The document covers key concepts in Java expressions and flow control including: - Distinguishing between instance and local variables and how instance variables are initialized - Recognizing and correcting reference before assignment compiler errors - Using operators and ensuring legal assignments of primitive types - Applying boolean expressions in control constructs like if, switch, for, while, and do statements - Leveraging the instanceof operator to test an object's class at runtime - Understanding the differences between the basic for loop and enhanced for loop syntax

1. Module 4 Expressions and Flow Control

2. Objectives • Distinguish between instance and local variables • Describe how instance variables are initialized • Identify and correct a possible reference before assignment compiler error • Recognize, describe, and use Java software operators • Distinguish between legal and illegal assignments of primitive types

3. Objectives • Identify boolean expressions and their requirements in control constructs. • Recognize assignment compatibility and required casts in fundamental types. • Use if, switch, for, while, and do constructions and the labeled forms of break and continue as flow control structures in a program

13. Instanceof operator : (Example InstanceOf.java ) Test the class of an object at runtime, the left argument can be any variable or array element whereas the right operand must be a class,interface or array type. The instanceof operator return true if the class of left argument is the same as, or is some subclass of the class specified by right argument. The right operand may be an interface. In such case the test determines if the object at left argument implement the specified interface.

17. Example IfElse.java

18. Consider this code boolean boo = false; if (boo = true) { } What would be the output? 1. The code compiles and runs fine, and the if test fails because boo is false. 2. The code won’t compile because you’re using an assignment (=) rather than an equality test (==). 3. The code compiles and runs fine and the if test succeeds because boo is SET to true (rather than TESTED for true) in the if argument!

21. Will the following codes compile 1. byte g = 2; switch(g) { case 23: case 128: } 2. int temp = 90; switch(temp) { case 80 : System.out.println("80"); case 80 : System.out.println("80"); case 90 : System.out.println("90"); default : System.out.println("default"); } 3. switch(new Integer(4)) { case 4: System.out.println("boxing is OK");}

22. 1. Attempting to compile the code gives you an error something like Test.java:6: possible loss of precision found : int required: byte case 128: 2. Block of code won't compile because it uses two cases with the same value of 80: 3. It is legal to leverage the power of boxing in a switch expression.

24. Enhanced for Loop Instead of having three components, the enhanced for has two . Looping through an array The basic (old) way int [] a = {1,2,3,4}; for(int x = 0; x < a.length; x++) // basic for loop System.out.print(a[x]); Enhanced for for(int n : a) // enhanced for loop System.out.print(n);

25. The two pieces of the for statement are declaration The newly declared block variable, of a type compatible with the elements of the array you are accessing. This variable will be available within the for block, and its value will be the same as the current array element. expression This must evaluate to the array you want to loop through. This could be an array variable or a method call that returns an array. The array can be any type: primitives, objects, even arrays of arrays.

31. Example class Continue { public static void main(String args[]) { for(int i=0; i<10; i++) { System.out.print(i + &quot; &quot;); if (i%2 == 0) continue; System.out.println(&quot;&quot;); } } }

32. Example BreakLoop4.java

33. Example class Break { public static void main(String args[]) { boolean t = true; first: { second: { third: { System.out.println(&quot;Before the break.&quot;); if(t) break second; // break out of second block System.out.println(&quot;This won't execute&quot;); } System.out.println(&quot;This won't execute&quot;); } System.out.println(&quot;This is after second block.&quot;); } } }

34. Example ContinueLabel.java