This document compares the use of market-based instruments (MBIs) for environmental policy in China and Brazil. Both countries face rising environmental problems from rapid economic growth. China is the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases due to its reliance on coal and lack of early environmental oversight. It has implemented subsidies, restrictions on polluting industries, tax incentives and differential electricity pricing to encourage cleaner technologies and reduce emissions. Brazil uses credit/tax incentives and cost-recovery tariffs for water/sanitation. Both countries have made progress with MBIs but need to strengthen implementation and enforcement. China's carbon emissions continue to rise rapidly and it has further to go to match environmental policies of more developed nations.
Energy Low Emission Development Strategies in Asia: A Regional Overview and E...Worldwatch Institute
1. Welcome & Introduction: Alexander Ochs, Worldwatch Institute, LEDS-EWG Chair
2. Introduction to the LEDS Asia Regional Platform and the Importance of Energy in Asia: S.S. Krishnan, Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, LEDS-EWG Co-Chair for Asia
3. Key Low-Emission Energy Developments in Asia: Beni Suryadi, ASEAN Centre for Energy
4. Learning from Thailand’s Clean Energy Strategy: Bundit Limmeechokchai, Thammasat University
5. Q&A
6. Survey
Responding to energy efficiency challenge marianne osterkornreeep
Presentation by Dr. Marianne Osterkorn at DoE conference on 3-4th June 2010 in Istanbul, giving an overview of energy efficiency efforts around the world.
Kateri Callahan joined Israeli mayors and senior representatives from local Tel Aviv authorities and agencies to discuss the challenges and potential for Israeli cities in deploying energy efficiency at scale. Showcasing success stories and case studies from the U.S. and around the world, Callahan demonstrated the economic, environmental, and security benefits of advancing programs, technologies, funding and infrastructure that promote efficient energy use.
Energy Low Emission Development Strategies in Asia: A Regional Overview and E...Worldwatch Institute
1. Welcome & Introduction: Alexander Ochs, Worldwatch Institute, LEDS-EWG Chair
2. Introduction to the LEDS Asia Regional Platform and the Importance of Energy in Asia: S.S. Krishnan, Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy, LEDS-EWG Co-Chair for Asia
3. Key Low-Emission Energy Developments in Asia: Beni Suryadi, ASEAN Centre for Energy
4. Learning from Thailand’s Clean Energy Strategy: Bundit Limmeechokchai, Thammasat University
5. Q&A
6. Survey
Responding to energy efficiency challenge marianne osterkornreeep
Presentation by Dr. Marianne Osterkorn at DoE conference on 3-4th June 2010 in Istanbul, giving an overview of energy efficiency efforts around the world.
Kateri Callahan joined Israeli mayors and senior representatives from local Tel Aviv authorities and agencies to discuss the challenges and potential for Israeli cities in deploying energy efficiency at scale. Showcasing success stories and case studies from the U.S. and around the world, Callahan demonstrated the economic, environmental, and security benefits of advancing programs, technologies, funding and infrastructure that promote efficient energy use.
The International Energy Agency’s Efficient World ScenarioLeonardo ENERGY
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has developed an Efficient World Scenario (EWS) to highlight the benefits to the global energy system from the adoption of cost-effective energy efficiency measures. This presentation will provide an overview of the EWS, which was published in the IEA’s Energy Efficiency 2018 report, and include an examination the potential efficiency gains in the transport, buildings and industry sectors and the policy measures needed to realise this potential.
Policy Paper (advanced draft) with Recommendations to Government on Renewable...Dr. Joshua Zake
An advanced draft of a policy brief with key issues and recommendations for consideration by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development during the process of review of the Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda. The paper was presented during the Regional Policy Dialogue on Sustainable and Renewable Energy- Mid-Albertine Graben Districts held at MIIKA Eco Resort Hotel, Hoima, 20th -21st November 2017. The dialogue was organized by Kibaale District Civil Society Organizations Network (KCSON) in collaboration with WWF-UCO and financial support from NORAD. It was attended by key stakeholders from the Northern-Albertine Graben, the Mid-Albertine Graben and the Southern-Albertine Graben regions.
Energy Low Emission Development Strategies: A Regional Overview of Latin Am...Worldwatch Institute
Overall, Latin America and the Caribbean has traditionally been a world leader in the use of renewable energy sources for power generation (mainly hydro power), with important sub-regional differences, but the use of fossil fuels grew rapidly in the late 1900s.
There have been many initiatives on renewables and energy efficiency on the part of governments and local organizations, supported by multilateral development banks, UN organizations, international NGOs.
The recent development of non-traditional renewable energies (wind, solar, geothermal, modern biomass) is helping meet important development goals (growth, access, affordability) with a lower impact on greenhouse gas emissions.
There are still important challenges related to investment climate and business model financing, but there are many lessons to share, both on what works and what doesn´t work.
Towards cleaner energy - a collaborative world effortsSampe Purba
Presented in 3rd Asian Pollution Control and Sustainable Energy, May 2021
The bottom line of the messages are : Commitment to cleaner energy should be a real one, by taking into account each country's specific circumstances. One who polluted more, should take more responsibility. Carbon trading mechanism is somewhat more like a tactical trap by polluter producers and huge energy consumers at the expense of conserving O2 countries. This kind of platform may lead to vicious circle of atmosphere pollution
WRI's renewable energy team drives alignment and investment in electricity markets to deliver on consumer demand for an affordable transition to clean energy.
Learn more: https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/clean-energy/what-we-do
OECD Green Growth Policy Review of Indonesia 2019 - Launch presentationOECD Environment
On 10 July 2019, the OECD released the first Green Growth Policy Review of Indonesia. It examines progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a special emphasis on the nexus of land use, ecosystems and climate change.
How JICA mobilizes private sector finance and investments for affordable and ...OECD Environment
BIAC-OECD Virtual Roundtable on mobilising private sector finance and investments for affordable and clean energy in developing countries, 26 October 2021
Energy and mobility poverty: Will the Social Climate Fund be enough to delive...Leonardo ENERGY
Prior to the current soaring energy prices across Europe, the European Commission proposed, as part of the FitFor55 climate and energy package, the EU Social Climate Fund to mitigate the expected social impact of extending the EU ETS to transport and heating.
The report presented in this webinar provides an update of the European Energy Poverty Index, published for the first time in 2019, which shows the combined effect of energy and mobility poverty across Member States. Beyond the regular update of the index, the report provides analysis of the existing EU policy framework related to energy and transport poverty. France is used as a case study given the “yellow vest” movement, which was triggered by the proposed carbon tax on fuels.
Watch the recordings of the webinar:
https://youtu.be/i1Jdd3H05t0
INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS
OVERVIEW & CHALLENGES OF LOGISTICS INDUSTRY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY INLOGISTICS INDUSTRY –
AREAS OF POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENT & APPROACHES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT LOGISTICS
DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS & THE WAY FORWARD
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Energy Agency’s Efficient World ScenarioLeonardo ENERGY
The International Energy Agency (IEA) has developed an Efficient World Scenario (EWS) to highlight the benefits to the global energy system from the adoption of cost-effective energy efficiency measures. This presentation will provide an overview of the EWS, which was published in the IEA’s Energy Efficiency 2018 report, and include an examination the potential efficiency gains in the transport, buildings and industry sectors and the policy measures needed to realise this potential.
Policy Paper (advanced draft) with Recommendations to Government on Renewable...Dr. Joshua Zake
An advanced draft of a policy brief with key issues and recommendations for consideration by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development during the process of review of the Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda. The paper was presented during the Regional Policy Dialogue on Sustainable and Renewable Energy- Mid-Albertine Graben Districts held at MIIKA Eco Resort Hotel, Hoima, 20th -21st November 2017. The dialogue was organized by Kibaale District Civil Society Organizations Network (KCSON) in collaboration with WWF-UCO and financial support from NORAD. It was attended by key stakeholders from the Northern-Albertine Graben, the Mid-Albertine Graben and the Southern-Albertine Graben regions.
Energy Low Emission Development Strategies: A Regional Overview of Latin Am...Worldwatch Institute
Overall, Latin America and the Caribbean has traditionally been a world leader in the use of renewable energy sources for power generation (mainly hydro power), with important sub-regional differences, but the use of fossil fuels grew rapidly in the late 1900s.
There have been many initiatives on renewables and energy efficiency on the part of governments and local organizations, supported by multilateral development banks, UN organizations, international NGOs.
The recent development of non-traditional renewable energies (wind, solar, geothermal, modern biomass) is helping meet important development goals (growth, access, affordability) with a lower impact on greenhouse gas emissions.
There are still important challenges related to investment climate and business model financing, but there are many lessons to share, both on what works and what doesn´t work.
Towards cleaner energy - a collaborative world effortsSampe Purba
Presented in 3rd Asian Pollution Control and Sustainable Energy, May 2021
The bottom line of the messages are : Commitment to cleaner energy should be a real one, by taking into account each country's specific circumstances. One who polluted more, should take more responsibility. Carbon trading mechanism is somewhat more like a tactical trap by polluter producers and huge energy consumers at the expense of conserving O2 countries. This kind of platform may lead to vicious circle of atmosphere pollution
WRI's renewable energy team drives alignment and investment in electricity markets to deliver on consumer demand for an affordable transition to clean energy.
Learn more: https://www.wri.org/our-work/project/clean-energy/what-we-do
OECD Green Growth Policy Review of Indonesia 2019 - Launch presentationOECD Environment
On 10 July 2019, the OECD released the first Green Growth Policy Review of Indonesia. It examines progress towards sustainable development and green growth, with a special emphasis on the nexus of land use, ecosystems and climate change.
How JICA mobilizes private sector finance and investments for affordable and ...OECD Environment
BIAC-OECD Virtual Roundtable on mobilising private sector finance and investments for affordable and clean energy in developing countries, 26 October 2021
Energy and mobility poverty: Will the Social Climate Fund be enough to delive...Leonardo ENERGY
Prior to the current soaring energy prices across Europe, the European Commission proposed, as part of the FitFor55 climate and energy package, the EU Social Climate Fund to mitigate the expected social impact of extending the EU ETS to transport and heating.
The report presented in this webinar provides an update of the European Energy Poverty Index, published for the first time in 2019, which shows the combined effect of energy and mobility poverty across Member States. Beyond the regular update of the index, the report provides analysis of the existing EU policy framework related to energy and transport poverty. France is used as a case study given the “yellow vest” movement, which was triggered by the proposed carbon tax on fuels.
Watch the recordings of the webinar:
https://youtu.be/i1Jdd3H05t0
INTRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS
OVERVIEW & CHALLENGES OF LOGISTICS INDUSTRY
ENERGY EFFICIENCY INLOGISTICS INDUSTRY –
AREAS OF POTENTIAL IMPROVEMENT & APPROACHES FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT LOGISTICS
DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS & THE WAY FORWARD
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The purpose of this slide is to explore the significance of introducing a carbon pricing
policy to Malaysia and to evaluate its potential role in supporting the country's efforts towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their corresponding targets. By examining the implications of carbon pricing from an economic, environmental, and social perspective, this assignment will determine how a carbon pricing policy could help Malaysia reach its SDG objectives more effectively and efficiently.
Presentation made by United International University Professor and Vice Chancellor Dr M Rezwan Khan and Maliha Shahjahan from Practical Action Consulting at the "Low Carbon Options in South Asia" workshop held in Nepal in August 2014.
EPC Corporate Propositions for Public Policies for a Low-Carbon Economy in Br...FGV Brazil
EPC'S first study looks into the challenges and possibilities for transition to low-carbon economy in the sectors of energy, transport, and agriculture.
In order to facilitate the participation of Brazilian companies in the construction and implementation of public policies towards a low-carbon economy in our country, EPC initiated in 2010 a series of studies on the challenges and possibilities of important sectors of the national economy in this transition. In this first study, the focus was on the sectors of energy, transport and agriculture.
GVces - Center for Sustainability Studies
www.gvces.com.br
As the Coalition Government promises to tear out large sections of the rulebook and relax targets in an attempt to ease the strain on struggling UK businesses, it is tempting to conclude that environmental sustainability initiatives can be put on a backburner. In crisis mode, the country and its commercial entities surely have more pressing concerns?
Keeping the lights on remains one of them and this demands that organisations can continue to balance their books. Evidence has shown that there is a direct correlation between energy efficiency and cost efficiency for a business. As a result, the attention paid to carbon emissions monitoring and management is no longer something that is automatically handed over to corporate social responsibility and marketing teams.
At more astute companies, the discipline is now firmly on the radar of the finance department. If international pledges and government targets around global warming have done anything positive for businesses, it is to encourage them to measure and gain an appreciation for just how much wastage goes on in companies – and how much this is costing them.
The following white paper assesses the current landscape for carbon emission monitoring, exploring not only companies’ regulatory responsibilities for behaving in a more environmentally sustainable way but also how, through systematic, integrated measuring and reporting, they can substantially reduce their internal costs at a time when energy prices and other business costs are escalating at a punishing rate.
To find out more about our carbon accounting solutions please contact us on 01582 714 810.
April 21, 2010 - As the 111th Congress makes its spring and summer push for climate and energy legislation, at least four major proposals are under consideration. The proposals, similar in their intent to reduce carbon emissions and promote clean energy, differ in framework, reach, and importantly, the role of energy efficiency as a clean energy resource. Today, the Alliance to Save Energy held a webinar on alternative approaches to energy and climate.
Energy Efficiency: Meeting the Challenge & Fueling A Better Built EnvironmentAlliance To Save Energy
More than 40 leaders in industry, finance, research, and policy convened at La Costa Resort in Carlsbad, Calif., to discuss critical issues and opportunities for the HVAC&R industry, including climate change, energy efficiency, refrigerants and pending federal legislation.
Green growth can be seen as a way to pursue economic growth and development, while preventing environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, and unsustainable natural resource use.
For the short term, green growth can transform the opportunity of the crisis to ensure a more sustainable economic recovery.
For the long term, it will promote new, greener sources of growth.
The OECD is working on policy recommendations to help governments achieve greener growth. The presentation gives an overview of the findings to date and the next steps. It mentions innovation, taxes, jobs and development issues, as well as how to measure progress towards greener growth.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
1. Market Based Instrument in
Developing Economies
(comparison)
By Prince Gupta (544)
Under the guidance of Mrs. Rashmi Agarwal
2. Problems
1. Rising Environmental problems.
2. Pressure from developed economies to cope up with rising Environmental problems taking immediate
action.
3. Fear of losing competitiveness due to implementation of effective but costly instruments.
4. Sectorial conflicts.
5. Rising awareness of general public about the environmental problems and thus pressurising the
respective Governments for concrete actions against the problem.
3. Objective
1. To understand the status of implementing MBIs for developing
economies from two different continents.
2. To determine factors causing adoption of MBIs.
4. Developing Economies
Rapid economic growth in the Asia and Latin America region in recent years has been accompanied by
changes such as increased demographic pressure, greater intensification of agricultural production,
industrialization, and urbanization. These changes have brought about further stress on the region’s
natural resource base that underpins development
Asia and South America being the host of major growing economies and being the most dynamic region
in the world in terms of economic expansion, have vital responsibility in solving both global and regional
environmental problems.
In both the continents, expenditure on environmental programs rarely exceeded 1–2% of GDP
compared to defence budgets, which range from about 0.8–6% of GDP. To meet the environmental
program needs of the region, expenditures of at least 7% of GDP will be required.
5. China
Rapid industrialization in addition with lax environmental oversight, are main contributors to
environmental problems. According to eco-city designer Thomas V. Harwood,16 of the world's 20 most
polluted cities are in China.
China is the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases, having overtaken the United States in 2007, and
was responsible for 27 percent of global emissions in 2014.
World’s highest sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions, due mostly to its reliance on coal for energy
generation.
The carbon emission is rising @10% and by 2030 it can account for half of the world emission if it
continues at this rate.
The Chinese government has acknowledged the problems and made various responses, resulting in
some improvements.
6. Brazil
The proposition of a river basin approach in Brazil started in 1978 with the creation of the Special
Committee of Joint Studies on River Basins and later on of the Brazilian Association of Water
Resources comprising all agencies related to water services in Brazil.
Other developments, since then, were the organization of executive commissions of several river
basins.
7. What is MBI?
In order to achieve environmental objective of reducing negative
environmental externalities the policy makers have evolved two types of
measures.
One is “command and control” approach – instruments which provide businesses
with relatively little flexibility in achieving goals.
And the other is “Market based instrument” - those that provide businesses with
greater flexibility to consider more.
8. Why MBIs are preferred?
While the key interest in MBI application is achieving policy targets at reduced cost. MBIs have two
potential cost advantages over more traditional instruments.
First, MBIs allow different firms to make different adjustments in response to their unique business
structures and opportunities.
Second, incentives to discover cheaper ways to achieve outcomes provide dynamic ways of reducing
the future costs of achieving targets.
Under a command and control instrument two neighbouring firms producing similar amounts of
pollution may face widely differing costs to reduce their pollution (due to processes employed, input
mixes, type of goods produced or other reasons).
11. MBIs used in China: SUBSIDY
Government subsidies have been offered to manufacturers of more efficient products and wind
turbines. These subsidies aim to encourage: vehicles with low-fuel consumption, hybrid and electric
vehicles; energy-efficient appliances14; solar photovoltaic (PV) power projects and the production of
wind turbines.
A large-scale efficient light bulb subsidy program was launched in 2008; 50 million subsidized low-
energy bulbs were placed on the market, increasing to 100 million in
2009. The bulbs are sold at a discount and companies are reimbursed by the government for the
shortfall.
A subsidy for the purchase of plug-in hybrid, fuel-cell and all-electric vehicles has been in place since
2008.
12. Restricted and Encouraged Lending
In May 2010, the People’s Bank of China and the China Banking Regulatory Commission issued a joint
circular, requiring that commercial banks restrict lending to companies with high levels of energy
consumption and emissions, and industries with “backward” production facilities and over-capacity
problems.
At the same time banks were instructed to encourage loans to new and high technology industries;
including strategic growth industries, nuclear, solar, wind and biomass, clean energy vehicles, as well as
new materials and high-end manufacturing (such as aeronautics and high-speed rail).
13. Tax Incentives
Beginning in 2003, foreign investment in both biogas and wind energy production benefits from a
reduced income tax rate of 15 percent, as opposed to 33 percent. This preferential 15 percent income
tax rate also applies to “high and new technology enterprises” as of 2007, which include most renewable
energy enterprises.
In addition, wind turbines and their main components, as well as photovoltaic modules, benefit from
preferential customs duty rates. Starting in 2001 and expanding in 2003, reduced VAT rates have also
been applied to wind power.
While increasing excise tax rates for larger vehicles, China reduced the excise rate for cars with engines
under one litre from 3 percent to 1 percent. Starting in 2012 domestically manufactured electric and fuel
cell vehicles are exempt from sales tax.
14. TAXES
Starting in September 2006, the Ministry of Finance increased export taxes on energy intensive
industries by reducing the export tax rebate. One of the main goals was to encourage economic
restructuring away from polluting and energy-intensive industries by discouraging the production and
export of energy-intensive products.
The export tax rebate was reduced by between 2 and 6 percent on steel, cement, glass and certain
nonferrous metal products. In April 2007, the rebate on exports of most steel products was lowered to 5
percent. In early 2011 the government announced further export tax rebate reductions and cancellations
for heavy energy-using and polluting manufacturing processes.
Since 2006, China also used excise tax rate adjustments to discourage purchase of larger cars that
consume more fuel. In September 2008, the excise tax rate on cars with engines above four litres
doubled from 20 percent to 40 percent, and increased from 15 percent to 25 percent for those with
engines between three and four litres.
15. Differential Electricity Pricing
Starting in June 2004 and strengthened in 2006, differential electricity pricing policy (DEPP) was Market-
Based Climate Mitigation Policies in Emerging Economies implemented for certain high energy
consuming industries, requiring them to pay a surcharge on their electricity price.
Facilities are placed in four categories based on their level of capacity, energy and resource efficiency,
and environmental standards: those in the “encouraged” and “permitted” category pay the standard price
in their area, while those in the “restricted” or “eliminated” categories pay a surcharge of CNY 0.10/kWh
and CNY 0.30/kWh respectively.
Between 2004 and 2006, approximately 900 firms in the “eliminated” category and 380 firms in the
“restricted” category had closed, invested in energy efficiency measures, or changed production
processes
16. China respondents reflected the following policies and/or frameworks that have either been
implemented or subject of public policy- making processes and discussions:
• China Low Carbon Strategy. The strategy aims to increase the renewable energy capacity in China and
explore growth in clean technologies
• China low carbon economy strategy. Started work towards a china climate change legislation
17. MBIs used in Brazil: Credit and Tax Incentives
Offer subsidized credit and taxation relief for environment-related investments. They cover abatement
investments or clean technology adoption in the industrial sector.
Subsidies for abatement investments have, however, been of limited impact since environmental
enforcement has not been effective enough to increase firms’ demand for these expenditures.
Moreover, it is reported that firms are using these incentives inadequately because of the lack of proper
fiscal and environmental follow-up procedures to monitor their investments.
18. Cost-Recovery Tariffs
Pricing of water supply, sanitation, solid waste collection, and energy plays an important role in
pollution control and resource use. Moreover, a full cost-recovery approach is essential for service
expansion and it allows for cross-subsidies to low-income groups.
• Sewage
• Sanitation
• Energy
19. Deposit-Refund Systems
Voluntary deposit-refund systems for returnable glass bottles are traditionally adopted in most
countries due to the predominance of the beverage and beer packaging system.
Refund payments for aluminium cans, due to the high value-added from recycling and the expanding
use of such containers, are now increasing considerably in Brazil.
Car batteries are now under a compulsory deposit-refund scheme through which a new battery can only
be sold with the return of an old one.
20. Resource Use Charges
In Brazil, a forestry tax is charged for wood consumption when the harvesting is not compensated by
equivalent reforestation activity.
These taxes are usually set at very low levels and with very weak enforcement, particularly in frontier
regions where monitoring is very difficult.
Other such charge is levied on water usage.
21. Brazil respondents reflected the following policies and/or frameworks that have either been
implemented or subject of public policy- making processes and discussions:
• National policy on climate change
• Renewable energy feed in tariff, mechanism to encourage CDM projects through the designated
national entity
Brazil was the first country to propose the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to benefit the
developing countries.
It is responsible for 7% all CDM worldwide.
26. Conclusion
Market-based instruments have now moved centre stage, and policy debates look very different from
the time when these ideas were characterized as "licenses to pollute" or dismissed as completely
impractical. Market-based instruments are considered seriously for each and every environmental
problem that is tackled, ranging from endangered species preservation to what may be the greatest of
environmental problems.
China is way far behind in terms of coping with the environmental challenges when compared to other
economies like U.S., Japan and European countries.
Being the Second largest economy of the world, the country have not done much than what they
should have done.