Mavenir has developed solutions to help mobile operators transition to VoLTE networks from 2G/3G networks. Their VoLTE Interworking Function allows operators to implement Circuit Switched Fallback for VoLTE without requiring upgrades to legacy networks. This improves customer experience and reduces costs. Mavenir's Converged Telephony Application Server further supports the transition to VoLTE while maintaining existing services like SMS and preserving investments in legacy networks. Mavenir's solutions provide an evolutionary path to VoLTE that improves service quality while minimizing additional costs.
The document describes call flows for circuit switched fallback (CSFB) in an EPS network. It discusses the network architecture involving an MME, MSC Server and SGs interface. It then provides details on attach procedures, SMS over SGs, and mobile originating and terminating call flows. The flows illustrate how a device registered in both the MME and MSC can initiate and receive CS services like calls and SMS when camped on an LTE network via CSFB.
- Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) allows LTE devices to use circuit-switched voice and SMS services through GSM or other circuit-switched networks, as LTE is an all-IP packet-based network incapable of supporting circuit-switched calls. When making or receiving a voice call or SMS, the LTE device "falls back" to the 3G or 2G network.
- CSFB was specified in 3GPP Release 8 and requires upgrading operators' core and radio networks. It is considered an interim solution until Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is fully implemented for delivering voice services over LTE networks.
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is the most commonly used method to support voice services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks today, as the deployment of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is still in its infancy.
This document provides an overview and detailed descriptions of Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) features in an evolved Radio Access Network (eRAN). It describes CSFB procedures for falling back from an LTE network to UTRAN or GERAN networks to support circuit switched services like voice calls. The document includes sections on CSFB architectures, handover decisions and executions, related interfaces, engineering guidelines, parameters and troubleshooting.
The document describes CS fallback procedures for LTE networks, including an immediate-return (IR) scheme and a proposed delayed-return (DR) scheme. The IR scheme has the UE immediately return to LTE after a call is completed, while DR delays the return to avoid unnecessary CS fallbacks if another call is likely. Analytic models are developed to study the performance of IR and DR based on real network measurements. The study finds DR can reduce CS fallback costs by up to 60% compared to IR.
This document describes CSFB (Circuit Switch Fallback), which allows LTE users to fallback to 2G/3G networks to make voice calls or SMS when out of LTE coverage. It outlines the network architecture and call flows for CSFB, including mobile terminating calls, SMS-MO, and SMS-MT. Key interfaces involved are LTE-Uu, S1-MME, Iu-CS, SGs. CSFB supports fallback to UTRAN or GERAN networks for circuit switched services when the UE is in E-UTRAN but not able to receive CS services over the LTE network.
This document discusses LTE CS Fallback features which allow LTE networks to reuse CS infrastructure to provide voice and other circuit switched services. CS Fallback enables LTE terminals to redirect to 2G/3G networks when initiating CS services like voice calls. The key aspects covered include the CS Fallback network architecture using the SGs interface, the combined attach procedure used for location updates, advantages/disadvantages of different CS Fallback mechanisms, and signaling flows for CS Fallback and paging.
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
The document describes call flows for circuit switched fallback (CSFB) in an EPS network. It discusses the network architecture involving an MME, MSC Server and SGs interface. It then provides details on attach procedures, SMS over SGs, and mobile originating and terminating call flows. The flows illustrate how a device registered in both the MME and MSC can initiate and receive CS services like calls and SMS when camped on an LTE network via CSFB.
- Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) allows LTE devices to use circuit-switched voice and SMS services through GSM or other circuit-switched networks, as LTE is an all-IP packet-based network incapable of supporting circuit-switched calls. When making or receiving a voice call or SMS, the LTE device "falls back" to the 3G or 2G network.
- CSFB was specified in 3GPP Release 8 and requires upgrading operators' core and radio networks. It is considered an interim solution until Voice over LTE (VoLTE) is fully implemented for delivering voice services over LTE networks.
Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) is the most commonly used method to support voice services over Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks today, as the deployment of IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is still in its infancy.
This document provides an overview and detailed descriptions of Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) features in an evolved Radio Access Network (eRAN). It describes CSFB procedures for falling back from an LTE network to UTRAN or GERAN networks to support circuit switched services like voice calls. The document includes sections on CSFB architectures, handover decisions and executions, related interfaces, engineering guidelines, parameters and troubleshooting.
The document describes CS fallback procedures for LTE networks, including an immediate-return (IR) scheme and a proposed delayed-return (DR) scheme. The IR scheme has the UE immediately return to LTE after a call is completed, while DR delays the return to avoid unnecessary CS fallbacks if another call is likely. Analytic models are developed to study the performance of IR and DR based on real network measurements. The study finds DR can reduce CS fallback costs by up to 60% compared to IR.
This document describes CSFB (Circuit Switch Fallback), which allows LTE users to fallback to 2G/3G networks to make voice calls or SMS when out of LTE coverage. It outlines the network architecture and call flows for CSFB, including mobile terminating calls, SMS-MO, and SMS-MT. Key interfaces involved are LTE-Uu, S1-MME, Iu-CS, SGs. CSFB supports fallback to UTRAN or GERAN networks for circuit switched services when the UE is in E-UTRAN but not able to receive CS services over the LTE network.
This document discusses LTE CS Fallback features which allow LTE networks to reuse CS infrastructure to provide voice and other circuit switched services. CS Fallback enables LTE terminals to redirect to 2G/3G networks when initiating CS services like voice calls. The key aspects covered include the CS Fallback network architecture using the SGs interface, the combined attach procedure used for location updates, advantages/disadvantages of different CS Fallback mechanisms, and signaling flows for CS Fallback and paging.
It is a handbook of UMTS/LTE/EPC CSFB call flows.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
- This document proposes concepts for supporting circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) in 3GPP2 specifications.
- It outlines CSFB architecture, call flows for pre-registration, mobile origination, and mobile termination between E-UTRAN, MME, 1xRTT CS access network and MSC.
- A new protocol "Circuit Switch Tunneling Data Protocol" is proposed to encapsulate and tunnel 1xRTT messages over the LTE network. Additional changes are needed to 3GPP2 specifications to support mobility parameters in TS 36.331 for CSFB.
- To support CS services like voice in LTE networks, different phases of evolution have been proposed including CSFB and VoLTE.
- CSFB allows CS services to work by falling back to legacy 2G/3G networks, while VoLTE supports native voice over IP capabilities in LTE.
- SRVCC allows seamless handover of VoLTE calls between LTE and legacy networks by transferring sessions between the core networks.
This document summarizes the key procedures and signal flows in setting up an LTE session for a UE:
1) The UE establishes an RRC connection with the eNodeB through random access and preamble signaling.
2) The UE then attaches to the core network through the MME, and authentication procedures are performed.
3) Finally, the default bearer for user data is established through signaling between the UE, eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW. Once complete, user data sessions can be exchanged.
This white paper discusses Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) which allows for seamless handover of voice calls between LTE and circuit switched networks like UTRAN or GERAN. It describes the key challenges of delivering voice services over LTE networks and why SRVCC is an important solution. SRVCC uses IMS to anchor voice calls and switches them to use circuit switched networks when the user moves outside of LTE coverage, maintaining continuity of the voice call with only a single radio in the user equipment. The paper provides details on how SRVCC is implemented between LTE and UTRAN/GERAN networks using various 3GPP defined interfaces and reference points.
The document describes the 5G registration process between a UE and AMF. It involves the following key steps:
1. The UE sends a registration request to the AMF via the (R)AN.
2. The AMF authenticates the UE and retrieves subscription data. If a new AMF is selected, it retrieves the UE context from the old AMF.
3. If registration is successful, the AMF sends a registration accept message to the UE to complete the process. It also notifies other network functions like SMFs and PCF.
SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) allows an ongoing voice call on an LTE network to handover or handoff seamlessly to a circuit-switched network such as GSM or UMTS when the UE moves out of LTE coverage or the voice call quality degrades in LTE. The key aspects are:
1) The LTE network triggers the handover when voice call quality deteriorates.
2) The MME coordinates the handover to the MSC via the Sv interface.
3) The call is transferred to the circuit-switched network while maintaining the voice call.
Mobile networks have evolved over several generations from 1G analog cellular to 4G LTE networks. This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and evolution of mobile networks including discussions of 2G, 3G, 4G networks and the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the core network functions and interfaces as well as basic network scenarios.
The document summarizes the steps in a mobile originated call (MOC) and mobile terminated call (MTC) in GSM networks. For a MOC, the mobile station uses random access to request a signaling channel, is allocated a channel, and sends its IMSI. It then sends a call setup request including authentication, ciphering, and the called number. For a MTC, the call is forwarded to the gateway MSC, signaled to the HLR, the VLR is requested, the responsible MSC is identified, the current MSC is contacted to page the mobile station and set up the connection if answered.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
1) The mobile device searches for synchronization signals to detect available LTE cells and identifies key parameters like PCI from the PSS and SSS.
2) It then receives the MIB and SIBs containing configuration details to access the network from the selected cell.
3) The attach procedure is started, establishing an RRC connection and authenticating the user to activate a default bearer for IP data transmission.
The document provides information on 5G registration failure cause codes, including:
1) A table listing 5GMM cause codes and their values.
2) Descriptions of several cause codes, including the actions a UE should take upon receiving each code. Common actions include deleting identifiers, resetting counters, and changing registration states.
3) Explanations of cause codes related to illegal/unauthorized UEs, forbidden areas, and lack of network resources.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
It is a handbook of UMTS/WCDMA call flows for PS services.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
This document provides a tutorial on carrier aggregation (CA) in 4G LTE Advanced networks. It explains that CA allows multiple LTE carriers to be aggregated to provide higher data rates required for LTE Advanced by effectively increasing transmission bandwidth. There are different types of CA including intra-band using adjacent or non-adjacent carriers within a band, and inter-band using different frequency bands. CA supports bandwidths up to 100MHz and is defined for various bandwidth classes.
The document discusses Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) as a new multiple access technique for 5G networks to increase system capacity. BDMA divides antenna beams according to mobile station locations, allocating orthogonal beams to allow multiple access. This significantly increases capacity compared to existing techniques like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA. The base station transmits directional beams to mobile stations based on their positions and speeds. Mobile stations sharing beams divide frequency/time resources. BDMA maximizes spatial reuse of resources and solves inter-cell interference and control channel problems. It is proposed as a radio interface for 5G cellular systems.
ell Allocation (CA) is the subset of the total frequency band that is available for one BTS. It can be viewed as the total transport resource available for traffic between the BTS and its attached MSs. One Radio Frequency CHannel (RFCH) of the CA is used to carry synchronization information and the Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH). This can be any of the carriers in the cell and it is known as the BCCH carrier or the c
carrier. Strong efficiency and quality requirements have resulted in a
0
rather complex way of utilizing the frequency resource. This chapter describes the basic principles of how to use this resource from the physical resource itself to the information transport service offered by the BTS.
Carrier separation is 200 kHz, which provides: • 124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band • 374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band • 299 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band
Using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each of these carriers is divided into eight Time Slots (TS). One TS on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel, i.e. on each duplex pair of carriers there are eight physical channels.
A variety of information is transmitted between the BTS and thMS. The information is grouped into different logical channelsEach logical channel is used for a specific purpose such as paging, call set-up and speech. For example, speech is sent on the logical channel Traffic CHannel (TCH). The logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels.
The information in this chapter does not include channels specific for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). For basic information on GPRS see chapter 14 of this documentation.
Sharing session huawei network optimization january 2015 ver3Arwan Priatna
This document discusses 2G/3G network optimization. It begins with an introduction to 3G WCDMA and outlines the structure and principles of 2G/3G networks, including the evolution from 2G to 3G. It then describes various 2G/3G radio network optimization tools and methodologies, as well as presenting some case studies of 2G/3G neighboring cell analysis.
Carrier aggregation has evolved in HSPA through 3GPP releases to increase peak data rates and network capacity. Release 8 introduced dual-carrier HSDPA using two adjacent 5 MHz carriers. Release 9 specified dual-band operation using separate frequency bands and dual-carrier HSUPA. Release 10 supported four-carrier HSDPA across two frequency bands, doubling peak rates to 168 Mbps. Release 11 allows for up to 8 aggregated carriers of 5 MHz each for a maximum of 40 MHz total bandwidth and peak rates over 300 Mbps. Carrier aggregation significantly increases HSPA throughput with each new release.
TDD & FDD Interference on TD-LTE B NetworkRay KHASTUR
1. The document discusses investigating issues with an RTWP site in region M that is experiencing interference from external sources.
2. There are two main sources of interference - a WiMAX operator using adjacent frequency bands and a local ISP using wireless MikroTik devices on the same frequency band illegally.
3. Monitoring of border sites and the highest RTWP sites was conducted to determine the direction of interference and its effects, finding it is most significantly impacting key performance indicators and the user experience.
This document provides a summary of key aspects of enabling Voice over LTE (VoLTE) as outlined in the GSMA PRD IR.92 specification. It discusses the motivations and requirements for VoLTE, including subscriber expectations for telephony services and carrier requirements around cost and efficiency. It then reviews various options for delivering VoLTE, including using fixed broadband VoIP solutions, dual-radio "simultaneous voice and LTE" solutions, circuit-switched fallback, and voice over LTE via generic access. The document focuses on the GSMA IR.92 specification, which defines a SIP-based IMS profile for delivering VoLTE in a standardized way. Key aspects of IR.92 covered include
This document discusses various options for enabling voice services over LTE networks, including adopting existing VoIP solutions from fixed broadband, using dual-radio "simultaneous voice and LTE" devices, circuit-switched fallback which switches between LTE and legacy networks for calls, and voice over LTE via generic access which tunnels legacy call signaling over LTE without leaving the LTE network. It notes subscriber requirements like replicated telephony services, quality, and ubiquity, as well as carrier requirements like efficiency, complexity, and cost. The options are evaluated based on factors like support for services, quality of service, battery life, control by carriers, and infrastructure requirements.
- This document proposes concepts for supporting circuit-switched fallback (CSFB) in 3GPP2 specifications.
- It outlines CSFB architecture, call flows for pre-registration, mobile origination, and mobile termination between E-UTRAN, MME, 1xRTT CS access network and MSC.
- A new protocol "Circuit Switch Tunneling Data Protocol" is proposed to encapsulate and tunnel 1xRTT messages over the LTE network. Additional changes are needed to 3GPP2 specifications to support mobility parameters in TS 36.331 for CSFB.
- To support CS services like voice in LTE networks, different phases of evolution have been proposed including CSFB and VoLTE.
- CSFB allows CS services to work by falling back to legacy 2G/3G networks, while VoLTE supports native voice over IP capabilities in LTE.
- SRVCC allows seamless handover of VoLTE calls between LTE and legacy networks by transferring sessions between the core networks.
This document summarizes the key procedures and signal flows in setting up an LTE session for a UE:
1) The UE establishes an RRC connection with the eNodeB through random access and preamble signaling.
2) The UE then attaches to the core network through the MME, and authentication procedures are performed.
3) Finally, the default bearer for user data is established through signaling between the UE, eNodeB, MME, SGW and PGW. Once complete, user data sessions can be exchanged.
This white paper discusses Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) which allows for seamless handover of voice calls between LTE and circuit switched networks like UTRAN or GERAN. It describes the key challenges of delivering voice services over LTE networks and why SRVCC is an important solution. SRVCC uses IMS to anchor voice calls and switches them to use circuit switched networks when the user moves outside of LTE coverage, maintaining continuity of the voice call with only a single radio in the user equipment. The paper provides details on how SRVCC is implemented between LTE and UTRAN/GERAN networks using various 3GPP defined interfaces and reference points.
The document describes the 5G registration process between a UE and AMF. It involves the following key steps:
1. The UE sends a registration request to the AMF via the (R)AN.
2. The AMF authenticates the UE and retrieves subscription data. If a new AMF is selected, it retrieves the UE context from the old AMF.
3. If registration is successful, the AMF sends a registration accept message to the UE to complete the process. It also notifies other network functions like SMFs and PCF.
SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) allows an ongoing voice call on an LTE network to handover or handoff seamlessly to a circuit-switched network such as GSM or UMTS when the UE moves out of LTE coverage or the voice call quality degrades in LTE. The key aspects are:
1) The LTE network triggers the handover when voice call quality deteriorates.
2) The MME coordinates the handover to the MSC via the Sv interface.
3) The call is transferred to the circuit-switched network while maintaining the voice call.
Mobile networks have evolved over several generations from 1G analog cellular to 4G LTE networks. This document provides an overview of the fundamental concepts and evolution of mobile networks including discussions of 2G, 3G, 4G networks and the Evolved Packet Core. It describes the core network functions and interfaces as well as basic network scenarios.
The document summarizes the steps in a mobile originated call (MOC) and mobile terminated call (MTC) in GSM networks. For a MOC, the mobile station uses random access to request a signaling channel, is allocated a channel, and sends its IMSI. It then sends a call setup request including authentication, ciphering, and the called number. For a MTC, the call is forwarded to the gateway MSC, signaled to the HLR, the VLR is requested, the responsible MSC is identified, the current MSC is contacted to page the mobile station and set up the connection if answered.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
1) The mobile device searches for synchronization signals to detect available LTE cells and identifies key parameters like PCI from the PSS and SSS.
2) It then receives the MIB and SIBs containing configuration details to access the network from the selected cell.
3) The attach procedure is started, establishing an RRC connection and authenticating the user to activate a default bearer for IP data transmission.
The document provides information on 5G registration failure cause codes, including:
1) A table listing 5GMM cause codes and their values.
2) Descriptions of several cause codes, including the actions a UE should take upon receiving each code. Common actions include deleting identifiers, resetting counters, and changing registration states.
3) Explanations of cause codes related to illegal/unauthorized UEs, forbidden areas, and lack of network resources.
The document discusses Inter-Radio Access Technology (IRAT) handover and cell change, which allows the transition of 3G voice and data services between WCDMA and GSM networks to maintain connections and prevent dropped calls. It describes the IRAT handover evaluation process based on UE measurement reports and covers topics like coverage monitoring, event reporting, parameters, handover sequences, cell change procedures, and directed retry to offload traffic between networks.
It is a handbook of UMTS/WCDMA call flows for PS services.
This document is originally edited by Justin MA and it is free to share to everyone who are interested.
All reference/resource are from internet. If there is any copy-right issue, please kindly inform Justin by majachang@gmail.com.
Thanks for your reading!
This document provides a tutorial on carrier aggregation (CA) in 4G LTE Advanced networks. It explains that CA allows multiple LTE carriers to be aggregated to provide higher data rates required for LTE Advanced by effectively increasing transmission bandwidth. There are different types of CA including intra-band using adjacent or non-adjacent carriers within a band, and inter-band using different frequency bands. CA supports bandwidths up to 100MHz and is defined for various bandwidth classes.
The document discusses Beam Division Multiple Access (BDMA) as a new multiple access technique for 5G networks to increase system capacity. BDMA divides antenna beams according to mobile station locations, allocating orthogonal beams to allow multiple access. This significantly increases capacity compared to existing techniques like FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, and OFDMA. The base station transmits directional beams to mobile stations based on their positions and speeds. Mobile stations sharing beams divide frequency/time resources. BDMA maximizes spatial reuse of resources and solves inter-cell interference and control channel problems. It is proposed as a radio interface for 5G cellular systems.
ell Allocation (CA) is the subset of the total frequency band that is available for one BTS. It can be viewed as the total transport resource available for traffic between the BTS and its attached MSs. One Radio Frequency CHannel (RFCH) of the CA is used to carry synchronization information and the Broadcast Control CHannel (BCCH). This can be any of the carriers in the cell and it is known as the BCCH carrier or the c
carrier. Strong efficiency and quality requirements have resulted in a
0
rather complex way of utilizing the frequency resource. This chapter describes the basic principles of how to use this resource from the physical resource itself to the information transport service offered by the BTS.
Carrier separation is 200 kHz, which provides: • 124 pairs of carriers in the GSM 900 band • 374 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1800 band • 299 pairs of carriers in the GSM 1900 band
Using Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each of these carriers is divided into eight Time Slots (TS). One TS on a TDMA frame is called a physical channel, i.e. on each duplex pair of carriers there are eight physical channels.
A variety of information is transmitted between the BTS and thMS. The information is grouped into different logical channelsEach logical channel is used for a specific purpose such as paging, call set-up and speech. For example, speech is sent on the logical channel Traffic CHannel (TCH). The logical channels are mapped onto the physical channels.
The information in this chapter does not include channels specific for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). For basic information on GPRS see chapter 14 of this documentation.
Sharing session huawei network optimization january 2015 ver3Arwan Priatna
This document discusses 2G/3G network optimization. It begins with an introduction to 3G WCDMA and outlines the structure and principles of 2G/3G networks, including the evolution from 2G to 3G. It then describes various 2G/3G radio network optimization tools and methodologies, as well as presenting some case studies of 2G/3G neighboring cell analysis.
Carrier aggregation has evolved in HSPA through 3GPP releases to increase peak data rates and network capacity. Release 8 introduced dual-carrier HSDPA using two adjacent 5 MHz carriers. Release 9 specified dual-band operation using separate frequency bands and dual-carrier HSUPA. Release 10 supported four-carrier HSDPA across two frequency bands, doubling peak rates to 168 Mbps. Release 11 allows for up to 8 aggregated carriers of 5 MHz each for a maximum of 40 MHz total bandwidth and peak rates over 300 Mbps. Carrier aggregation significantly increases HSPA throughput with each new release.
TDD & FDD Interference on TD-LTE B NetworkRay KHASTUR
1. The document discusses investigating issues with an RTWP site in region M that is experiencing interference from external sources.
2. There are two main sources of interference - a WiMAX operator using adjacent frequency bands and a local ISP using wireless MikroTik devices on the same frequency band illegally.
3. Monitoring of border sites and the highest RTWP sites was conducted to determine the direction of interference and its effects, finding it is most significantly impacting key performance indicators and the user experience.
This document provides a summary of key aspects of enabling Voice over LTE (VoLTE) as outlined in the GSMA PRD IR.92 specification. It discusses the motivations and requirements for VoLTE, including subscriber expectations for telephony services and carrier requirements around cost and efficiency. It then reviews various options for delivering VoLTE, including using fixed broadband VoIP solutions, dual-radio "simultaneous voice and LTE" solutions, circuit-switched fallback, and voice over LTE via generic access. The document focuses on the GSMA IR.92 specification, which defines a SIP-based IMS profile for delivering VoLTE in a standardized way. Key aspects of IR.92 covered include
This document discusses various options for enabling voice services over LTE networks, including adopting existing VoIP solutions from fixed broadband, using dual-radio "simultaneous voice and LTE" devices, circuit-switched fallback which switches between LTE and legacy networks for calls, and voice over LTE via generic access which tunnels legacy call signaling over LTE without leaving the LTE network. It notes subscriber requirements like replicated telephony services, quality, and ubiquity, as well as carrier requirements like efficiency, complexity, and cost. The options are evaluated based on factors like support for services, quality of service, battery life, control by carriers, and infrastructure requirements.
This document discusses various options for enabling voice services over LTE networks, including adopting existing voice over IP solutions, using dual-radio devices to support voice on legacy networks simultaneously with LTE data, circuit switched fallback which switches between LTE and legacy networks for voice, and voice over LTE via generic access which tunnels legacy call signaling over LTE without leaving the LTE network. It provides requirements for voice over LTE including supporting existing cellular voice functionality and quality of service for subscribers and minimizing costs and complexity for carriers.
This document discusses various options for enabling voice services over LTE networks, including adopting existing VoIP solutions, using dual-radio devices to support voice on legacy networks simultaneously with LTE data, circuit-switched fallback which switches between LTE and legacy networks for voice, and voice over LTE via generic access which tunnels legacy call signaling over LTE without leaving the LTE network. It covers the requirements, advantages, and disadvantages of each approach.
The Mobile Network’s Founder and Editor, Keith Dyer, joins Syniverse’s Chief Marketing Officer, Mary Clark, and Senior Solutions Engineer, Leo Casey, this week to help mobile operators better understand the future of roaming and charging settlement for VoLTE.
volte ims network architecture tutorial - Explained Vikas Shokeen
I have described VoLTE IMS Architecture in simplified way . Are you also finding 3GPP Specs complicated & Complex for VoLTE IMS . It covers Role played by individual Networks Elements as mentioned below :-
# VoLTE SIP Handset : SIP Support , UAC , UAS , User Agent , SIP-UA
# Underlying LTE Network : MME , SGW , PGW , PCRF , HSS , Dedicated Bearer , QCI , Default Bearer
# IMS Core : SIP Servers , P-CSCF , I-CSCF , S-CSCF , TAS , MMTEL , BGw , MRF , ATCF , ATGW , IBCF , MGCF , IM-MGW , TrGW
# Voice Core or PSTN Network for Break-in or Break-out Calls
This document provides guidelines for implementing Voice over LTE (VoLTE) services. It describes the VoLTE architecture including functional nodes and interfaces. It also provides call flows and requirements for deploying VoLTE within a single network, for interconnect between networks, and for roaming. Implementation guidelines cover areas such as devices, networks, IMS, Diameter signaling, security, charging and codecs. The document is intended to help operators deploy interoperable VoLTE services.
This document analyzes the performance of Voice over LTE (VoLTE) based on field measurement data from commercial LTE networks. It evaluates VoLTE performance in terms of real-time transport protocol (RTP) error rate, jitter and delays, block error rate (BLER), and voice quality measured by mean opinion score (MOS). It also analyzes key VoLTE features like robust header compression (ROHC) and transmission time interval (TTI) bundling. Guidelines are provided for optimizing VoLTE deployment based on practical field testing results.
SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) in VoLTE & Comparison with CSFBVikas Shokeen
SRVCC allows a voice call on an LTE network to be handed over to a 2G or 3G network when the user moves out of LTE coverage, ensuring the call does not drop. It uses the STN-SR identity to route the call via the MSC to the IMS network. During the SRVCC handover, the MME splits the voice bearer from other bearers and initiates relocation of the voice bearer to the MSC while relocating other bearers to the SGSN. The MSC then establishes the CS leg with the IMS network using STN-SR to complete the handover without dropping the call.
VoLGA: Voice over LTE Via Generic Access
By: Kineto Wireless, Inc.
Why mobile operators are
looking to the 3GPP GAN standard
to deliver core telephony and SMS
services over LTE
VoLTE allows operators to provide voice services over LTE networks using IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) technology. This provides several advantages over existing solutions like Circuit Switched Fallback (CSFB) including higher voice quality, network capacity and efficiency gains, and an improved user experience with faster call setup times. Operators are deploying VoLTE to transition to all-IP networks and offer voice and multimedia services like video calling over their LTE infrastructure using IMS.
Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming APAC Syniverse
Syniverse (@Syniverse) explores what’s driving the rapid move to VoLTE and what can be learned from the operators and service providers that have already implemented these next generation LTE services for roaming.
Mkt2014066467 en 9500mpr_microwave_backhaul_lte_appnoteOrlando Medina
The document discusses microwave backhaul as a solution for LTE and beyond networks. It describes the requirements of LTE networks including support for IP packet infrastructure, any-to-any communication between network elements, and synchronization. Microwave backhaul is presented as an economical alternative to fiber that can meet performance requirements and scale to support increasing LTE capacity demands. The Alcatel-Lucent 9500 Microwave Packet Radio is highlighted as an industry-leading solution that supports all required LTE backhaul functionality through its extensive portfolio and features such as adaptive modulation that optimize capacity.
Long term evolution (LTE) is replacing the 3G services slowly but steadily and become a preferred choice
for data for human to human (H2H) services and now it is becoming preferred choice for voice also. In
some developed countries the traditional 2G services gradually decommissioned from the service and
getting replaced with LTE for all H2H services. LTE provided high downlink and uplink bandwidth
capacity and is one of the technology like mobile ad hoc network (MANET) and vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) being used as the backbone communication infrastructure for vehicle networking applications.
When Compared to VANET and MANET, LTE provides wide area of coverage and excellent infrastructure
facilities for vehicle networking. This helps in transmitting the vehicle information to the operator and
downloading certain information into the vehicle nodes (VNs) from the operators server. As per the ETSI
publications the number of machine to machine communication (MTC) devices are expected to touch 50
billion by 2020 and this will surpass H2H communication. With growing congestion in the LTE network,
accessing the network for any request from VN especially during peak hour is a big challenge because of
the congestion in random access channel (RACH). In this paper we will analyse this RACH congestion
problem with the data from the live network. Lot of algorithms are proposed for resolving the RACH
congestion on the basis of simulation results so we would like to present some practical data from the live
network to this issue to understand the extent RACH congestion issue in the real time scenario.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), the largest telecom service provider in India. BSNL has a large fixed line and wireless network serving over 7,300 cities and towns and 5.5 lakh villages. It maintains a transmission network of over 19,100 km of optical fiber cables and microwave systems. BSNL provides interconnection facilities for other telecom operators to its national long distance and international long distance networks. The long distance network is divided into four maintenance regions covering different parts of the country.
Lessons Learned: Implementing VoLTE Roaming Syniverse
Keith Dyer, Founder and Editor of The Mobile Network (@tmnmag) and Syniverse (@Syniverse) explore what’s driving the rapid move to VoLTE and what can be learned from the operators and service providers that have already implemented these next generation LTE services for roaming.
This document discusses various challenges related to LTE infrastructure and the need for innovation. It provides an introduction to LTE Advanced and its key features like increased peak data rates and spectral efficiency. Sustainably scaling the network to manage rising traffic is challenging and requires integrating newer techniques. Predicting the effects of new services like video streaming and their risk of causing network failures or "traffic storms" is also important. The document outlines timelines for new services like VoLTE, VoWiFi and RCS and discusses challenges increased network complexities pose for mobility and control plane traffic.
Ericsson Review: Communications as a cloud service: a new take on telecomsEricsson
Software as a service (SaaS) is a promising solution for overcoming the challenges of implementing and managing new network technologies and services like voice over LTE (VoLTE). The SaaS approach can provide substantial savings in terms of cost and lead-time, and create a new source of revenue for service providers.
The document summarizes three main options for supporting voice and SMS in LTE networks:
1) Circuit switched fallback (CSFB) allows subscribers to use voice services on legacy networks like GSM when in LTE coverage areas.
2) SMS over SGs allows network operators to support SMS as a circuit switched service within LTE via the SGs interface to legacy networks.
3) Voice over LTE (VoLTE) supports voice and SMS natively over the IMS framework in the long run, but requires additional network elements and was slower to be commercially deployed than initially expected.
LTE ebook No 3 - Choosing the right pathDavid Swift
Part of a series of 7 ebooks explaining varrious aspect of LTE deployment and marketing in plain English for marketeers, business planners, network planners and mobile Operator management teams etc
AppSec PNW: Android and iOS Application Security with MobSFAjin Abraham
Mobile Security Framework - MobSF is a free and open source automated mobile application security testing environment designed to help security engineers, researchers, developers, and penetration testers to identify security vulnerabilities, malicious behaviours and privacy concerns in mobile applications using static and dynamic analysis. It supports all the popular mobile application binaries and source code formats built for Android and iOS devices. In addition to automated security assessment, it also offers an interactive testing environment to build and execute scenario based test/fuzz cases against the application.
This talk covers:
Using MobSF for static analysis of mobile applications.
Interactive dynamic security assessment of Android and iOS applications.
Solving Mobile app CTF challenges.
Reverse engineering and runtime analysis of Mobile malware.
How to shift left and integrate MobSF/mobsfscan SAST and DAST in your build pipeline.
High performance Serverless Java on AWS- GoTo Amsterdam 2024Vadym Kazulkin
Java is for many years one of the most popular programming languages, but it used to have hard times in the Serverless community. Java is known for its high cold start times and high memory footprint, comparing to other programming languages like Node.js and Python. In this talk I'll look at the general best practices and techniques we can use to decrease memory consumption, cold start times for Java Serverless development on AWS including GraalVM (Native Image) and AWS own offering SnapStart based on Firecracker microVM snapshot and restore and CRaC (Coordinated Restore at Checkpoint) runtime hooks. I'll also provide a lot of benchmarking on Lambda functions trying out various deployment package sizes, Lambda memory settings, Java compilation options and HTTP (a)synchronous clients and measure their impact on cold and warm start times.
Northern Engraving | Nameplate Manufacturing Process - 2024Northern Engraving
Manufacturing custom quality metal nameplates and badges involves several standard operations. Processes include sheet prep, lithography, screening, coating, punch press and inspection. All decoration is completed in the flat sheet with adhesive and tooling operations following. The possibilities for creating unique durable nameplates are endless. How will you create your brand identity? We can help!
LF Energy Webinar: Carbon Data Specifications: Mechanisms to Improve Data Acc...DanBrown980551
This LF Energy webinar took place June 20, 2024. It featured:
-Alex Thornton, LF Energy
-Hallie Cramer, Google
-Daniel Roesler, UtilityAPI
-Henry Richardson, WattTime
In response to the urgency and scale required to effectively address climate change, open source solutions offer significant potential for driving innovation and progress. Currently, there is a growing demand for standardization and interoperability in energy data and modeling. Open source standards and specifications within the energy sector can also alleviate challenges associated with data fragmentation, transparency, and accessibility. At the same time, it is crucial to consider privacy and security concerns throughout the development of open source platforms.
This webinar will delve into the motivations behind establishing LF Energy’s Carbon Data Specification Consortium. It will provide an overview of the draft specifications and the ongoing progress made by the respective working groups.
Three primary specifications will be discussed:
-Discovery and client registration, emphasizing transparent processes and secure and private access
-Customer data, centering around customer tariffs, bills, energy usage, and full consumption disclosure
-Power systems data, focusing on grid data, inclusive of transmission and distribution networks, generation, intergrid power flows, and market settlement data
QA or the Highway - Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend appl...zjhamm304
These are the slides for the presentation, "Component Testing: Bridging the gap between frontend applications" that was presented at QA or the Highway 2024 in Columbus, OH by Zachary Hamm.
"$10 thousand per minute of downtime: architecture, queues, streaming and fin...Fwdays
Direct losses from downtime in 1 minute = $5-$10 thousand dollars. Reputation is priceless.
As part of the talk, we will consider the architectural strategies necessary for the development of highly loaded fintech solutions. We will focus on using queues and streaming to efficiently work and manage large amounts of data in real-time and to minimize latency.
We will focus special attention on the architectural patterns used in the design of the fintech system, microservices and event-driven architecture, which ensure scalability, fault tolerance, and consistency of the entire system.
[OReilly Superstream] Occupy the Space: A grassroots guide to engineering (an...Jason Yip
The typical problem in product engineering is not bad strategy, so much as “no strategy”. This leads to confusion, lack of motivation, and incoherent action. The next time you look for a strategy and find an empty space, instead of waiting for it to be filled, I will show you how to fill it in yourself. If you’re wrong, it forces a correction. If you’re right, it helps create focus. I’ll share how I’ve approached this in the past, both what works and lessons for what didn’t work so well.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
"Scaling RAG Applications to serve millions of users", Kevin GoedeckeFwdays
How we managed to grow and scale a RAG application from zero to thousands of users in 7 months. Lessons from technical challenges around managing high load for LLMs, RAGs and Vector databases.
In our second session, we shall learn all about the main features and fundamentals of UiPath Studio that enable us to use the building blocks for any automation project.
📕 Detailed agenda:
Variables and Datatypes
Workflow Layouts
Arguments
Control Flows and Loops
Conditional Statements
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Variables, Constants, and Arguments in Studio
Control Flow in Studio
Session 1 - Intro to Robotic Process Automation.pdfUiPathCommunity
👉 Check out our full 'Africa Series - Automation Student Developers (EN)' page to register for the full program:
https://bit.ly/Automation_Student_Kickstart
In this session, we shall introduce you to the world of automation, the UiPath Platform, and guide you on how to install and setup UiPath Studio on your Windows PC.
📕 Detailed agenda:
What is RPA? Benefits of RPA?
RPA Applications
The UiPath End-to-End Automation Platform
UiPath Studio CE Installation and Setup
💻 Extra training through UiPath Academy:
Introduction to Automation
UiPath Business Automation Platform
Explore automation development with UiPath Studio
👉 Register here for our upcoming Session 2 on June 20: Introduction to UiPath Studio Fundamentals: https://community.uipath.com/events/details/uipath-lagos-presents-session-2-introduction-to-uipath-studio-fundamentals/
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We'll also discuss how the azure_ai extension on PostgreSQL databases in Azure and Azure AI Services were utilized to create vectors from user input, a feature beneficial when users wish to find specific items based on text prompts. While our application's case study involves a drug search, the techniques and principles shared in this session can be adapted to improve search functionality in a wide range of applications. Join us to learn how PostgreSQL and Azure AI can be harnessed to enhance your application's search capability.
Conversational agents, or chatbots, are increasingly used to access all sorts of services using natural language. While open-domain chatbots - like ChatGPT - can converse on any topic, task-oriented chatbots - the focus of this paper - are designed for specific tasks, like booking a flight, obtaining customer support, or setting an appointment. Like any other software, task-oriented chatbots need to be properly tested, usually by defining and executing test scenarios (i.e., sequences of user-chatbot interactions). However, there is currently a lack of methods to quantify the completeness and strength of such test scenarios, which can lead to low-quality tests, and hence to buggy chatbots.
To fill this gap, we propose adapting mutation testing (MuT) for task-oriented chatbots. To this end, we introduce a set of mutation operators that emulate faults in chatbot designs, an architecture that enables MuT on chatbots built using heterogeneous technologies, and a practical realisation as an Eclipse plugin. Moreover, we evaluate the applicability, effectiveness and efficiency of our approach on open-source chatbots, with promising results.
From Natural Language to Structured Solr Queries using LLMsSease
This talk draws on experimentation to enable AI applications with Solr. One important use case is to use AI for better accessibility and discoverability of the data: while User eXperience techniques, lexical search improvements, and data harmonization can take organizations to a good level of accessibility, a structural (or “cognitive” gap) remains between the data user needs and the data producer constraints.
That is where AI – and most importantly, Natural Language Processing and Large Language Model techniques – could make a difference. This natural language, conversational engine could facilitate access and usage of the data leveraging the semantics of any data source.
The objective of the presentation is to propose a technical approach and a way forward to achieve this goal.
The key concept is to enable users to express their search queries in natural language, which the LLM then enriches, interprets, and translates into structured queries based on the Solr index’s metadata.
This approach leverages the LLM’s ability to understand the nuances of natural language and the structure of documents within Apache Solr.
The LLM acts as an intermediary agent, offering a transparent experience to users automatically and potentially uncovering relevant documents that conventional search methods might overlook. The presentation will include the results of this experimental work, lessons learned, best practices, and the scope of future work that should improve the approach and make it production-ready.
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Voice in LTE networks
An evolutionary path with Circuit Switch Fallback (CSFB)
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the next-generation mobile technology that delivers true all-IP
communications where all services, including voice, messaging, video and data, use a common IP
infrastructure; there are no separate dedicated speech channels.
The deployment of LTE is accelerating and LTE is now the fastest ever growing mobile technology.
Operators are focusing on LTE as part of their business strategy due to its lower cost of operation (about
5X cheaper to carry data over LTE than 3G and 20x cheaper for voice than compared to 2G) but also as
a way to provide the high throughput, low latency data service demanded by their subscribers with their
media hungry laptops, tablets and smart phones.
Although initially LTE is seen as a way to provide an improved data service, the availability of LTE smart-
phones means that operators needs to address how to continue to provide a high quality voice service on
a technology with no dedicated speech channel. Providing a high quality voice service is not optional as it
is predicted that in 2013 voice revenue will still account for 61% of all mobile service revenue (Source:
GSMA). Similarly, SMS needs to continue not only for its role in subscriber ARPU but as it is just a basic
service expected to be available always.
However, the all-IP nature of LTE presents a challenge to operators as Voice over LTE (VoLTE) requires
the introduction of a new core network architecture based on IMS since VoLTE, being based on VoIP,
doesn’t use the existing circuit switch MSC/VLR infrastructure. The challenge is -- can an MNO invest in
new radio technology, EUTRAN, a new packet core, EPC, and at the same time provide voice and SMS
service continuity via a new IMS core network for their high ARPU subscribers who adopt LTE smart
phones?
The standards bodies recognize that not all operators will be ready or willing to immediately switch to the
new IMS-based VoLTE architecture and as a result, defined an alternative standard for providing voice
and SMS services to LTE devices. This alternative is Circuit Switch Fall Back (CSFB). CSFB continues to
uses the circuit switched MSC network for voice calls. A device registered on the LTE network must
detach from the E-UTRAN and attach (i.e. fallback) to the 2G/3G network prior to originating or receiving
a voice call.
The benefit of CSFB is that it offers a fast time-to-market for LTE voice by not requiring an immediate
transformation to a new IMS core network for voice and messaging services. The continued use of
existing circuit switch infrastructure for voice means that there is no impact on other key elements to
provide a full voice service such as charging, legal intercept and emergency services. CSFB also enables
SMS delivery without changes to HLRs or SMSCs and does this without requiring the device to fall back
to the CS network. Furthermore, CSFB allows the re-use of interconnect, roaming agreements, charging
and settlement processes as well as being mandatory (per GSMA) for incoming roamers from other
3GPP operators.
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The CSFB Problems
An immediate problem with CSFB is that operators are faced with making additional capital investment in
their legacy core network. CSFB, as defined in 3GPP TS 23.272, introduces the new SGs interface
between CSFB enabled MSCs and LTE MMEs and hence an MSC upgrade is a prerequisite to
introducing CSFB; unless MSC pooling is used this upgrade potentially must be to all MSCs in the
network.
CSFB also introduces ongoing operational complexity as to minimize the likelihood of roaming retry the
TA (Tracking Area) to LA (Location Area) mapping needs to be maintained in the MME. This mapping is
required as it is used by the MME to attempt to predict which MSC a UE would attach if CSFB were
invoked in the event of a mobile terminating call. This mapping needs to be as accurate as possible,
however, some operators state that it is impossible to maintain an accurate TA-LA mapping and as such
impossible to avoid roaming retry with its detrimental impact on customer experience. Furthermore,
roaming retry is not widely supported in networks and introducing support would be yet another
investment in the legacy core network.
Mavenir recognizes the short comings of CSFB and has developed a unique, innovative and standards-
based approach to CSFB, addressing the CAPEX and OPEX issues mentioned above.
The VoLTE Interworking Function
Mavenir’s unique and innovation solution to CSFB
Mavenir addresses the above issues by enabling CSFB to be introduced into an LTE network without
requiring any investment in the legacy network to upgrade MSCs to support the SGs interface. Instead
the investment is made in LTE by introducing a new interworking function (VoLTE IWF) which provides
interworking for CSFB between the LTE MME and existing legacy HLRs and SMSCs without requiring
any MSC upgrade.
The VoLTE IWF, as depicted in Figure 1 below, acts as a MSC/VLR for subscribers registered on the LTE
network.
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Figure 1
Rather than attempting to predict the MSC to which a UE will fallback, the VoLTE IWF ensures that
mobile terminated call is routed to the actual MSC serving the UE after it fallsback to the circuit switch
network. This means that roaming retry is never invoked due to CSFB and hence there is no compromise
to the user experience.
The VoLTE IWF is a signaling only solution with no impact on the voice bearer and hence is a simple,
cost-effective and scalable solution to introduce.
In addition, regarding the CAPEX challenges of CSFB, the VoLTE IWF also addresses the operational
issues by simplifying the provisioning of CSFB in the MME. The VoLTE IWF uses a static TA-LA
mapping with a single LAI for all IWFs in the network and all the E-UTRAN TAs are mapped to this single
LA in the MME. This removes the requirement to maintain dynamically an accurate TA-LA mapping in all
MMEs.
SMS delivery for LTE attached devices is performed by the VoLTE IWF. As the VoLTE IWF requires no
MSC upgrades it offers the fastest time to market approach to provide SMS service to LTE enabled
device. This is significant as in some markets, there are regulatory requirements to inform users of
charges and operators use SMS as the notification mechanisms. To ensure service parity for SMS, the
VoLTE IWF supports X1/X3 interfaces for Lawful Intercept of SMS messages as well as CAP for prepaid
charging of SMS based on information retrieved from the HLR.
By addressing the capital expenditure, operational complexity and user experience issues with CSFB,
Mavenir’s VoLTE IWF facilitates the rapid deployment of LTE with CSFB for Voice and SMS service
parity. This VOLTE IWF is also an investment in the new LTE network providing the first step on an
evolutionary path to full VoLTE.
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Evolving from CSFB to VoLTE
As LTE coverage becomes more extensive and the number of LTE subscribers and devices increases,
the operator will want to evolve from using CSFB for voice calls to using VoLTE where possible. VoLTE
enables a better user experience by supporting HD voice but also because it avoids the additional latency
to call setup introduced by CSFB. Other reasons for switching from circuit switching call to VoLTE include
LTE’s spectrum efficiency and the ability of IMS to introduce new converged services.
VoLTE introducing a Telephony Application Server (TAS) as call control is performed in the IMS core
network rather that the MSCs.
This move to VoLTE presents challenges in a couple of areas. Firstly, call continuity; until LTE is
ubiquitous it is necessary to seamlessly hand-off an active call from the LTE packet E-UTRAN network to
circuit-switch and thus ensure that calls are not dropped as users move out of LTE coverage. This call
continuity is addressed in the standards by SR-VCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) but, similar to
CSFB, SR-VCC requires an upgrade to all the MSCs in the legacy network to support the Sv interface
between MSC and MME. The MSC upgrades don’t stop with Sv, if mid-call controls are to remain in IMS
TAS after the hand-off from E-UTRAN then the MSCs require further upgrades to support the i2 interface
required by ICS (IMS Centralized Services).
A second challenge in VoLTE is that to maintain service parity the operator needs to either invest
additional capital to provide feature parity for calls controlled by the IMS TAS. There is also complexity as
IN Services (WIN/CAMEL/INAP) are not addressed by VoLTE and any use of IN services requires that
the operator deploys an additional IM-SSF for IN inter-working. An upgrade of the IN system may also be
required to accommodate the new SIP call model.
Mavenir addresses both of these issues allowing the operator a smooth evolution to VoLTE. Firstly, the
VoLTE IWF extends to not only act as an interworking function for CSFB but also an interworking function
for SR-VCC and thus enable call handoff without requiring capital and operational investment in the
legacy MSC/VLR infrastructure. It removes the need to upgrade MSCs to support the Sv interface.
Mavenir also provide a best in class Converged Telephony Application Server (CTAS). In addition to
IR.92 support, the CTAS includes an integral IM-SSF to preserve IN services and enable new services,
such as video or multi-device. The CTAS is a pure IP-based TAS that enables operators to offer all
services in the IMS domain and is the only solution that implements a CAMEL/INAP compliant Basic Call
State Machine (BCSM) with its built-in IM-SSF supporting IN triggers to preserve critical services,
mapping the SIP call model as required. Additionally, the CTAS has an integrated Mobility Server (SCC
AS) supporting SR-VCC handover.
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Figure 2
The CTAS and VoLTE IWF are both based on the same carrier grade Mavenir mOne™ Convergence
Platform. Mavenir’s unique approach permits fast time to market for LTE and VoLTE whilst ensuring that
investments are made in the new network, yet preserving existing investments in the existing network.
Summary
Mobile operators are launching LTE networks and need to continue to provide voice with the same
seamless mobility and service parity to that offered on the existing network. At the same time, these
operators wish to minimize further investment in their legacy networks but may not be ready or willing to
move immediately to a full IP-based Voice over LTE service (VoLTE).
Mavenir’s VoLTE interworking function (VoLTE IWF) provides a unique and innovation approach allowing
the rapid launch of LTE services using CSFB for LTE devices without requiring investment or upgrades
in the legacy MSC/VLR infrastructure. This VoLTE IWF extends to include SR-VCC interworking enabling
the introduction of VoLTE without requiring any further investment or upgrades to legacy infrastructure to
support call continuity via SR-VCC. Mavenir’s Converged TAS (CTAS) allows further investment
protection by supporting IN-triggers for new IMS services and optimizes the new network by optionally
incorporating the IN-SSF and SCC functions a single platform.
Mavenir’s unique approach permits fast time to market for LTE and VoLTE whilst ensuring that
investments are made in the new network yet preserving existing investments in the existing network.