The presentation Measuring FLW About The FLW Standard Tools And Resources is by Kai Robertson, lead advisor for the FLW Protocol at the World Research Institute. Presented at the WBCSD Climate Smart Agriculture workshop at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT on 28 March 2018.

1. Impactful and
Measurable Progress
on CSA
in Corporate Value
Chains
Workshop
27-28 March 2018Smarter Metrics Workshop | Burlington 1
MEASURING FLW
ABOUT THE FLW STANDARD
TOOLS AND RESOURCES
Kai Robertson,
Lead Advisor, FLW Protocol
WRI
Day 2 | 28 March 2018
afternoon

2. HOW TO CHANGE ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIORS
1. Make it understood
2. Make it easy
3. Make it desirable
4. Make it rewarding
5. Make it a habit

3. Smarter Metrics Workshop | Burlington 327-28 March 2018
Food Loss & Waste
THEMES FROM PRE-TRAINING EXERCISE
What are we already doing?
• Very different approaches
• Monitoring food donations
• Use of circular economy
approaches with waste
• Integration into production
efficiency analysis and LCAs
• For many, a new area
What are our monitoring goals?
• For some not in scope
• No goals yet – but highly
interested in developing a
monitoring system
• Considering incorporating it
into climate monitoring
approaches
What challenges are we facing?
• Upstream data collection from
direct suppliers
• Difficulty classifying waste in
different product markets
• How to combine use of
estimates with ground-
truthing

4. MEASURE:
“What gets measured gets managed”
Photo: www.cgu.edu
• Understand size of opportunity
• Data drives decisions and prioritization
• Ability to track progress

5. About the FLW Protocol
A multi-stakeholder effort to develop a global
Food Loss and Waste Accounting and Reporting Standard
(FLW Standard)
Secretariat

6. Benefits from using the FLW Standard
 Common language
 Practical guidance
 Reporting framework
Summarize your inventory
consistently and transparently
“… provides consistent
language to use … and
standard ways to
measure and report.”
Kellogg Company

7. Steps to quantify and report on FLW
Why quantify?
What to quantify? (January 2018 webinar)
How to quantify?
(February 2018 webinar)
Reporting
(March 2018 webinar)

8. Foundation of the common language
(1) Material Types (i.e., food
and/or inedible parts)
AND
(2) Destinations (where
material goes when it
leaves the food supply
chain; 10 possibilities)
a Intended for human consumption (i.e., excludes crops intentionally grown for bioenergy, animal feed, seed, or industrial use)
b At some point in the food supply chain (including surplus food redistributed to people and consumed)
Source: FLW Standard, Adapted from FAO, 2014. Definitional Framework of Food Loss. Working paper of the Global Initiative on Food Loss and Waste Reduction. Rome, Italy: FAO.
The FLW Standard allows an entity to select which combination of
material types and destinations
it considers to be “food loss and waste”

9. Inedible parts
Food
Biomaterial/
processing
Co/anaerobic
digestion
Controlled
combustion
Land application
Landfill
Not harvested
Refuse/discards
Animal feed
Compost/
aerobic
Sewer
US EPA: 36.46 million tons disposed
Inedible parts
Food
Biomaterial/
processing
Co/anaerobic
digestion
Controlled
combustion
Land
application
Landfill
Not harvested
Refuse/discards
Animal feed
Compost/
aerobic
USDA: 66.5 million tons
Goals -> drive definitions
V
E
R
S
U
S
Sewer

10. Scope of proposed SDG 12.3 Interpretation
TARGET 12.3
By 2030, halve per capita global food
waste at the retail and consumer
levels and reduce food losses along
production and supply chains,
including post-harvest losses

11. Food Waste Resolution (2015) Food Loss Resolution (2017)
Prevent and reduce food waste
by 50% within our own retail
and manufacturing operations
by 2025 versus a 2016 baseline
Prevent and reduce food
loss by 50% within our own
operations by 2030 versus
a 2018 baseline
Targets are being set by business partnerships

12. Controlled
combustion*
Landfill
Refuse/discards
Sewer
Food category =
To be determined
by company
Lifecycle stage =
Direct operations
Geography =
To be determined
by company
Organization =
To be determined
by company
Weight of
packaging
is excluded.
12 months
(calendar or
fiscal year)
Food
Scope of CGF’s Food Waste Resolution
Inedible parts
*without energy recovery
“Food only”
OR
“Food +
Inedible parts”
Food waste will be
assessed by
individual member
companies as…
…sent to disposal
(only the
destinations with
green check mark)
CGF GOAL
WE ARE COMMITTED TO
PREVENTING FOOD WASTE
AND MAXIMISING ITS
RECOVERY TOWARDS THE
GOAL OF HALVING FOOD
WASTE BY 2025**
**Aligned with the FLW Standard;
per unit of food sales in constant
currency
http://www.theconsumergoodsforum.
com/sustainability-strategic-
focus/waste/food-waste

13. 1. Direct weighing
2. Counting
3. Assessing volume
4. Waste composition analysis
5. Records
6. Diaries
7. Surveys
8. Mass balance
9. Modeling
10. Proxy data
Plus: Quantifying FLW if water is
added (Appendix A)
About FLW quantification methods
The stand-alone Guidance on FLW Quantification Methods document provides an
overview of 10 methods commonly used to quantify FLW:
The FLW Standard does not require use of a particular quantification method
o May select whichever method(s) best meets its particular needs and may also
choose to use methods not described in the standard
o Requirement: “Describe the quantification method(s) used.”
Methods in “bold” are
common for quantifying
farm-level losses

14. From the home page
Where to find the Guidance on FLW Quantification Methods
(@ www.FLWProtocol.org)
Individual chapter for each
quantification method
provides:
 Overview
 Advantages and
disadvantages
 Level of expertise
required
 Cost
 Guidance on
implementing the
method

15. Helpful hints about measuring
1. You don't need a super accurate
number to get started
2. Measurement itself is an act of
prevention
3. Think beyond “landfill avoidance”

16. Basic steps for collecting data
1. Identify the main streams of possible FLW
o Where FLW is already separated from other material streams
• e.g., FLW to animal feed
o Where estimates may be needed to separate the FLW from other material streams
• e.g., fraction of total material to compost that is FLW
2. Gather and assess existing data
o Sources may include: storage records, waste collection receipts,
o Identify who has the data
o Consider if existing data
• fits your scope and is reliable, and
• could be extrapolated for other sites (if needed)
3. Where data does not exist, determine how to calculate the
amount of FLW (i.e., measure, approximate, or infer by
calculation)

17. Defining “losses” at farm-level
During or
immediately after
harvesting on the
farm
*Read more in: Introducing Farm-Level Loss into the
Food Waste Discussion, NC State University
= Product that doesn’t
leave the farm
May be called:*
• unmarketable
• oversupply
• surplus
• seconds
• culls
• trash
• ugly
Trim
(“Outer leaves”)
Damaged product
(unsaleable)
Excess product
Stalks / Stems
What might this look like (lettuce example)?

18. “Non-food” agricultural losses
Smarter Metrics Workshop | Burlington 1827-28 March 2018
FOR EXAMPLE: WHEN COTTON IS LEFT IN THE FIELD, ITS FOOD POTENTIAL ALSO GOES UNTAPPED
…one acre of cotton produces about 25-30 gallons of edible cottonseed oil per acre.
The average person consumes about 3 pints of cottonseed oil annually.
http://www.westernfarmpress.com/blog/cotton-fabric-and-food-our-lives
Approach for how to calculate harvest losses is provided by Cotton Inc.
http://www.cottoninc.com/fiber/AgriculturalDisciplines/Engineering/Cotton-Harvest-
Systems/Cotton-Pickers/Appendix-Harvest-Loss-Calculations/

19. Production process - Streams or materials not fit for food
Raw Material
Final
Product 1
Final
Product 2
Storage
Cleaning
Process
Process
Step x
Process
Step 2b
Process
Step 2a
Storage
Material
Cleaning
Material
Production
Material
Production
Material
Final Product
Material
19
Production
Handling
and Storage
Processing
and
Packaging
Distribution
and Market
Consumption
Produced and sold for
non-food uses
Material is used for:
• Animal feed, or
• Biomaterial/processing
(industrial products)
Agribusiness
operations
Material goes to:
• Co/anaerobic digestion
• Composting/aerobic
processes
• Controlled combustion
• Land application
• Landfill
• Refuse/discards/litter
• Sewer/wastewater
treatment*
Assess Destination
* Keep in mind process water may have been added
Destinations (Process Waste)
Destinations (Non-food / By-product)
Productionprocess
Note: confirm it
is lawful
Produced for humans
(food & associated inedible parts)
Streams or materials that leave the food supply chain:
Food Waste
(SDG 12.3
Interpretation)
Material
Flows

20. Example. Destinations drive what a company considers food waste
(Slide from consulting firm Anthesis)
Not food waste:
human consumption
Not food waste:
animal feed
Food waste

21. 36% reduction (From 1.25% to 0.8%)
In supply chain under Olam’s control
Post-harvest rice losses in Cameroon
2,500 tonnes saved over 5 years
= 50 million servings
Business case. Food producer and trader: Olam

22. Note: These destinations
comprise the interpretation
of the SDG Target 12.3 Scope
All destinations are
reported
Source: Kellogg Company 2016/2017 Corporate Responsibility Report
“In 2016, our food waste was approximately 21.56 tonnes of food per million USD in food sales”
Conversion: Sales in 2016 ~$13 billion = 618 million pounds of food waste (519 million to animal feed)
“We estimate that reducing food waste within our facilities represents approximately $30 million in
potential cost savings, based on the cost of raw materials, confirming the clear financial
benefit of measuring (and reducing) food loss and waste. “
Source: Kellogg Company Food Waste Position Statement (updated May 2017)
http://www.kelloggcompany.com/content/dam/kelloggcompanyus/corporate_responsibility/pdf/2017/Food%20Loss%20and%20Waste%20Position%20Statement.pdf
Additional details provided in FLW Standard case study – available at: http://flwprotocol.org/case-studies/
Business case. Manufacturer - globally

23. Opportunity related to sorting process
When carrots and potatoes are received at the facility
they are sorted, sliced and diced followed by optical
sorter processing to remove blemished vegetables.
Floor measurements found that collateral losses of
good quality carrots and potatoes amounts to 799
tonnes per year.
It was found that by reprocessing or decreasing the
speed of the optical sorter, collateral losses could be
reduced by 2/3. This would avoid over 537 tonnes of
vegetable matter from entering the food waste
stream.
In addition to saving over $227,000 in raw ingredient
costs annually, addressing this issue will reduce the
amount of BOD sewage fees and embedded natural
gas, electrical and water costs.
In one facility, identified six practical and economically attractive opportunities to
reduce food waste by almost 1,000 tonnes/year valued at $706,000
Source: https://www.provisioncoalition.com/Assets/ProvisionCoalition/Documents/Articles/pc-case-study-campbells-2017-05-02%20FINAL.pdf
Business case. Manufacturer – by facility

24. Opportunity:
Rice loss reductions of 30% possible (harvesting and threshing
stages)
Improved storage equipment and farmer training
Financial benefit:
• Gross savings: $19.3 million/year
• Cost: $300,000/year
• Net savings : $19.0 million/year
Implementation Requirements:
• Know about the solution
• See how they will benefit from it
• Have money at the right time to purchase solution
• Be able to get equipment when they need it
Source: FAO
Source: Scaling Up Post-Harvest Losses Interventions in Uganda
Through Market Forces, World Food Program
Business case. Farmer (Andhra Pradesh/India)

25. Requirement Guidance
1. Base FLW accounting and reporting on the principles of relevance, completeness,
consistency, transparency, and accuracy
Chapter 5
2. Account for and report the physical amount of FLW expressed as weight
(e.g., pounds, kilograms, tons, metric tons)
Chapter 7
3. Define and report on the scope of the FLW inventory
a. Timeframe c. Destination
b. Material type d. Boundary
(See FLW Standard for details, including related issues)
Chapter 6
4. Describe the quantification method(s) used. If existing studies or data are used, identify
the source and scope
Chapter 7
5. If sampling and scaling of data are undertaken, describe the approach and calculation
used, as well as the period of time over which sample data are collected (including starting
and ending dates)
Chapter 8
6. Provide a qualitative description and/or quantitative assessment of the uncertainty
around FLW inventory results
Chapter 9
7. If assurance of the FLW inventory is undertaken (which may include peer review,
verification, validation, quality assurance, quality control, and audit), create an assurance
statement
Chapter 12
8. If tracking the amount of FLW and/or setting an FLW reduction target, select a base year,
identify the scope of the target, recalculate the base year FLW inventory when necessary
Chapter 14
The eight FLW Standard accounting and reporting requirements

26. Smarter Metrics Workshop | Burlington 2627-28 March 2018
Food Loss & Waste
DISCUSSION: WHAT’S ON YOUR MIND?
What are we already doing?
• Very different approaches
• Monitoring food donations
• Use of circular economy
approaches with waste
• Integration into production
efficiency analysis and LCAs
• For many, a new area
What are our monitoring goals?
• For some not in scope
• No goals yet – but highly
interested in developing a
monitoring system
• Considering incorporating it
into climate monitoring
approaches
What challenges are we facing?
• Upstream data collection from
direct suppliers
• Difficulty classifying waste in
different product markets
• How to combine use of
estimates with ground-
truthing

28. Where to Start? @ www.FLWProtocol.org

29. Easily Find Guidance in the FLW Standard
TIP: Hover
over each
box to see
the table of
contents;
clicking on
the Section
of interest
will take you
right to that
part of the
FLW
Standard

31. (insert
timeframe)
Food
Inedible parts
Animal Feed
Biomaterial/
processing
Co/anaerobic
digestion
Compost/aerobic
Controlled
combustion
Land application
Landfill
Not harvested
Refuse/discards
Sewer
Pre-harvest
losses and the
weight of
product
packaging is
excluded from
the weight of
FLW.
(modify and/or
insert additional
relevant text)
Food category =
(insert text)
Lifecycle stage =
(insert text)
Geography =
(insert text)
Organization =
(insert text)
Indicate what material
types and destinations
are included as the
scope – color in the box
and add a check mark
Provide details about
Timeframe, Boundary,
and Related Issues
Template Downloadable: Visual to Easily Summarize Scope

32. Where to Find the Customizable Visual
@ www.FLWProtocol.org

33. More in the Pipeline:
Cranswick plc, Danone, Campbell’s,
Sobey’s, Walmart, UK Produce Study
Case Studies Provide Practical Examples
Include:
 Benefits from using the FLW Standard
 Challenges faced and overcome in measuring
 How to summarize an FLW inventory using the FLW Standard
 Actions being taken to reduce FLW

34. Focus for 2018
 Sectoral guidance and other tools under development
 Monthly webinar series to continue April 18th (third Wednesdays)
 April 18th webinar will be in Spanish (An overview of the FLW Standard)
 Send us your thoughts on questions and topics to address
 If you aren’t already signed up for the news update, do so at the bottom of
any page @ FLWProtocol.org

35. Coming soon:
FLW Value Calculator

36. FLW VALUE CALCULATOR
ALEXI ERNSTOFF, PHD
SUSTAINABILITY CONSULTANT
27 MARCH 2018

37. 37
FLW IS NOT JUST A VOLUME BUT WASTED VALUE.
FLW VALUATION TOOL
• Social
capital &
worker
impacts
• Natural
capital &
environmenta
l impacts
• Nutritional
value

38. 38
Strategize future
action to focus on
high value FLW
streams.
Understand the
magnitude of
impacts the FLW has
on society
Inspire action and
transforming
thinking about FLW
and its true value
Communicate
internally and
externally to gather
support for FLW
mitigation
WHAT IS THE VALUE OF AVOIDING FLW?
FLW VALUATION TOOL
is building a FLW valuation calculator for FReSH.*
The calculator is intended to suite the needs of forward-thinking businesses.
* A joint program between EAT and WBCSD, Food Reform for Sustainability and Health (FReSH)

39. 39
AFTER MEASURING THE VOLUME OF FLW THE VALUE CAN BE ESTIMATED BY THE FLW
VALUATION TOOL (IN PREPARATION)
FLW VALUATION TOOL
 An entity calculates its FLW
 The tool estimates the:
o environmental impacts related to the agricultural production of
the food and the impacts of its destination (e.g. methane releases
from landfill).
o nutritional values that have been wasted (e.g. calories, vit. A)
o labor hours that have been wasted (e.g. to grow the food)
o economic value that has been wasted (e.g. market value)
DRAFT

40. 40
MINIMAL USER INPUTS TO GENERATE A WEALTH OF KNOWLEDGE
FLW VALUATION TOOL
User inputs are
matched with
data to
calculate value
DRAFT

41. Coming soon:
Cool Farm Tool

42. 3/28/2018 42
Cool Farm Tool – DRAFT Module for Farm-Level Losses (Under Development)
DRAFT

43. Coming soon:
The FLW Atlas

44. What is the Atlas?
- The one-stop shop for viewing and submitting food loss
and waste data
- Will contain both individual data points (based on
geography, commodity type and stage of the supply
chain) and full inventory data from companies and
countries

45. DRAFT Functionality of the Atlas

46. DRAFT Functionality of the Atlas

47. When Will the Atlas Launch?
- Likely launch date: September 2018
- More updates to come on future webinars

48. In the meantime – Excel downloadable from Missing Food, Missing Data?
report

49. 3/28/2018 49

50. Other resources (sampling)

51. 3/28/2018 51
Farm-level measurement activity – in U.S.
Project:
World Wildlife Fund (WWF) with Santa Clara University,
Global Cold Chain Alliance, Postharvest Education
Foundation, NC State, UC Davis (estimated embedded
resources in crop loss)
Focus:
Tomatoes, Romaine lettuce, Peaches, Potatoes
Publication:
Estimated ~May 2018
Conference with Preliminary Findings Held March 2018
End of season harvest potential protocol

52. Smarter Metrics Workshop | Burlington 5227-28 March 2018
Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) guidance
Focus: Canada, Mexico, US
Expected publication:
December 2018
Approaches
(pros/cons)

53. Why Quantifying? What Steps to Take? Who to Involve?
Tips & Questions
Summary Sheet: Developing Your Action Plan
What’s Your Focus?

54. WHERE TO FOCUS?
Prioritization Criteria Notes
OPPORTUNITY SIZE
How high is the waste level of the commodity?
How important is the commodity to your company?
YOUR INFLUENCE
What portion of the global market do you purchase?
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
What is the GHG footprint of the commodity (or water
consumption, impact on deforestation…)?
Solution Providers:
What’s your opportunity to help a company focus?