The MAX6675 is a cold-junction compensated thermocouple-to-digital converter that resolves temperatures to 0.25°C from 0°C to 1024°C using a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter. It features an SPI compatible serial interface and measures the ambient temperature using an on-board temperature sensing diode to compensate for cold junction errors. The MAX6675 outputs the digitized temperature reading through its serial interface in a 16-bit format upon receiving a chip select and serial clock signal from a microcontroller.
The DS18B20 is a digital thermometer that can measure temperatures from -55°C to +125°C with a resolution of 9 to 12 bits. It communicates over a 1-Wire bus requiring only one data line and ground for communication. It has nonvolatile user-programmable upper and lower temperature alarm triggers. Multiple DS18B20 devices can be connected to the same 1-Wire bus, allowing temperature monitoring over a large area using one microprocessor.
The MAX6603 is a dual-channel signal conditioner that amplifies signals from two external platinum RTD temperature sensors and provides the temperature information as two independent analog output voltages. It excites the RTDs with a constant current, amplifies the signal, and provides a ratiometric output voltage that is compatible with microcontroller ADCs. The device monitors the RTDs for faults and will assert diagnostic outputs low if a fault is detected on either input. It is available in a small 10-pin package and operates over an automotive temperature range from a single power supply.
The DS18B20 is a digital thermometer that can measure temperatures from -55°C to +125°C with a resolution of 9 to 12 bits. It communicates over a single wire bus and can be powered directly from the data line without an external power supply. Each device has a unique 64-bit identification number and the devices can be used to monitor temperature at multiple locations connected to the same data line.
The DS18B20 is a digital thermometer that can measure temperatures from -55°C to +125°C with a resolution of 9 to 12 bits. It communicates over a single wire bus and can be powered by parasitic power from the data line, eliminating the need for an external power supply. Each device has a unique 64-bit ID and stores temperature measurements, high/low alarm thresholds, and resolution settings in nonvolatile memory. It initiates temperature conversions in response to commands from the bus master and signals any devices that are outside of programmed temperature limits.
The DS1307 is a real-time clock with 56 bytes of battery-backed SRAM and an I2C serial interface. It keeps time in seconds, minutes, hours, date, month, and year formats with leap year compensation. The device operates from a primary power supply or backup battery. It enters a low-power mode when running from battery alone.
The MS5535-30C is a high-pressure version of MS5535C pressure sensor module. It contains a precision piezoresistive pressure sensor and an ADC-Interface IC. It uses an antimagnetic polished stainless ring for sealing O-ring. It provides a 16 Bit data word from a pressure and temperature dependent voltage. Additionally the module contains 6 readable coefficients for a highly accurate software calibration of the sensor. MS5535- 30C is a low power, low voltage device with automatic power down (ON/OFF) switching. A 3-wire interface is used for all communications with a microcontroller.
The document describes a microcontroller-based temperature controller that uses an Atmel 89C52 microcontroller, DS1621 temperature sensor IC, LCD display, and matrix keyboard. It displays the temperature from -55°C to 125°C in digital form after calibrating the data. The program for the microcontroller is written in assembly language. It provides details on the components, features of the temperature sensor IC, and instructions to read temperature and configure the sensor.
The Microchip Technology Inc. MCP3201 device is a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter with an on-board sample and hold circuit. It has a single input and communicates using a serial interface compatible with SPI. It can sample at up to 100 ksps at 5V or 50 ksps at 2.7V. It has low power consumption and operates over a voltage range of 2.7-5.5V. It is available in 8-pin MSOP, PDIP, SOIC, and TSSOP packages.
The DS18B20 is a digital thermometer that can measure temperatures from -55°C to +125°C with a resolution of 9 to 12 bits. It communicates over a 1-Wire bus requiring only one data line and ground for communication. It has nonvolatile user-programmable upper and lower temperature alarm triggers. Multiple DS18B20 devices can be connected to the same 1-Wire bus, allowing temperature monitoring over a large area using one microprocessor.
The MAX6603 is a dual-channel signal conditioner that amplifies signals from two external platinum RTD temperature sensors and provides the temperature information as two independent analog output voltages. It excites the RTDs with a constant current, amplifies the signal, and provides a ratiometric output voltage that is compatible with microcontroller ADCs. The device monitors the RTDs for faults and will assert diagnostic outputs low if a fault is detected on either input. It is available in a small 10-pin package and operates over an automotive temperature range from a single power supply.
The DS18B20 is a digital thermometer that can measure temperatures from -55°C to +125°C with a resolution of 9 to 12 bits. It communicates over a single wire bus and can be powered directly from the data line without an external power supply. Each device has a unique 64-bit identification number and the devices can be used to monitor temperature at multiple locations connected to the same data line.
The DS18B20 is a digital thermometer that can measure temperatures from -55°C to +125°C with a resolution of 9 to 12 bits. It communicates over a single wire bus and can be powered by parasitic power from the data line, eliminating the need for an external power supply. Each device has a unique 64-bit ID and stores temperature measurements, high/low alarm thresholds, and resolution settings in nonvolatile memory. It initiates temperature conversions in response to commands from the bus master and signals any devices that are outside of programmed temperature limits.
The DS1307 is a real-time clock with 56 bytes of battery-backed SRAM and an I2C serial interface. It keeps time in seconds, minutes, hours, date, month, and year formats with leap year compensation. The device operates from a primary power supply or backup battery. It enters a low-power mode when running from battery alone.
The MS5535-30C is a high-pressure version of MS5535C pressure sensor module. It contains a precision piezoresistive pressure sensor and an ADC-Interface IC. It uses an antimagnetic polished stainless ring for sealing O-ring. It provides a 16 Bit data word from a pressure and temperature dependent voltage. Additionally the module contains 6 readable coefficients for a highly accurate software calibration of the sensor. MS5535- 30C is a low power, low voltage device with automatic power down (ON/OFF) switching. A 3-wire interface is used for all communications with a microcontroller.
The document describes a microcontroller-based temperature controller that uses an Atmel 89C52 microcontroller, DS1621 temperature sensor IC, LCD display, and matrix keyboard. It displays the temperature from -55°C to 125°C in digital form after calibrating the data. The program for the microcontroller is written in assembly language. It provides details on the components, features of the temperature sensor IC, and instructions to read temperature and configure the sensor.
The Microchip Technology Inc. MCP3201 device is a 12-bit analog-to-digital converter with an on-board sample and hold circuit. It has a single input and communicates using a serial interface compatible with SPI. It can sample at up to 100 ksps at 5V or 50 ksps at 2.7V. It has low power consumption and operates over a voltage range of 2.7-5.5V. It is available in 8-pin MSOP, PDIP, SOIC, and TSSOP packages.
ICL7660 Monolithic CMOS Voltage ConvertersGeorgage Zim
The ICL7660 and ICL7660A are monolithic CMOS voltage converter circuits that can convert a positive input voltage into complementary negative output voltages, with input ranges of 1.5V to 10V for the ICL7660 and 1.5V to 12V for the ICL7660A. They require only two external capacitors and have high voltage conversion efficiency between 97-99.9%. The devices contain an internal regulator, oscillator, switches, and logic to ensure latchup-free operation over a wide temperature range.
This document provides data sheets for several quad operational amplifier integrated circuits, including the CA124, CA224, CA324, LM324, and LM2902. It summarizes their key specifications such as operating temperature range, voltage gain, bandwidth, input/output voltage ranges, power requirements, and packaging options. The amplifiers each contain four independent high-gain op-amps on a single chip and are designed for use in commercial, industrial and military applications requiring operation from single or dual power supplies.
The document describes a heat sensitive switch project that uses an LM35 temperature sensor and comparator circuit to turn a load on or off based on temperature. The LM35 sensor outputs a voltage linearly proportional to temperature. This signal is compared by a comparator to a reference voltage set by a potentiometer. If the sensor voltage is lower than the reference, the load is off. If higher, the load turns on, allowing the circuit to automatically switch the load when a predetermined temperature is reached.
The MAX1830/MAX1831 are 3A, 1MHz step-down DC-DC converters with synchronous rectification and internal switches. They provide high efficiency conversion from 5V and 3.3V inputs to adjustable low-voltage outputs between 1.1V to the input voltage. The devices integrate a PMOS power switch and NMOS synchronous rectifier to deliver up to 3A continuous current with no external diode required. They offer efficiencies as high as 94% and operate over an input voltage range of 3V to 5.5V.
This document describes a dual 12-bit DAC chip. It contains two 12-bit DACs, on-chip voltage reference, output amplifiers, and reference buffer amplifiers. It can operate from a single or dual power supply. Key specifications include 12-bit resolution, differential nonlinearity of ±0.9 LSB max, output ranges of 0-5V, 0-10V, and ±5V. The chip comes in a 28-lead CQFP package and is screened using various reliability tests according to MIL-STD-883.
The ICL7106/ICL7107 are monolithic analog-to-digital converters that can directly drive LCD or LED displays without external circuitry. They use dual-slope conversion for accuracy and rejection of interference, and have high input impedance, low noise, and on-chip reference and clock. Typical applications include digital panel meters for measuring variables like pressure, voltage, resistance, and more.
Introduction to Interfacing Temperature_Sensor.pptPratheepVGMTS
This document discusses various temperature sensing techniques including P-N junction thermometers, IC temperature sensors, thermocouples, and resistive temperature sensors. It provides details on the principles and applications of different types of temperature sensors like diode thermometers, transistor thermometers, IC sensors like LM135 and AD590, thermocouples, platinum resistance thermometers, and thermistors. The document also covers topics like calibration of thermometers, interfacing temperature sensors, and conversion of thermal voltage to temperature.
This document discusses various temperature sensing techniques including P-N junction thermometers, IC temperature sensors, thermocouples, and resistive temperature sensors. It provides details on the principles and applications of different types of temperature sensors like diode thermometers, transistor thermometers, IC sensors like LM135 and AD590, thermocouples, platinum resistance thermometers, and thermistors. The document also covers topics like calibration of thermometers, interfacing temperature sensors, and conversion of thermal voltage to temperature.
This document discusses various temperature sensing techniques including P-N junction thermometers, IC temperature sensors, thermocouples, and resistive temperature sensors. It provides details on the principles and applications of different types of temperature sensors like diode thermometers, transistor thermometers, IC sensors like LM135 and AD590, thermocouples, platinum RTDs, and thermistors. The document also covers topics like calibration of thermometers, interfacing temperature sensors, and conversion of thermal voltage to temperature.
The MSM82C53-2 is a CMOS programmable interval timer that contains three independent 16-bit counters. It can be programmed to operate in six different counter modes and count in binary or BCD. The device is controlled through programming of a control word register that selects the operating mode and count format for each counter. Count values are then loaded into the counters according to the programmed read/load format. The device outputs the counter states and is interfaced to a microprocessor through an address bus, data bus, and control signals.
This document summarizes the Card Swiping and Password Authentication Security System (CSPASS). The system uses an AT89C52 microcontroller, optocoupler, keys, relay, buzzer, and LCD display. It requires a user to swipe their card which is read by the optocoupler, then enter a password on the key matrix which is authenticated before a relay is activated, granting access. Power is supplied through a transformer, rectifier, and voltage regulator to power the various components.
The document discusses interfacing analog to digital converters (ADCs), digital to analog converters (DACs), and sensors with PIC18F microcontrollers. It describes the basics of AD conversion including transducers. It then discusses characteristics, registers, and programming of the PIC18F ADC. It also covers DAC concepts and interfacing a DAC0888. Finally, it discusses temperature sensors and interfacing LM34 and LM35 sensors to measure temperature.
Microprocessor based Temperature ControllerRevanth Reddy
The document describes the process control system for a wet tannery. It uses temperature and pH sensors to monitor conditions. Signal conditioning circuits prepare the sensor outputs for analog to digital conversion. An 8085 microprocessor reads the digital values and controls loads like heaters via an 8255 interface and solid state relays. The program measures temperature, compares it to a setpoint, and turns the heater on or off accordingly to regulate conditions.
This document discusses analog to digital conversion and pulse width modulation.
It explains that analog signals from peripherals must be converted to digital signals the microcontroller can understand using an analog to digital converter (ADC). It also describes how pulse width modulation varies the duty cycle of a signal to control motor speed or other analog systems. Common applications like temperature measurement and motor control are provided as examples.
The NCP1032 is an integrated circuit that can be used to implement switching regulator applications with minimal external components. It contains all the active power control logic and protection circuitry needed, including an on-chip high voltage power switch, startup circuit, fixed frequency oscillator up to 1 MHz, and current limit, soft start, and thermal protection features. It is well-suited for applications requiring up to 3W output in isolated power supplies for telecom and medical equipment.
This document describes a SCADA-based temperature monitoring system that uses 8 temperature sensors and an AT89S52 microcontroller to monitor temperatures. The microcontroller collects temperature readings from the sensors, converts them to digital with an ADC0808, and sends the values serially to a computer using a MAX32 IC. Software on the computer displays the readings, logs them to a database, and allows setting temperature setpoints. If temperatures exceed limits, the microcontroller controls a relay driver to turn heaters on or off.
This document provides information about the APDS-9301 ambient light photo sensor, including:
- It has digital output capable of direct I2C interface and consists of one broadband and one infrared photodiode.
- Application support is available to assist with design involving the sensor module.
- Key features include approximating human-eye response, programmable interrupt function, and miniature chip package.
- It provides typical operating characteristics like ADC count values and illuminance/irradiance responsivity under various lighting conditions.
- Electrical characteristics, register information, timing diagrams, and principles of operation involving the analog-to-digital converters and digital interface are also described.
UNIT 4 & 5 - I nterfacing_Lecture7.pptxnaveen088888
The document discusses analog sensor interfacing and analog to digital conversion. It explains that physical quantities in the real world are analog while computers use digital values, so an analog to digital converter (ADC) is used to convert analog sensor signals to digital values. It then describes the characteristics of ADCs like resolution, conversion time, reference voltage, and output data format. It provides examples of calculating the step size and digital output for different resolutions and reference voltages. Finally, it discusses different types of sensors, interfacing techniques for sensors, displays, and relays with microcontrollers.
The document provides an overview of a presentation made by 6 students on the microcontroller 8051, guided by their professor. It includes an introduction to microcontrollers and how they differ from microprocessors. The presentation covers the 8051's block diagram, pin diagram, important features, design and implementation, a circuit diagram including a temperature sensor and analog to digital converter, an LCD display, and applications. Temperature monitoring and ambient temperature monitoring are discussed as two applications. The conclusion thanks the audience and lists two references used in the presentation.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
ICL7660 Monolithic CMOS Voltage ConvertersGeorgage Zim
The ICL7660 and ICL7660A are monolithic CMOS voltage converter circuits that can convert a positive input voltage into complementary negative output voltages, with input ranges of 1.5V to 10V for the ICL7660 and 1.5V to 12V for the ICL7660A. They require only two external capacitors and have high voltage conversion efficiency between 97-99.9%. The devices contain an internal regulator, oscillator, switches, and logic to ensure latchup-free operation over a wide temperature range.
This document provides data sheets for several quad operational amplifier integrated circuits, including the CA124, CA224, CA324, LM324, and LM2902. It summarizes their key specifications such as operating temperature range, voltage gain, bandwidth, input/output voltage ranges, power requirements, and packaging options. The amplifiers each contain four independent high-gain op-amps on a single chip and are designed for use in commercial, industrial and military applications requiring operation from single or dual power supplies.
The document describes a heat sensitive switch project that uses an LM35 temperature sensor and comparator circuit to turn a load on or off based on temperature. The LM35 sensor outputs a voltage linearly proportional to temperature. This signal is compared by a comparator to a reference voltage set by a potentiometer. If the sensor voltage is lower than the reference, the load is off. If higher, the load turns on, allowing the circuit to automatically switch the load when a predetermined temperature is reached.
The MAX1830/MAX1831 are 3A, 1MHz step-down DC-DC converters with synchronous rectification and internal switches. They provide high efficiency conversion from 5V and 3.3V inputs to adjustable low-voltage outputs between 1.1V to the input voltage. The devices integrate a PMOS power switch and NMOS synchronous rectifier to deliver up to 3A continuous current with no external diode required. They offer efficiencies as high as 94% and operate over an input voltage range of 3V to 5.5V.
This document describes a dual 12-bit DAC chip. It contains two 12-bit DACs, on-chip voltage reference, output amplifiers, and reference buffer amplifiers. It can operate from a single or dual power supply. Key specifications include 12-bit resolution, differential nonlinearity of ±0.9 LSB max, output ranges of 0-5V, 0-10V, and ±5V. The chip comes in a 28-lead CQFP package and is screened using various reliability tests according to MIL-STD-883.
The ICL7106/ICL7107 are monolithic analog-to-digital converters that can directly drive LCD or LED displays without external circuitry. They use dual-slope conversion for accuracy and rejection of interference, and have high input impedance, low noise, and on-chip reference and clock. Typical applications include digital panel meters for measuring variables like pressure, voltage, resistance, and more.
Introduction to Interfacing Temperature_Sensor.pptPratheepVGMTS
This document discusses various temperature sensing techniques including P-N junction thermometers, IC temperature sensors, thermocouples, and resistive temperature sensors. It provides details on the principles and applications of different types of temperature sensors like diode thermometers, transistor thermometers, IC sensors like LM135 and AD590, thermocouples, platinum resistance thermometers, and thermistors. The document also covers topics like calibration of thermometers, interfacing temperature sensors, and conversion of thermal voltage to temperature.
This document discusses various temperature sensing techniques including P-N junction thermometers, IC temperature sensors, thermocouples, and resistive temperature sensors. It provides details on the principles and applications of different types of temperature sensors like diode thermometers, transistor thermometers, IC sensors like LM135 and AD590, thermocouples, platinum resistance thermometers, and thermistors. The document also covers topics like calibration of thermometers, interfacing temperature sensors, and conversion of thermal voltage to temperature.
This document discusses various temperature sensing techniques including P-N junction thermometers, IC temperature sensors, thermocouples, and resistive temperature sensors. It provides details on the principles and applications of different types of temperature sensors like diode thermometers, transistor thermometers, IC sensors like LM135 and AD590, thermocouples, platinum RTDs, and thermistors. The document also covers topics like calibration of thermometers, interfacing temperature sensors, and conversion of thermal voltage to temperature.
The MSM82C53-2 is a CMOS programmable interval timer that contains three independent 16-bit counters. It can be programmed to operate in six different counter modes and count in binary or BCD. The device is controlled through programming of a control word register that selects the operating mode and count format for each counter. Count values are then loaded into the counters according to the programmed read/load format. The device outputs the counter states and is interfaced to a microprocessor through an address bus, data bus, and control signals.
This document summarizes the Card Swiping and Password Authentication Security System (CSPASS). The system uses an AT89C52 microcontroller, optocoupler, keys, relay, buzzer, and LCD display. It requires a user to swipe their card which is read by the optocoupler, then enter a password on the key matrix which is authenticated before a relay is activated, granting access. Power is supplied through a transformer, rectifier, and voltage regulator to power the various components.
The document discusses interfacing analog to digital converters (ADCs), digital to analog converters (DACs), and sensors with PIC18F microcontrollers. It describes the basics of AD conversion including transducers. It then discusses characteristics, registers, and programming of the PIC18F ADC. It also covers DAC concepts and interfacing a DAC0888. Finally, it discusses temperature sensors and interfacing LM34 and LM35 sensors to measure temperature.
Microprocessor based Temperature ControllerRevanth Reddy
The document describes the process control system for a wet tannery. It uses temperature and pH sensors to monitor conditions. Signal conditioning circuits prepare the sensor outputs for analog to digital conversion. An 8085 microprocessor reads the digital values and controls loads like heaters via an 8255 interface and solid state relays. The program measures temperature, compares it to a setpoint, and turns the heater on or off accordingly to regulate conditions.
This document discusses analog to digital conversion and pulse width modulation.
It explains that analog signals from peripherals must be converted to digital signals the microcontroller can understand using an analog to digital converter (ADC). It also describes how pulse width modulation varies the duty cycle of a signal to control motor speed or other analog systems. Common applications like temperature measurement and motor control are provided as examples.
The NCP1032 is an integrated circuit that can be used to implement switching regulator applications with minimal external components. It contains all the active power control logic and protection circuitry needed, including an on-chip high voltage power switch, startup circuit, fixed frequency oscillator up to 1 MHz, and current limit, soft start, and thermal protection features. It is well-suited for applications requiring up to 3W output in isolated power supplies for telecom and medical equipment.
This document describes a SCADA-based temperature monitoring system that uses 8 temperature sensors and an AT89S52 microcontroller to monitor temperatures. The microcontroller collects temperature readings from the sensors, converts them to digital with an ADC0808, and sends the values serially to a computer using a MAX32 IC. Software on the computer displays the readings, logs them to a database, and allows setting temperature setpoints. If temperatures exceed limits, the microcontroller controls a relay driver to turn heaters on or off.
This document provides information about the APDS-9301 ambient light photo sensor, including:
- It has digital output capable of direct I2C interface and consists of one broadband and one infrared photodiode.
- Application support is available to assist with design involving the sensor module.
- Key features include approximating human-eye response, programmable interrupt function, and miniature chip package.
- It provides typical operating characteristics like ADC count values and illuminance/irradiance responsivity under various lighting conditions.
- Electrical characteristics, register information, timing diagrams, and principles of operation involving the analog-to-digital converters and digital interface are also described.
UNIT 4 & 5 - I nterfacing_Lecture7.pptxnaveen088888
The document discusses analog sensor interfacing and analog to digital conversion. It explains that physical quantities in the real world are analog while computers use digital values, so an analog to digital converter (ADC) is used to convert analog sensor signals to digital values. It then describes the characteristics of ADCs like resolution, conversion time, reference voltage, and output data format. It provides examples of calculating the step size and digital output for different resolutions and reference voltages. Finally, it discusses different types of sensors, interfacing techniques for sensors, displays, and relays with microcontrollers.
The document provides an overview of a presentation made by 6 students on the microcontroller 8051, guided by their professor. It includes an introduction to microcontrollers and how they differ from microprocessors. The presentation covers the 8051's block diagram, pin diagram, important features, design and implementation, a circuit diagram including a temperature sensor and analog to digital converter, an LCD display, and applications. Temperature monitoring and ambient temperature monitoring are discussed as two applications. The conclusion thanks the audience and lists two references used in the presentation.
Tools & Techniques for Commissioning and Maintaining PV Systems W-Animations ...Transcat
Join us for this solutions-based webinar on the tools and techniques for commissioning and maintaining PV Systems. In this session, we'll review the process of building and maintaining a solar array, starting with installation and commissioning, then reviewing operations and maintenance of the system. This course will review insulation resistance testing, I-V curve testing, earth-bond continuity, ground resistance testing, performance tests, visual inspections, ground and arc fault testing procedures, and power quality analysis.
Fluke Solar Application Specialist Will White is presenting on this engaging topic:
Will has worked in the renewable energy industry since 2005, first as an installer for a small east coast solar integrator before adding sales, design, and project management to his skillset. In 2022, Will joined Fluke as a solar application specialist, where he supports their renewable energy testing equipment like IV-curve tracers, electrical meters, and thermal imaging cameras. Experienced in wind power, solar thermal, energy storage, and all scales of PV, Will has primarily focused on residential and small commercial systems. He is passionate about implementing high-quality, code-compliant installation techniques.
Road construction is not as easy as it seems to be, it includes various steps and it starts with its designing and
structure including the traffic volume consideration. Then base layer is done by bulldozers and levelers and after
base surface coating has to be done. For giving road a smooth surface with flexibility, Asphalt concrete is used.
Asphalt requires an aggregate sub base material layer, and then a base layer to be put into first place. Asphalt road
construction is formulated to support the heavy traffic load and climatic conditions. It is 100% recyclable and
saving non renewable natural resources.
With the advancement of technology, Asphalt technology gives assurance about the good drainage system and with
skid resistance it can be used where safety is necessary such as outsidethe schools.
The largest use of Asphalt is for making asphalt concrete for road surfaces. It is widely used in airports around the
world due to the sturdiness and ability to be repaired quickly, it is widely used for runways dedicated to aircraft
landing and taking off. Asphalt is normally stored and transported at 150’C or 300’F temperature
Supermarket Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
Supermarket management is a stand-alone J2EE using Eclipse Juno program.
This project contains all the necessary required information about maintaining
the supermarket billing system.
The core idea of this project to minimize the paper work and centralize the
data. Here all the communication is taken in secure manner. That is, in this
application the information will be stored in client itself. For further security the
data base is stored in the back-end oracle and so no intruders can access it.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Blood finder application project report (1).pdfKamal Acharya
Blood Finder is an emergency time app where a user can search for the blood banks as
well as the registered blood donors around Mumbai. This application also provide an
opportunity for the user of this application to become a registered donor for this user have
to enroll for the donor request from the application itself. If the admin wish to make user
a registered donor, with some of the formalities with the organization it can be done.
Specialization of this application is that the user will not have to register on sign-in for
searching the blood banks and blood donors it can be just done by installing the
application to the mobile.
The purpose of making this application is to save the user’s time for searching blood of
needed blood group during the time of the emergency.
This is an android application developed in Java and XML with the connectivity of
SQLite database. This application will provide most of basic functionality required for an
emergency time application. All the details of Blood banks and Blood donors are stored
in the database i.e. SQLite.
This application allowed the user to get all the information regarding blood banks and
blood donors such as Name, Number, Address, Blood Group, rather than searching it on
the different websites and wasting the precious time. This application is effective and
user friendly.
OOPS_Lab_Manual - programs using C++ programming language
MAX6675.pdf
1. General Description
The MAX6675 performs cold-junction compensation and
digitizes the signal from a type-K thermocouple. The data
is output in a 12-bit resolution, SPI-compatible, read-only
format.
This converter resolves temperatures to 0.25°C, allows
readings as high as +1024°C, and exhibits thermocouple
accuracy of 8 LSBs for temperatures ranging from 0°C to
+700°C.
The MAX6675 is available in a small, 8-pin SO package.
Applications
● Industrial
● Appliances
● HVAC
Features
● Direct Digital Conversion of Type -K Thermocouple
Output
● Cold-Junction Compensation
● Simple SPI-Compatible Serial Interface
● 12-Bit, 0.25°C Resolution
● Open Thermocouple Detection
PART TEMP RANGE PIN-PACKAGE
MAX6675ISA -20°C to +85°C 8 SO
Vcc
GND
T+
T-
SO
SCK
CS
MICROCONTROLLER
68HC11A8
MISO
SCK
SSB
0.1µF
MAX6675
CS
SCK
VCC
1
2
8
7
N.C.
SO
T-
T+
GND
SO
TOP VIEW
3
4
6
5
MAX6675
MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocouple-
to-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C)
19-2235; Rev 3; 6/21
Typical Application Circuit
Pin Configuration
Ordering Information
EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE
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2. Supply Voltage (VCC to GND) ................................ -0.3V to +6V
SO, SCK, CS, T-, T+ to GND ......................-0.3V to VCC + 0.3V
SO Current ........................................................................ 50mA
ESD Protection (Human Body Model) ........................... ±2000V
Continuous Power Dissipation (TA = +70°C)
8-Pin SO (derate 5.88mW/°C above +70°C) ............. 471mW
Operating Temperature Range ........................... -20°C to +85°C
Storage Temperature Range ............................ -65°C to +150°C
Junction Temperature ..................................................... +150°C
SO Package
Vapor Phase (60s) .......................................................+215°C
Infrared (15s) ...............................................................+220°C
Lead Temperature (soldering, 10s) ................................ +300°C
(VCC = +3.0V to +5.5V, TA = -20°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values specified at +25°C.) (Note 1)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
Temperature Error
TTHERMOCOUPLE = +700°C,
TA = +25°C (Note 2)
VCC = +3.3V -5 +5
LSB
VCC = +5V -6 +6
TTHERMOCOUPLE = 0°C to
+700°C, TA = +25°C (Note 2)
VCC = +3.3V -8 +8
VCC = +5V -9 +9
TTHERMOCOUPLE = +700°C
to +1000°C, TA = +25°C (Note 2)
VCC = +3.3V -17 +17
VCC = +5V -19 +19
Thermocouple Conversion
Constant
10.25 µV/LSB
Cold-Junction
Compensation Error
TA = -20°C to
+85°C (Note 2)
VCC = +3.3V -3.0 +3.0
°C
VCC = +5V -3.0 +3.0
Resolution 0.25 °C
Thermocouple Input
Impedance
60 kW
Supply Voltage VCC 3.0 5.5 V
Supply Current ICC 0.7 1.5 mA
Power-On Reset Threshold VCC rising 1 2 2.5 V
Power-On Reset Hysteresis 50 mV
Conversion Time (Note 2) 0.17 0.22 s
SERIAL INTERFACE
Input Low Voltage VIL
0.3 x
VCC
V
Input High Voltage VIH
0.7 x
VCC
V
Input Leakage Current ILEAK VIN = GND or VCC ±5 µA
Input Capacitance CIN 5 pF
www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │ 2
MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocouple-
to-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C)
Electrical Characteristics
Stresses beyond those listed under “Absolute Maximum Ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these
or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
Absolute Maximum Ratings
3. Note 1: All specifications are 100% tested at TA = +25°C. Specification limits over temperature (TA = TMIN to TMAX) are guaranteed
by design and characterization, not production tested.
Note 2: Guaranteed by design. Not production tested.
(VCC = +3.3V, TA = +25°C, unless otherwise noted.)
(VCC = +3.0V to +5.5V, TA = -20°C to +85°C, unless otherwise noted. Typical values specified at +25°C.) (Note 1)
PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
Output High Voltage VOH ISOURCE = 1.6mA
VCC -
0.4
V
Output Low Voltage VOL ISINK = 1.6mA 0.4 V
TIMING
Serial Clock Frequency fSCL 4.3 MHz
SCK Pulse High Width tCH 100 ns
SCK Pulse Low Width tCL 100 ns
CSB Fall to SCK Rise tCSS CL = 10pF 100 ns
CSB Fall to Output Enable tDV CL = 10pF 100 ns
CSB Rise to Output Disable tTR CL = 10pF 100 ns
SCK Fall to Output Data Valid tDO CL = 10pF 100 ns
-5
0
5
10
-10 0 30 50
OUTPUT CODE ERROR
vs. VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL
MAX6675
toc02
VOLTAGE DIFFERENTIAL (mV)
OUTPUT
CODE
ERROR
(LSB)
10 20 40
10
8
6
4
2
0
0 45
15 30 60 75 90
OUTPUT CODE ERROR
vs. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
MAX6675
toc01
TEMPERATURE (°C)
OUTPUT
CODE
ERROR
(LSB)
Maxim Integrated │ 3
www.maximintegrated.com
MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocouple-
to-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C)
Typical Operating Characteristics
Electrical Characteristics (continued)
4. Detailed Description
The MAX6675 is a sophisticated thermocouple-to-digi-
tal converter with a built-in 12-bit analog-to-digital con-
verter (ADC). The MAX6675 also contains cold-junction
compensation sensing and correction, a digital con-
troller, an SPI-compatible interface, and associated
control logic.
The MAX6675 is designed to work in conjunction with an
external microcontroller (µC) or other intelligence in ther-
mostatic, process-control, or monitoring applications.
Temperature Conversion
The MAX6675 includes signal-conditioning hardware to
convert the thermocouple’s signal into a voltage compat-
ible with the input channels of the ADC. The T+and T-
inputs connect to internal circuitry that reduces the intro-
duction of noise errors from the thermocouple wires.
Before converting the thermoelectric voltages into
equivalent temperature values, it is necessary to com-
pensate for the difference between the thermocouple
cold-junction side (MAX6675 ambient temperature) and
a 0°C virtual reference. For a type-K thermocouple, the
voltage changes by 41µV/°C, which approximates the
thermocouple characteristic with the following linear
equation:
VOUT = (41µV / °C) x (TR - TAMB)
Where:
VOUT is the thermocouple output voltage (µV).
TR is the temperature of the remote thermocouple junc-
tion (°C).
TAMB is the ambient temperature (°C).
Cold-Junction Compensation
The function of the thermocouple is to sense a differ-
ence in temperature between two ends of the thermo-
couple wires. The thermocouple’s hot junction can be
read from 0°C to +1023.75°C. The cold end (ambi-
ent temperature of the board on which the MAX6675
is mounted) can only range from -20°C to +85°C.
While the temperature at the cold end fluctuates, the
MAX6675 continues to accurately sense the tempera-
ture difference at the opposite end.
The MAX6675 senses and corrects for the changes in
the ambient temperature with cold-junction compen-
sation. The device converts the ambient temperature
reading into a voltage using a temperature-sensing
diode. To make the actual thermocouple temperature
measurement, the MAX6675 measures the voltage from
the thermocouple’s output and from the sensing diode.
The device’s internal circuitry passes the diode’s volt-
age (sensing ambient temperature) and thermocouple
voltage (sensing remote temperature minus ambient
temperature) to the conversion function stored in the
ADC to calculate the thermocouple’s hot-junction tem-
perature.
Optimal performance from the MAX6675 is achieved
when the thermocouple cold junction and the MAX6675
are at the same temperature. Avoid placing heat-gen-
erating devices or components near the MAX6675
because this may produce cold-junction-related errors.
Digitization
The ADC adds the cold-junction diode measurement
with the amplified thermocouple voltage and reads out
the 12-bit result onto the SO pin. A sequence of all
zeros means the thermocouple reading is 0°C. A
sequence of all ones means the thermocouple reading
is +1023.75°C.
PIN NAME FUNCTION
1 GND Ground
2 T-
Alumel Lead of Type-K Thermocouple.
Should be connected to ground externally.
3 T+ Chromel Lead of Type-K Thermocouple
4 VCC
Positive Supply. Bypass with a 0.1µF
capacitor to GND.
5 SCK Serial Clock Input
6 CS
Chip Select. Set CS low to enable the serial
interface.
7 SO Serial Data Output
8 N.C. No Connection
www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │ 4
MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocouple-
to-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C)
Pin Description
5. Applications Information
Serial Interface
The Typical Application Circuit shows the MAX6675
interfaced with a microcontroller. In this example, the
MAX6675 processes the reading from the thermocou-
ple and transmits the data through a serial interface.
Force CS low and apply a clock signal at SCK to read
the results at SO. Forcing CS low immediately stops
any conversion process. Initiate a new conversion
process by forcing CS high.
Force CS low to output the first bit on the SO pin. A
complete serial interface read requires 16 clock cycles.
Read the 16 output bits on the falling edge of the clock.
The first bit, D15, is a dummy sign bit and is always
zero. Bits D14–D3 contain the converted temperature
in the order of MSB to LSB. Bit D2 is normally low and
goes high when the thermocouple input is open. D1 is
low to provide a device ID for the MAX6675 and bit D0
is three-state.
Figure 1a is the serial interface protocol and Figure 1b
shows the serial interface timing. Figure 2 is the SO out-
put.
Open Thermocouple
Bit D2 is normally low and goes high if the thermocou-
ple input is open. In order to allow the operation of the
open thermocouple detector, T- must be grounded.
Make the ground connection as close to the GND pin
as possible.
Noise Considerations
The accuracy of the MAX6675 is susceptible to power-
supply coupled noise. The effects of power-supply
noise can be minimized by placing a 0.1µF ceramic
bypass capacitor close to the supply pin of the device.
Thermal Considerations
Self-heating degrades the temperature measurement
accuracy of the MAX6675 in some applications. The
magnitude of the temperature errors depends on the
thermal conductivity of the MAX6675 package, the
mounting technique, and the effects of airflow. Use a
large ground plane to improve the temperature mea-
surement accuracy of the MAX6675.
The accuracy of a thermocouple system can also be
improved by following these precautions:
● Use the largest wire possible that does not shunt
heat away from the measurement area.
● If small wire is required, use it only in the region of
the measurement and use extension wire for the
region with no temperature gradient.
● Avoid mechanical stress and vibration, which could
strain the wires.
● When using long thermocouple wires, use a twisted-
pair extension wire.
● Avoid steep temperature gradients.
● Try to use the thermocouple wire well within its tem-
perature rating.
● Use the proper sheathing material in hostile environ-
ments to protect the thermocouple wire.
● Use extension wire only at low temperatures and
only in regions of small gradients.
● Keep an event log and a continuous record of ther-
mocouple resistance.
Reducing Effects of Pick-Up Noise
The input amplifier (A1) is a low-noise amplifier
designed to enable high-precision input sensing. Keep
the thermocouple and connecting wires away from elec-
trical noise sources.
www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │ 5
MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocouple-
to-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C)
6. Figure 2. SO Output
Figure 1b. Serial Interface Timing
Figure 1a. Serial Interface Protocol
BIT
DUMMY
SIGN BIT
12-BIT
TEMPERATURE READING
THERMOCOUPLE
INPUT
DEVICE
ID
STATE
Bit 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
0 MSB LSB 0
Three-
state
D15 D0
D1
D2
D3
SCK
SO
tDV
tCSS
tDO
CS
tTR
tCH tCL
CS
SCK
SO
D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1
D0
www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │ 6
MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocouple-
to-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C)
7. PACKAGE
TYPE
PACKAGE
CODE
OUTLINE
NO.
LAND
PATTERN NO.
8 SO S8+2 21-0041 90-0096
S1
S3
S2
T-
REFERENCE
VOLTAGE
1
GND
ADC
300kΩ
300kΩ
30kΩ
1MΩ
20pF
COLD-JUNCTION
COMPENSATION
DIODE
S5
S4
DIGITAL
CONTROLLER
SCK
SO
7
5
4
VCC
A1 A2
6
CS
T+
3
2
0.1µF
30kΩ
MAX6675
www.maximintegrated.com Maxim Integrated │ 7
MAX6675 Cold-Junction-Compensated K-Thermocouple-
to-Digital Converter (0°C to +1024°C)
Block Diagram
Package Information
For the latest package outline information and land patterns
(footprints), go to www.maximintegrated.com/packages. Note
that a “+”, “#”, or “-” in the package code indicates RoHS status
only. Package drawings may show a different suffix character, but
the drawing pertains to the package regardless of RoHS status.
Chip Information
TRANSISTOR COUNT: 6720
PROCESS: BiCMOS