental conditions,
including extreme temperatures.
3. Objectives
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
• To measure the effect of temperature on battery voltage, current, and SOC for Li-ion
phosphate batteries used in EVs.
• To measure the effect of temperature on battery aging and degradation, and to identify
any patterns or trends in battery behavior over time.
• To evaluate the potential implications of temperature on battery life and performance,
and to provide insights into how temperature can be optimized to improve battery
performance and sustainability
• Overall, the scope of this study is to measure the specific effect of rate of change of
temperature on the performance of Li-ion phosphate batteries and to provide insights
into how temperature can be optimized to improve battery performance and
sustainability.
4. Methodology
• A hybrid car model will be selected for Analysis
• Car will be deigned using MATLAB
• Different conditions will be applied Road and temperature
conditions
• Simulations will be run
• Batteries with best combination and properties will be suggested
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
5. Simulink Block Diagram of the Series
Hybrid Electric Vehicle
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
6. Battery Model
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
7. Driving Cycles Simulation
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
The simulation considers a range of real-world driving cycles, representing diverse driving
patterns and scenarios. These driving cycles are applied to the system-level model to
emulate the EV's energy consumption and storage during different operational profiles.
The driving cycles are
• FTP
• HWFET
• UDDS
• US06
8. Simulation Model Conditions
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
To analyze the impact of temperature on battery performance, the simulation is
executed for three temperature settings: 0°C, 25°C, and 50°C. The thermal
behavior of batteries under these conditions is modeled, accounting for changes in
efficiency, self-discharge rates, and capacity
9. Comparative Analysis
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
• A comprehensive comparative analysis is conducted to contrast the performance of
different battery types under varied operating conditions. The analysis evaluates how
each battery type responds to temperature changes, driving patterns, and their
implications for EV energy storage system design and operation.
• The methodology utilizing the ADVISOR MATLAB simulator enables the systematic
investigation of battery behavior within EV energy storage systems. By incorporating
real-world driving conditions and temperature effects, this approach provides a
comprehensive understanding of the performance characteristics, thermal behavior, and
efficiency of various battery types.
10. Results
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
The simulation-based investigation of battery behavior within Electric Vehicle (EV) energy
storage systems, considering Lead Acid, Lithium Ion, Nickel Metal Hydride, Nickel Zinc, and
Nickel Cadmium batteries, has yielded valuable insights into their performance under different
temperature conditions and driving cycles.
11. Simulation results for Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) Battery
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
For the Lithium Ion battery, the simulation revealed consistent energy performance across all
temperature settings. However, at 0°C, its capacity was slightly reduced due to higher internal
resistance. At 25°C, the battery demonstrated its highest efficiency, while at 50°C, thermal
effects started impacting its performance. Lithium Ion batteries proved to be well-suited for
EVs, offering high energy density and steady performance over a range of temperatures.
0.299
0.522
0.306
0.38
0.311
0.544
0.325
0.389
0.309
0.527
0.323
0.478
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
FTP HWFET UDDS US06
Overall
Efficiency
Driving Cycles
Lithium Battery Energy Storage in kJ at 0 °C, 25 °C, 50 °C for different driving cycles
12. FTP Driving Cycle Results for Li-Ion Batteries
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
Battery SoC
13. HWFET SoC
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
14. UDDS SoC
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
15. US06 SoC
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
16. Results Discussion
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
• At 0°C, the energy efficiency of the Li-ion battery is relatively lower across all
driving cycles compared to higher temperatures. This can be attributed to
increased internal resistance and reduced ion mobility at colder temperatures,
leading to higher energy losses during charge and discharge processes. As the
temperature increases to 25°C and 50°C, energy efficiency improves notably. This
improvement is due to reduced polarization effects and enhanced ion transport,
leading to lower energy losses during battery operation.
• The overall efficiency, which accounts for both input and output energy, shows a
similar trend as energy efficiency. Higher temperatures generally lead to
improved overall efficiency due to decreased energy losses. Losses, which include
both reversible and irreversible energy losses, tend to increase as temperature
rises from 0°C to 50°C. This aligns with the anticipated behavior of Li-ion
batteries, where higher temperatures result in increased self-discharge rates and
higher ohmic losses.
• Lower temperatures generally lead to increased internal resistance and reduced ion
mobility, resulting in higher energy losses during charge and discharge processes.
• Elevated temperatures tend to improve energy efficiency due to reduced
polarization effects and enhanced ion transport.
17. Results Discussion
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
17
Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
• Different driving cycles have a significant impact on battery energy efficiency and
losses.
• The UDDS driving cycle consistently yields higher energy efficiency across all
temperature conditions.
• This cycle likely imposes less aggressive power demands and more favorable
operating conditions for the battery.
• The US06 and HWFET driving cycles exhibit relatively higher energy losses and
lower energy efficiency.
• These cycles likely involve more rapid power fluctuations and higher energy
demands, leading to increased losses.
• The UDDS cycle maintains its trend of having the highest overall efficiency among
all driving cycles and temperatures. This indicates its suitability for maximizing the
Li-ion battery's overall performance.
• The influence of driving cycles on battery performance is another shared aspect
among the studied chemistries.
• Regardless of the chemistry, certain driving cycles exhibit more favorable energy
efficiency and overall efficiency.
• The Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) consistently demonstrates
higher efficiency across all battery types and temperatures.
• This suggests that driving cycles with gentler power demands and smoother
profiles tend to maximize battery performance.
18. Conclusions
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-29 Supervisor: Dr. Nasser Ahmad
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
•From simulations and results it was concluded that temperature plays a significant role in
shaping battery performance
• Lithium Ion batteries emerged as a robust choice, showcasing consistent performance
across temperatures and maintaining high energy density.
• For EV energy storage systems, temperature management emerges as a critical factor in
optimizing battery performance and lifespan.
• Incorporating effective thermal management strategies can mitigate efficiency losses and
capacity degradation, ensuring reliable and efficient EV operation.
• The findings of this study contribute to the broader understanding of battery behavior
within EVs and highlight the significance of modeling and simulation in exploring
performance nuances.
• In conclusion, this study emphasizes the need for a holistic approach that considers battery
behavior under real-world conditions, guiding the advancement of EV energy storage
systems and promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly transportation solutions.
19. Research Paper Status
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Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology
• Research Paper Submitted on 30th August 2023.
Registration No: 2019-MS-AME-09 Supervisor: Dr. Naseer Ahmed
