emotional stress indicator
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This document describes a stress meter circuit that uses skin resistance to measure a person's stress level. The circuit works by measuring changes in skin resistance caused by emotional stress - high stress decreases skin resistance. It consists of sensors that register muscle tension changes linked to an electronic analysis system. When used, it shows stress responses like deep sighs. The circuit diagram and components are described along with advantages like low power and portability, and disadvantages like non-measurable output. Potential improvements and applications are also discussed.
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The current divider principle states that in a parallel circuit, the total current divides up among the branches proportionally to the resistances of each branch. Specifically:
I1 = IT * R2 / (R1 + R2)
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Where IT is the total current, I1 and I2 are the currents in each branch, and R1 and R2 are the resistances of each branch. This allows simplifying some Ohm's law calculations for parallel circuits with two branches. The principle is only applicable when there are two parallel branches.
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The document describes a shadow intruder alarm circuit that uses a light dependent resistor (LDR). The circuit can detect movement of a person near it based on changes in light/shadow falling on the LDR, and trigger an alarm. It has applications for security at shops, warehouses, and homes. The circuit works by sounding an alarm when the LDR resistance increases due to a shadow blocking light on it. This allows the circuit to detect intruders without needing an aligned light beam. The document provides details on the components used in the circuit like the LDR, transistor, resistors, capacitors, and relay. It also gives background information on LDRs and their applications in security and other devices.
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The LVDT is an inductive transducer that converts linear motion to electrical signals. It consists of a primary winding and two secondary windings placed on either side of the primary. A movable soft iron core is placed between the windings. As the core moves linearly, it induces changing voltages in the secondary windings. The difference between these voltages is proportional to the core's displacement, allowing the LVDT to accurately measure linear motion over a wide range. LVDTs have advantages like high sensitivity and ruggedness, but disadvantages such as sensitivity to stray magnetic fields. They are commonly used as secondary transducers to measure quantities that involve linear displacement.
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This document discusses unsymmetrical faults in power systems. It defines unsymmetrical faults as faults that give rise to unbalanced unsymmetrical fault currents and can occur in generators, transformers, and transmission lines. The document describes three types of unsymmetrical faults: single line to ground faults, line to line faults, and double line to ground faults. It also lists some common causes of faults, such as falling trees, wind and ice loading, vehicle collisions, birds shorting lines, and insulation failures.
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The LVDT consists of a primary winding in the center of a former surrounded by two secondary windings. It works on the principle of mutual induction to convert displacement, a non-electrical energy, into an electrical output. When the soft iron core inside is in the null position, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary windings, resulting in a differential output voltage of 0. If the core moves left or right, the flux linking one secondary increases while the other decreases, producing a differential voltage. The LVDT has a linear output characteristic for small displacements but becomes non-linear at larger displacements. It is used to measure various parameters like force, weight, pressure, and displacements in applications such as soil testing
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An LVDT, or Linear Variable Differential Transformer, is a transducer that converts linear displacement or position into a proportional electrical signal containing phase and amplitude information. It consists of a primary coil wound over a non-ferromagnetic bore liner, with two secondary coils wound on either side. A ferromagnetic core magnetically couples the primary and secondary coils. When the primary coil is excited with an AC voltage, it generates a variable magnetic field that induces sine wave voltages in the secondary coils. The differential output voltage between the secondary coils is proportional to the core position and its phase indicates direction.
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The document discusses the linear variable differential transformer (LVDT), which measures displacement by converting non-electrical displacement into an electrical output signal. An LVDT consists of one primary winding in the center surrounded by two secondary windings, and uses mutual induction to produce a voltage proportional to the position of a movable iron core within the coils. The differential output voltage provides a linear measurement of the core's displacement. LVDTs have advantages like linearity, infinite resolution, and ruggedness, but are sensitive to stray fields and temperature changes. They are commonly used for measuring displacement, thickness, and hydraulic cylinder position.
Measurement of frequency
Frequency measurement is necessary for efficient AC power systems. There are two main types of frequency meters: electrical resonance circuits and ratiometers. Ferrodynamic and electromechanical meters are common frequency meter designs. A ferrodynamic meter uses a magnetizing coil and movable coil attached to a core to induce a current whose phase depends on inductance and capacitance. An electromechanical meter generates opposing torques from inductive and capacitive currents in fixed and moving coils to indicate frequency.
Lvdt seminar
LVDT is an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It is a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal
CSEC Physics Lab - IV Relationship of a filament lamp
1. The document describes a physics lab experiment to investigate the current-voltage (IV) relationship of a filament lamp.
2. The experiment involved setting up a circuit with a power source, voltmeter, rheostat, and filament bulb, and recording the current measurements at decreasing voltage intervals from 2.6V to 0.8V.
3. The results showed that the filament lamp obeyed Ohm's law for most of the experiment, as evidenced by the linear IV graph, but that resistance increases with temperature, causing current to change at higher voltages and temperatures.
Ammeter and voltmeter
Ammeter is a low resistance galvanometer
It is used to measure the current in a circuit in amperes
Galvanometer can be converted into an ammeter by using a low resistance wire in parallel with the galvanometer
the resistance of the wire depends upon the range of the ammeter
As shunt resistance is small the combined resistance of the galvanometer & the shunt is very low hence the ammeter has much lower resistance than galvanometer
An ideal ammeter has zero resistance
It is the most common instrument used to measure voltage
It measure either AC or DC voltage
It is a measure of the voltage between two points of an electrical current
INTRODUCTION TO LVDT,RVDT and Potentiometer
This document discusses different types of displacement transducers, including linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) and rotary variable differential transformers (RVDTs). It provides details on their construction, working principles, advantages, disadvantages, and applications. LVDTs and RVDTs both work on the principle of mutual induction to convert mechanical motion or vibrations into an electrical output signal. LVDTs are used to measure linear displacement, while RVDTs are used to measure angular displacement. Potential applications mentioned include automation, power turbines, aircraft, hydraulics, and more.
LVDT by KUL BHUSHAN
LVDT stands for Linear Variable Differential Transformer. It is an electromechanical transducer that converts linear motion to an electrical signal. LVDTs have advantages like friction-free operation, infinite resolution, and single axis sensitivity. They are used in applications like automation machinery, civil engineering, manufacturing, and testing. LVDTs work using electromagnetic induction - a ferrous core inside alters the magnetic flux in two coils, producing an output voltage proportional to displacement. Common manufacturers include RDP, Macro Sensors, and Honeywell, with LVDTs typically costing a few hundred dollars.
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CSEC Physics Lab - IV Relationship of a filament lamp
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This document describes a low cost fire alarm circuit project. It includes an introduction to fire alarms and their importance. The circuit uses transistors as heat sensors to detect a fire and trigger a relay connected to alarms. When the temperature rises, the leakage current of one transistor increases, biasing a second one on and activating the relay. The circuit provides fire detection at low cost with simple components and circuitry. It has advantages of low price, ease of use and portability but cannot detect extremely high temperatures. The summary aims to capture the key purpose, components, working and benefits of the circuit in 3 sentences or less.
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- Some formal ways to express sympathy include saying "I'm extremely sorry to hear that" and "I was deeply sorry to hear."
- People can express sympathy directly to the person, through letters, SMS, or email if they are far away.
Empathy training
This document discusses empathy and provides information on defining empathy, skills needed for empathy, empathic listening techniques like reflective listening, the power of reflective listening, why we use empathic listening, and barriers to empathic listening. It includes links to videos and websites with additional information on empathy.
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- 1. Mr. M. Nagesh Associate Professor 1. G.S.S Shravani (150040290) 2. J. Keerthana (150040303) 3. K. Sameera (150040355) 4. K. Akshitha (150040396) 5. K. Tejaswini (150040437) 6. K. Navya (150040449)
- 2. It is based on the principle that resistance of the skin varies in accordance with your emotional stress. Resistance varies inversely with stress. If stress level is high, skin offers less resistance and, if relaxed resistance is high. Low resistance of skin is during high stress. It is due to increase in blood supply of skin. This increases the permeability of skin and hence the conductivity of electric current.
- 3. MAJOR COMPONENTS USED S.NO COMPONENT SPECIFICATION 1 POWER SUPPLY 1.2V, DC 2 RESISTOR 1 kohm, 1.2 kohm(2) 3 POTENTIOMETER VR1-1Meg,VR2-220K 4 LED GREEN(1),RED(9) 5 IC LM3914 6 CAPACITOR 1UF/10V Tantalum 7 DIODE IN4007 8 PROBES 9 DRY CELL 1.5V
- 6. Stress meter using stress resistance is generally used to determine the stress felt by a person. This equipment consists of sensors or two probes made of conducting materials into the fabric that register the mechanical excitation of muscle fibers that pass the signals to an electronic analysis system. People’s muscle tension changes with their stress level-the greater stress, the more likely the muscles are to produce a synchronous twitching effect. At the same time, skin offers some resistance to current and voltage. At the relaxed state they offer more resistance and at the higher stress they offer less resistance. This resistance changes with the emotional state of the body, thus determining the person’s stress.
- 7. This circuit is useful to monitor the skin’s response through relaxation techniques. It is very sensitive and shows response during a sudden moment of stress. Even a deep sigh will give response in the circuit. 1.The input power supply is a DC voltage source of 1.2V(B), that is connected in parallel with a capacitor of capacitance (C1)1uf that will provide a capacitance voltage of 10V whose positive end is grounded. 2.The negative end of C1 is connected to the diode IN4007(D) preventing high voltage through the IC LM3914(U). The resistors R2 and R1 are connected to the pins REFOUT and RLO accordingly to adjust the voltage throughout the IC. 3. The potentiometer VR2 is connected through one of the probe (X)and it varies the input resistance based upon the skin resistance and it is connected to the pin5( SIGNJN), that provides load voltage to the IC for about 10-15V. 4.The potentiometer VR1 is connected to the positive terminal of the diode D, to change the resistance for variable voltage through the IC and the other end of the VR1 is connected to the IC LM3914 at RHJ. 5.The LM3914 is a monolithic integrated circuit that senses analog voltage levels and drives 10 LEDs, providing a linear analog. A 1.2V full-scale meter requires only 1 resistor and a single 1.2V to 15V supply in addition to the 10 display LEDs from the range +V to -V. If the 1 resistor is a pot, it becomes the LED brightness control. Current flows through the reference adjust pin when the reference amplifier is in the linear region, that is fed from one of the probes through muscle force on the probe(Y), hence when force is constant the current flows through REFADJ. 24 Pin 9, the Mode Select input controls bar or dot mode operation, where the LED dot oscillates up and down. As the LM3914 has a linear response, the stress that we apply on the probe leads the LEDs to glow accordingly from pin1 to pin10. Where the green LED is connected to the pin1 and the rest of the LEDs in red.
- 8. 1. It can be used to improve mental clarity. 2. The mental state of the person can be known. 3. It can be used as a a lie detector. 4. It can be used in physical fitness programs.
- 9. ADVANTAGES: 1.Simple circuitry. 2.Easy to use. 3.Easy to transport. 4.Less power consumption. 5.Desired output. DISADVANTAGES: 1.Output is not measurable. 2.Output depends on the grip of the person.
- 10. Several improvements to this prototype are expected. This includes addition of a voice recording and playback device. The playback device can give various instructions to reduce the stress. Additionally, an ergonomic design along with efforts can be put to minimize the overall used up space by the perforated board such that the subject can easily wear the kit on his/her wrist. This device can be further developed to design equipment like lie detectors, skin response meters, skin resistance meters, fitness meters. Therefore this model if further developed can be used in medical field, forensic department and it even helps in improving body fitness.
- 11. www.slideshare.net Contest.techbriefs.com Grietinfo.in