This document provides an overview of plankton, including definitions, types, and sizes. It begins by defining plankton as organisms adapted for suspended life in open waters. Plankton are then divided into types - phytoplankton (primary producers), zooplankton (consumers), bacterioplankton, mycoplankton, virioplankton, and mixoplankton. Mixoplankton can switch between photosynthesis and consuming other plankton. Plankton are also categorized by size as femto-, pico-, nano-, micro-, meso-, and macroplankton. Various figures illustrate plankton taxonomy, trophic levels, and size distributions. Basic
Studying the geomorphology of lakes is a part of earth science studies. The presence of a lake, in any region, greatly influences the life of the people, living adjacent to it. There are several kinds of lakes in the world. Their characteristics are explained in this module.
Studying the geomorphology of lakes is a part of earth science studies. The presence of a lake, in any region, greatly influences the life of the people, living adjacent to it. There are several kinds of lakes in the world. Their characteristics are explained in this module.
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
A presentation for Marine Biology about Estuaries which includes its origin, classifications, types, physical characteristics, ecosystems, and human impact. Examples of estuaries are also included in this presentation.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
The plankton is divisible into two main groups, the phytoplankton and the zooplankton. The primary productivity which we discussed in chapter 10 is primarily the functional aspect of phytoplankton - the other chlorophyll bearing organisms are also to be included, but in most water bodies such as the culture pond an index of primary productivity could be obtained by the mass or number of phytoplankton in a unit volume of water
Zooplankton distribution and seasonal successionAl Nahian Avro
The seasonal distribution of the major components of the zooplankton community, protozooplankton, copepods and cladocerans, along a eutrophication gradient were examined in order to establish if eutrophication through increases in phytoplankton biomass and productivity has an impact on biomass and composition of the zooplankton community
A presentation for Marine Biology about Estuaries which includes its origin, classifications, types, physical characteristics, ecosystems, and human impact. Examples of estuaries are also included in this presentation.
Freshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes and ponds, rivers, streams and springs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. This module explains the characteristics of aquatic ecosystems-freshwater ones.
Ecosystem Ecology: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, POPULATION ECOLOGY, INTRODUCTION TO SEED DISPERSAL
Producers, Consumers, Food Chain, Food Web, Relationships between living organisms, Biogeochemical Cycles
In this episode, we are going to learn the following aspects:
1. Definition of an Ecosystem
2. Biotic Components
3. Abiotic Components
4. Functions of an ecosystem
5. Processes of ecosystems.
This is the second chapter under the Unit-1 of NEET examination syllabus. It is specially prepared to make the students of the NEET examination score all the possible questions for the chappter.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...
Basic Aquatic Ecology.pdf
1. A
F
U
Aquatic Ecology-Plankton:
Dilip Kumar Jha, PhD
Professor and Chairman
Department of Aquaculture
Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan
dkjha@afu.edu.np 9845155154; 9804273475
7/29/2023 1
3. A
F
U
Ecology- Relevance to Humankind
• The word ecologi is derived from rhe Greek oihos,
meaning "household," and logos, meaning "study."
Thus, the study of the environmental house includes
all the organisms in it and all the functional
processes that make the house habitable.
• Literally, then, ecology is the study of "life at home"
with emphasis on "the totality or pattern of relations
between organisms and their environment," to cite a
standard dictionary definition of the word (Merriam -
Webster's Collegiate Dictionory, 1Oth edition, s.v.
"ecology").
7/29/2023 3
4. A
F
U
Levels of 0rganizationHierarchy
• Hierarchy : “an arrangement into a graded series”
• System : “regularly interacting and interdependent
components forming whole”
7/29/2023 4
Figure: Ecological levels of organization spectrum emphasizing the
interaction of living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) component
5. A
F
U
7/29/2023 5
Figure: Ecological levels of
organization hierarchy;
seven transcending
processes or functions are
depicted as vertical
components of eleven
integrative levels of
organization (afier Barrett
et al. 1997).
6. A
F
U
7/29/2023 6
Figure: Compared with the strong
set-point controls at the organism
level and below, organization and
function at the population level
and above are much less tightly
regulated, with more pulsing and
chaotic behavior( but they are
controlled nevertheless by
alternating positive and negative
feedback-in other words, they
exhibit homeorhesris as opposed
to homeostasls. Failure to
recognize this difference in
cybernetics has resulted in much
confusion about the balance of
nature.
7. A
F
U
Basic Terminology
• Autotrophy :The ability of organisms to grow and
reproduce independent of external sources of
organic carbon compounds.
• Eukaryote :An organizational state of cellular
organisms in which the genome of the cell is stored
in chromosomes enclosed in a membrane-bound
nucleus; all protists (algae and protozoa), fungi,
plants, and animals are eukaryotes.
• Euphotic :The top layer of a water body through
which sufficient light penetrates to support net
photosynthesis. Rarely more than 100 m in depth,
the euphotic layer can be as little as 1 m in turbid
waters.
7/29/2023 7
8. A
F
U
Basic Terminology
• Heterotrophy :The ability of organisms to grow and
reproduce on organic carbon sources, taken in
dissolved or particle form.
• Metazoan :Literally, a multi-celled animal.
• Mixotrophy :The ability of a normally autotrophic
organism to switch, circumstantially, to phagotrophy,
or to support an otherwise meager food supply by
resorting to the ingestion and assimilation of bacteria
or their products.
• Phagotrophy :A type of heterotrophy that involves
the consumption of protists, plants, or animals as
food.
7/29/2023 8
9. A
F
U
Basic Terminology
• Photoautotrophy : A type of autotrophy in which
organisms gather light energy in order to reduce
carbon dioxide to organic carbon; characteristic of
green plants, most algae, and some prokaryotes.
• Picophytoplankton :The smallest (o2 mm) size class
of photoautotrophic plankton.
• Prokaryote :Organizational state of cells lacking a
membrane-bound nucleus and certain other
organelles. Bacteria, including the cyanobacteria, are
typically prokaryotic.
7/29/2023 9
10. A
F
U
Plankton
• The name plankton was coined by German marine
biologist Victor Henson in 1887.
• ‘‘Plankton’’ is a collective term for organisms
adapted specifically for a life in suspension in the
open waters (the pelagic zone) of the sea and of such
inland waters as lakes, reservoirs, and rivers.
• Planktonic organisms include protists (allegedly
simple, unicellular, or colony-forming algal primary
producers and their protozoan consumers),
microorganisms, and certain types of small metazoan
animals, all sharing a common liability to passive
entrainment in water currents, generated by tide,
wind, convection, gravity, and the rotation of the
earth.
7/29/2023 10
11. A
F
U
7/29/2023 11
Figure: Plankton
(organisms that drift
with water currents)
can be contrasted
with Nekton(organis
ms that swim against
water currents),
Neuston (organisms
that live at the ocean
surface) and benthos
(organisms that live
at the ocean floor).
Source: Wikipedia
12. A
F
U
Planktonic ways of life
• The planktonic ways of life have evolved to
accommodate the several problems and drawbacks
associated with living in open water.
• These concern (1) remaining in suspension, (2)
exploiting nutrient resources, and (3) energy.
7/29/2023 12
13. A
F
U
Plankton- Types
• On the basis of broad functional groups or trophic
level Plankton are primarily divided into :
1. Phytoplankton: which include the plantlike
chlorophyll-containing primary producers, E.g.,
Autotrophic prokaryotic or eukaryotic algae
(Diatoms, Cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates etc
2. Zooplankton: which include the animal-like
consumers, E.g., small protozoans or
metazoans that feed on other plankton
3. Mycoplankton: which include fungi or fungus like
organisms
7/29/2023 13
14. A
F
U
Plankton- Types
4.Bacterioplankton: which include bacteria and archaea
play an important role in remineralising organic
material down the water column
5. Virioplankton: which include viruses
7/29/2023 14
16. A
F
U
Mixoplankton
• Mixoplankton: which include mixotrophs
Plankton have traditionally been categorized as
producer, consumer and recycler groups, but some
plankton are able to benefit from more than just one
trophic level.
In this mixed trophic strategy—known as mixotrophy—
organisms act as both producers and consumers, either
at the same time or switching between modes of
nutrition in response to ambient conditions.
7/29/2023 16
17. A
F
U
Mixoplankton
This makes it possible to use photosynthesis for growth
when nutrients and light are abundant, but switching
to eat phytoplankton, zooplankton or each other when
growing conditions are poor.
Mixotrophs are divided into two groups; constitutive
mixotrophs, CMs, which are able to perform
photosynthesis on their own, and non-constitutive
mixotrophs, NCMs, which use phagocytosis to engulf
phototrophic prey that are either kept alive inside the
host cell which benefit from its photosynthesis, or they
digest their prey except for the plastids which
continues to perform photosynthesis.
7/29/2023 17
18. A
F
U
Plankton types on the basis of size
• Macroplankton – their size ranges from 2 to 20 cm.
• Mesoplankton – includes organisms with size 0.2 to 20 mm.
• Microplankton – their size varies from 20 to 200 𝝁m, e.g. most
of the phytoplankton, protozoans and large protists.
• Nanoplankton – size ranges from 2 to 20 𝝁m, e.g. protists,
diatoms and algae.
• Picoplankton - size ranges from 0.2 to 2 𝝁m, e.g. small
eukaryotic protists, bacteria, Chrysophyta
• Femtoplankton - <2 𝝁m e.g. marine viruses
7/29/2023 18
19. A
F
U
7/29/2023 19
Figure: Distribution of different taxonomic-trophic compartments of plankton in a
spectrum of size fractions, with a comparison of size ranges of zooplankton and
nekton. Solid rectangles denote size of most organisms in each size group, bars denote
approximate minimum/maximum size range of group. Blue bars, heterotrophic
microbes; green bar, autotrophic microbes (phytoplankton); purple bars, animals.
Figure is updated from a figure published by John Sieburth and colleagues in an article
in Limnology and Oceanography in 1978.