Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 121
Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems
Dr. Tauseef Aized
X
Materials handling in flexible
manufacturing systems
Dr. Tauseef Aized
Professor, Department of Mechanical, Mechatrnics and Manufacturing Engineering, KSK
Campus, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
1. Introduction
Material handling can be defined as an integrated system involving such activities as
moving, handling, storing and controlling of materials by means of gravity, manual effort or
power activated machinery. Moving materials utilize time and space. Any movement of
materials requires that the size, shape, weight and condition of the material, as well as the
path and frequency of the move be analyzed. Storing materials provide a buffer between
operations. It facilitates the efficient use of people and machines and provides an efficient
organization of materials. The considerations for material system design include the size,
weight, condition and stack ability of materials; the required throughput; and building
constraints such as floor loading, floor condition, column spacing etc. The protection of
materials include both packaging and protecting against damage and theft of material as
well as the use of safeguards on the information system to include protection against the
material being mishandled, misplaced, misappropriated and processed in a wrong
sequence. Controlling material includes both physical control as well as status of material
control. Physical control is the orientation of sequence and space between material
movements. Status control is the real time awareness of the location, amount, destination,
origin, ownership and schedule of material. Maintaining the correct degree of control is a
challenge because the right amount of control depends upon the culture of the organization
and the people who manage and perform material handling functions.
Material handling is an important area of concern in flexible manufacturing systems because
more than 80 % of time that material spends on a shop floor is spent either in waiting or in
transportation, although both these activities are non-value added activities. Efficient
material handling is needed for less congestion, timely delivery and reduced idle time of
machines due to non-availability or accumulation of materials at workstations. Safe
handling of materials is important in a plant as it reduces wastage, breakage, loss and
scrapes etc.
6
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Future Manufacturing Systems122
2. Principles of material handlings
The material handling principles provide fundamentals of material handling practices and
provide guidance to material handling system designers. The following is a brief description
of material handling principles.
2.1 Planning principle
All material handling should be the result of a deliberate plan where the needs, performance
objectives and fu ...
The document discusses material handling principles and concepts. It defines material handling as the art and science of moving, packing, and storing materials. The main objectives of material handling are to reduce the number of handlings and overall costs. Other objectives include lowering unit handling costs, reducing cycle times, improving safety, and increasing storage capacity. The document outlines several principles for efficient material handling, such as eliminating unnecessary handling, keeping materials moving, using simple flow patterns, and carrying payloads in both directions. It also discusses automation, life cycle costs, unit loads, and the benefits of optimized flow patterns for material handling systems.
Handling equipment is used to move, store, control, and protect materials throughout the manufacturing and distribution process. There are four main categories: transport equipment which moves materials between locations like conveyors and cranes; positioning equipment which manipulates materials in one location; unit load formation equipment which bundles materials; and storage equipment which holds materials over time like racks and shelves. Handling equipment automates material movement to improve efficiency and reduce costs and accidents compared to manual handling.
This document provides an overview of facility layout and maintenance management concepts. It discusses types of plant layouts including product oriented, process oriented, fixed position, and combination layouts. Factors affecting layout and objectives of layout design are outlined. Material handling equipment types are described including hoists, conveyors, surface equipment, robotics, and computer controlled conveyors. Flexible manufacturing systems are defined including components, types based on operations and flexibility level. Finally, the document covers maintenance management topics such as types of maintenance, reasons for maintenance, costs of maintenance activities, and advantages and disadvantages of different maintenance approaches.
The document outlines 10 principles for effective material handling systems and operations. The principles cover planning, standardization, minimizing work, ergonomics, unit loads, space utilization, treating the overall system as integrated, automation, environmental impact, and life cycle cost analysis. For each principle, a definition is provided along with 2-3 key points on how to apply that principle for optimal material handling.
The document outlines the Ten Principles of Material Handling which are intended to guide planning and design of material handling systems. The principles emphasize planning, standardization, minimizing work, ergonomics, appropriate unit loads, space utilization, integrating material movement into a coordinated system, automation where feasible, considering environmental impact, and conducting a thorough life cycle cost analysis. Adhering to these principles can increase productivity, customer service and profitability.
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Materials handling in flexible manufacturing systems
1. Introduction
The term material handling is used in defining an integrated system that involves activities like moving, storing, handling, and the control of materials using grav-
ity, manual, or machine power. Moving materials is work and requires time and space. To move a material, it is important to focus on analyzing the path of movement
regardless of the material's size, shape, weight, and condition. Storage is a good way of creating a buffer to materials from one operation to another. It is key to the
efficiency of people and machines in the provision of an efficient material organization. In designing a material system, the following should be considered; size,
weight, condition, and ability to a stack of materials. This is required in all types of designs. Thinking about building design for example it is important to consider the
floor loading, condition of the floor, and spacing of columns among others. Materials should be protected from all forms of deterioration. Protection of materials cov-
ers packaging, safeguarding from theft, and protection against mishandling. Information about the use of a machine should be provided to all authorized people to
prevent situations of machine mishandling. It is important to have both physical and status control. Controls should also cover misappropriate use and misplacement
of materials. The sequence and space of material movement are defined as physical control. In status control, one needs to know the physical location of mater-
ial, origin, destination, ownership, and material schedule. However, it is difficult to maintain control of materials because it is affected by things like organizational cul-
ture and the character of people handling the functions associated with the material. To ensure that an organization has a flexible manuf ...
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5 7 10
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6 9 8
2 Student paper 1 Student paper 3 Student paper
Materials handling in flexible manufacturing systems
1. Introduction
The term material handling is used in defining an integrated system that involves activities like moving, storing, handling, and the control of materials using grav-
ity, manual, or machine power. Moving materials is work and requires time and space. To move a material, it is important to focus on analyzing the path of movement
regardless of the material's size, shape, weight, and condition. Storage is a good way of creating a buffer to materials from one operation to another. It is key to the
efficiency of people and machines in the provision of an efficient material organization. In designing a material system, the following should be considered; size,
weight, condition, and ability to a stack of materials. This is required in all types of designs. Thinking about building design for example it is important to consider the
floor loading, condition of the floor, and spacing of columns among others. Materials should be protected from all forms of deterioration. Protection of materials cov-
ers packaging, safeguarding from theft, and protection against mishandling. Information about the use of a machine should be provided to all authorized people to
prevent situations of machine mishandling. It is important to have both physical and status control. Controls should also cover misappropriate use and misplacement
of materials. The sequence and space of material movement are defined as physical control. In status control, one needs to know the physical location of mater-
ial, origin, destination, ownership, and material schedule. However, it is difficult to maintain control of materials because it is affected by things like organizational cul-
ture and the character of people handling the functions associated with the material. To ensure that an organization has a flexible manuf ...
The document discusses material handling principles and concepts. It defines material handling as the art and science of moving, packing, and storing materials. The main objectives of material handling are to reduce the number of handlings and overall costs. Other objectives include lowering unit handling costs, reducing cycle times, improving safety, and increasing storage capacity. The document outlines several principles for efficient material handling, such as eliminating unnecessary handling, keeping materials moving, using simple flow patterns, and carrying payloads in both directions. It also discusses automation, life cycle costs, unit loads, and the benefits of optimized flow patterns for material handling systems.
Handling equipment is used to move, store, control, and protect materials throughout the manufacturing and distribution process. There are four main categories: transport equipment which moves materials between locations like conveyors and cranes; positioning equipment which manipulates materials in one location; unit load formation equipment which bundles materials; and storage equipment which holds materials over time like racks and shelves. Handling equipment automates material movement to improve efficiency and reduce costs and accidents compared to manual handling.
This document provides an overview of facility layout and maintenance management concepts. It discusses types of plant layouts including product oriented, process oriented, fixed position, and combination layouts. Factors affecting layout and objectives of layout design are outlined. Material handling equipment types are described including hoists, conveyors, surface equipment, robotics, and computer controlled conveyors. Flexible manufacturing systems are defined including components, types based on operations and flexibility level. Finally, the document covers maintenance management topics such as types of maintenance, reasons for maintenance, costs of maintenance activities, and advantages and disadvantages of different maintenance approaches.
The document outlines 10 principles for effective material handling systems and operations. The principles cover planning, standardization, minimizing work, ergonomics, unit loads, space utilization, treating the overall system as integrated, automation, environmental impact, and life cycle cost analysis. For each principle, a definition is provided along with 2-3 key points on how to apply that principle for optimal material handling.
The document outlines the Ten Principles of Material Handling which are intended to guide planning and design of material handling systems. The principles emphasize planning, standardization, minimizing work, ergonomics, appropriate unit loads, space utilization, integrating material movement into a coordinated system, automation where feasible, considering environmental impact, and conducting a thorough life cycle cost analysis. Adhering to these principles can increase productivity, customer service and profitability.
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5 7 10
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2 Student paper 1 Student paper 3 Student paper
Materials handling in flexible manufacturing systems
1. Introduction
The term material handling is used in defining an integrated system that involves activities like moving, storing, handling, and the control of materials using grav-
ity, manual, or machine power. Moving materials is work and requires time and space. To move a material, it is important to focus on analyzing the path of movement
regardless of the material's size, shape, weight, and condition. Storage is a good way of creating a buffer to materials from one operation to another. It is key to the
efficiency of people and machines in the provision of an efficient material organization. In designing a material system, the following should be considered; size,
weight, condition, and ability to a stack of materials. This is required in all types of designs. Thinking about building design for example it is important to consider the
floor loading, condition of the floor, and spacing of columns among others. Materials should be protected from all forms of deterioration. Protection of materials cov-
ers packaging, safeguarding from theft, and protection against mishandling. Information about the use of a machine should be provided to all authorized people to
prevent situations of machine mishandling. It is important to have both physical and status control. Controls should also cover misappropriate use and misplacement
of materials. The sequence and space of material movement are defined as physical control. In status control, one needs to know the physical location of mater-
ial, origin, destination, ownership, and material schedule. However, it is difficult to maintain control of materials because it is affected by things like organizational cul-
ture and the character of people handling the functions associated with the material. To ensure that an organization has a flexible manuf ...
14/07/2021 Originality Report
https://lms.elearning.edu.sa/webapps/mdb-sa-BBLEARN/originalityReport/ultra?attemptId=c337aac5-706b-4ee7-bd0c-0d8c54321a21&course_id=_5… 1/16
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مناوالت آلیة(نظري صباحي منتظم)-10507 • grade improvement file ملف تحسین الدرجة
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Submission UUID: d3ace7fc-6817-3556-b271-0634af686507
Total Number of Reports
1
Highest Match
64 %
ELCC 464 - 10507 -Khalid Bedaiwi- 44114…
Average Match
64 %
Submitted on
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Average Word Count
2,516
Highest: ELCC 464 - 10507 -Khalid Bedaiw…
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2 3 4
5 7 10
1
6 9 8
2 Student paper 1 Student paper 3 Student paper
Materials handling in flexible manufacturing systems
1. Introduction
The term material handling is used in defining an integrated system that involves activities like moving, storing, handling, and the control of materials using grav-
ity, manual, or machine power. Moving materials is work and requires time and space. To move a material, it is important to focus on analyzing the path of movement
regardless of the material's size, shape, weight, and condition. Storage is a good way of creating a buffer to materials from one operation to another. It is key to the
efficiency of people and machines in the provision of an efficient material organization. In designing a material system, the following should be considered; size,
weight, condition, and ability to a stack of materials. This is required in all types of designs. Thinking about building design for example it is important to consider the
floor loading, condition of the floor, and spacing of columns among others. Materials should be protected from all forms of deterioration. Protection of materials cov-
ers packaging, safeguarding from theft, and protection against mishandling. Information about the use of a machine should be provided to all authorized people to
prevent situations of machine mishandling. It is important to have both physical and status control. Controls should also cover misappropriate use and misplacement
of materials. The sequence and space of material movement are defined as physical control. In status control, one needs to know the physical location of mater-
ial, origin, destination, ownership, and material schedule. However, it is difficult to maintain control of materials because it is affected by things like organizational cul-
ture and the character of people handling the functions associated with the material. To ensure that an organization has a flexible manuf ...
The document discusses the objectives and principles of efficient material handling systems. The main objectives are to reduce costs by decreasing inventory levels and waste while improving productivity, workflow, and worker conditions. Some key principles are to aggregate materials into standardized unit loads for transport, minimize movement distances, utilize a straight-line flow, and mechanized movement where possible to speed up transport. The selection of material handling equipment depends on factors like production volume and rates, product type, available space, and costs.
The document outlines 10 principles of material handling that promote greater productivity, customer service, and profitability. The principles are: 1) planning, 2) standardization, 3) minimizing work, 4) ergonomics, 5) unit loads, 6) space utilization, 7) systems integration, 8) automation, 9) environmental impact, and 10) life cycle cost analysis. Following these principles leads to well-planned, standardized, efficient, safe, and sustainable material handling systems.
This document provides an introduction to material handling. It includes an overview of the course objectives, syllabus, and learning outcomes. Key concepts covered include the definition of material handling, objectives of material handling systems, principles of material handling, selection of material handling equipment, classification of material handling equipment, and characteristics and classification of materials. The document provides detailed information on the concepts and considerations for designing effective material handling systems.
The document provides an introduction to materials handling. It defines materials handling as the loading, moving, and unloading of materials using tackles, gadgets, and equipment. Materials handling helps industries by improving production efficiency and reducing costs. Materials are broadly classified as gases, liquids, semi-liquids, and solids. Key characteristics of each type of material that impact handling methods are described. The document emphasizes the importance of considering an industry's materials handling needs as an integrated system.
UNIT 1 - Introduction to Material Handling Equipments.pdfAdugnaGosa1
This document discusses material handling equipment and concepts. It introduces various types of material handling equipment like hoisting equipment, conveyors, and containers. It describes the objectives of material handling as reducing costs, production time, overhead, and accidents while improving space utilization and employee morale. Key principles of material handling systems include planning, standardization, minimizing work, and respecting ergonomic factors. The goals are to reduce unit costs, maintain quality, and promote safety, productivity and inventory control. Material characteristics and major equipment categories are also outlined.
The document defines material handling as the movement, storage, protection and control of materials throughout the manufacturing and distribution process. It discusses the objectives of material handling which include increasing efficiency, reducing costs, improving safety and productivity. Various types of material handling equipment are described such as industrial trucks, conveyors, cranes, automated guided vehicles and storage systems. The principles of material handling planning, standardization, unit loads and automation are also outlined.
Material handling involves the movement of materials and products throughout production processes and facilities. It aims to move the right materials, in the right quantities, to the right locations at the right times. Effective material handling can reduce costs and improve productivity, quality, safety and efficiency. It requires planning material flows and selecting appropriate equipment like conveyors, vehicles, robots and storage systems based on material characteristics, plant layout and other factors. Key principles include standardization, unit load handling, safety, and reducing unnecessary movement.
Introduction
Types of Material Handling Equipment
Material Transport Equipment
Storage Systems
Unitizing Equipment
Identification and Tracking Systems
Principles of Material Handling
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
Components of AGVS
Types of AGVs
Driverless Trains
Automated Guided Pallet Trucks
AGV Unit Load Carriers
Vehicle Guidance
Imbedded Guide Wires
Paint Strips
Self-guided Vehicles
Vehicle Routing
Frequency Select Method
Path Switch Select Method
Traffic Control
On-board Vehicle Sensing
Zone Control
Benefits of AGV
Applications of AGV
SELECTION OFMaterial handling EQUIPMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.pptxDIBYARANJAN MAHANTA
This document discusses the selection and use of material handling equipment (MHE) at construction project sites. It defines material handling and outlines its objectives, including cost reduction, waste reduction, and improved productivity and working conditions. Key factors in selecting MHE are identified, such as suitability, capacity, availability, and cost. The principles of planning, material flow, and mechanization are covered. Steps in the selection process include establishing the study scope, determining material volumes and needs, evaluating alternative systems, and selecting equipment categories. Advantages of using MHE include improved efficiency and reduced costs, while disadvantages include additional capital and maintenance costs.
This document discusses the basics of material handling equipment. It defines material handling as the movement and storage of materials through the manufacturing process at the lowest cost. The objectives of material handling are to increase productivity and reduce costs while ensuring safety. There are four main categories of material handling equipment: transport equipment like forklifts and conveyor belts; storage systems like racks and bins; unitizing equipment like pallets and cartons; and identification/tracking systems like barcodes and RFID tags. The document provides examples of common equipment used in each category.
The document discusses principles for improving material handling to enhance customer service, team productivity, and profitability. It outlines various principles such as planning, unit load, space utilization, standardization, ergonomics, energy efficiency, flexibility, safety, and cost analysis. The principles provide guidance on effectively designing integrated material handling systems and procedures that consider workflow, equipment, maintenance, safety, and costs. The overall goal is to establish efficient material movement and storage operations.
Conveyor System- A backbone of industrial operations.pdfRDRTAICHI1
A conveyor system is indeed considered the backbone of many industrial operations, playing a vital role in the efficient movement of materials, products, and goods within a manufacturing or distribution facility. Here are some reasons why conveyor systems are regarded as essential components in industrial settings:
Conveyor System- A backbone of industrial operations.docxRDRTAICHI1
A conveyor system is indeed considered the backbone of many industrial operations, playing a vital role in the efficient movement of materials, products, and goods within a manufacturing or distribution facility. Here are some reasons why conveyor systems are regarded as essential components in industrial settings:
At a basic level, material handling is primarily concerned with the storage and movement of material(in various forms) in / through production and service systems such as factories, warehouses, distribution centers, cross-docks, container terminals, airports, hospitals, and similar mission-oriented facilities. Although the physical movement of material is perhaps the most visible aspect of material handling, as suggested by the following ‘‘right definition,’’ material handling goes beyond that. Material handling is ‘‘providing the right amount of the right material, in the right condition, at the right place, at the right time, in the right position, in the right sequence, and for the right cost, by using the right method. Note that using the ‘‘right method(s)’’ includes safety and ergonomic considerations, especially when humans are involved directly or indirectly in the handling system. With the current emphasis being placed on ergonomics, material-handling issues have been given a new importance. This is because it takes equipment and/or modified methods to provide for proper ergonomics in any human-process relationship. This is true in manufacturing, logistics, distribution, and any other process where products or materials have to be placed, assembled, or moved. Material-handling challenges provide an excellent opportunity for an industrial engineer to access and use a set of tools that allow for the development of a new material-handling system or an improvement in an existing system.
Material handling involves the movement and storage of materials throughout production and distribution. It aims to reduce costs and improve efficiency. There are various material handling systems from mechanized to automated. Equipment includes containers, transport vehicles, storage racks, and identification tags. Material handling follows several principles like planning, standardization, minimizing work, ergonomics, unit loads, space use, integration, and automation. Automated guided vehicles are independently operated vehicles that move materials along predefined paths between stations, guided by wires or paint on the floor. They are used in applications like transportation within plants and warehouses.
The document outlines 10 principles of material handling that can result in safer operations, lower costs, and better performance. The principles include planning all material handling, standardizing methods and equipment, minimizing unnecessary work, recognizing human capabilities and limitations, using unit loads to reduce effort, making efficient use of all available space, integrating activities into a coordinated system, automating operations to improve efficiency, considering environmental impact, and accounting for life cycle costs in economic analysis.
Material handling involves the movement, storage, and control of materials throughout the manufacturing process. It aims to reduce costs and improve efficiency. The document discusses various types of material handling equipment like conveyors, industrial trucks, cranes, and automated guided vehicles. It also outlines objectives like minimizing costs and distances materials are handled. Key considerations in designing material handling systems include the material characteristics, flow rates, and plant layout.
The document discusses material handling, which involves the movement of raw materials, semi-finished goods, and finished products through production and storage areas. It outlines 10 principles of material handling, including planning, standardization, minimizing work, ergonomics, unit loads, space utilization, system integration, automation, environmental impact, and life cycle costs. The document also describes various material handling devices for lifting, transporting, and combining movements, such as conveyors, automated guided vehicles, and automated storage and retrieval systems. Selection of material handling systems depends on factors like operations, flows, layout, materials, and characteristics.
This document defines material handling and discusses various aspects of material handling systems. Material handling is defined as the movement, storage, protection and control of materials throughout the manufacturing and distribution process. The key objectives of material handling systems are to move materials safely, efficiently and at low cost. The document also discusses different types of material handling equipment like industrial trucks, automated guided vehicles, conveyors and cranes/hoists and their applications. It provides definitions for common terms and lists 10 principles for effective material handling systems design.
Homework assignmentPlease annotate one artwork you like from this.docxAbramMartino96
Homework assignment:
Please annotate one artwork you like from this week’s textbook
reading or Smarthistory. Whenever I am writing for research
presentation or publication, this is how I begin. The point is to make
sure you’re not missing anything in terms of basic data or
interpretive frameworks. When I take notes on a lecture at a
conference, this is the way I like to organize my notes, as well.
Format
Identify the artwork
Identify Period Style
Identify Subject Matter
Discuss Historical Context
Discuss Visual Elements (Line, Color, Texture, Composition etc.)
Discuss Its Place in Ideas or Culture of the Time
.
Homeland Security efforts are ably reinforced by Homeland Defense an.docxAbramMartino96
Homeland Security efforts are ably reinforced by Homeland Defense and Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA), which are missions executed by the Department of Defense (DOD), most specifically by the Combatant Command, United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). In supporting the nation when requested by DHS, FEMA, or other lead federal agencies, or as directed by the president or the secretary of defense, DOD provides many unique capabilities for crisis response. One specific function used most notably during the post-Hurricane Katrina period was the use of airborne assets to provide damage assessments and to gauge the extent of the sea surge at various times during the recovery.
The function of deploying such assets is traditionally called
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
(ISR). Yet the U.S. military cannot legally collect intelligence on U.S. citizens. Consequently, the action, as performed during the hurricane recovery operations described here, is known as
incident awareness and assessments
(IAA). For some, the difference between these terms is merely semantics; for many, IAA differs both symbolically and practically from ISR, if not in how information is collected, then in how it is used and the motivation behind the collection. (The Web site for IAA reference is under Web sites references below.)
Assignment Guidelines
Address the following in 5–7 paragraphs:
Do you believe the distinction between ISR and IAA lies simply with terminology (and therefore there is little or no difference) or that there is a separation between the concepts? Explain and defend your answer fully. You may choose to research the topic more fully.
Contemplating the ethics of using IAA in the homeland, list at least 3 benefits of its use where ethics might potentially be secondary.
List at least 2–3 costs or opposing views to its use and how IAA—or the information gathered—might be misused or abused.
What if criminal activity (like acres of tended marijuana) was observed during IAA missions intended to conduct damage assessments? How should such information be handled?
Do you believe converting the term
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
to
incident awareness and assessments
for operations conducted in the homeland was wise or frivolous (or described otherwise)? Explain and defend your answer fully.
What is the value of using carefully selected terminology for operations in the homeland?
How does the symbolism of IAA potentially aid homeland security professionals in performing their jobs?
How does the symbolism of ISR potentially hinder homeland security professionals in performing their jobs?
Among the Web sites listed for this unit, you will find the Air Forces North (AFNORTH) Incident Awareness and Assessment Handbook, June 2010.
Why do you think this manual on IAA is available from open-source sites?
Do you think there might be ethical considerations to publicizing the use and purposes of IAA? Name and discuss at least 1.
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The document discusses the objectives and principles of efficient material handling systems. The main objectives are to reduce costs by decreasing inventory levels and waste while improving productivity, workflow, and worker conditions. Some key principles are to aggregate materials into standardized unit loads for transport, minimize movement distances, utilize a straight-line flow, and mechanized movement where possible to speed up transport. The selection of material handling equipment depends on factors like production volume and rates, product type, available space, and costs.
The document outlines 10 principles of material handling that promote greater productivity, customer service, and profitability. The principles are: 1) planning, 2) standardization, 3) minimizing work, 4) ergonomics, 5) unit loads, 6) space utilization, 7) systems integration, 8) automation, 9) environmental impact, and 10) life cycle cost analysis. Following these principles leads to well-planned, standardized, efficient, safe, and sustainable material handling systems.
This document provides an introduction to material handling. It includes an overview of the course objectives, syllabus, and learning outcomes. Key concepts covered include the definition of material handling, objectives of material handling systems, principles of material handling, selection of material handling equipment, classification of material handling equipment, and characteristics and classification of materials. The document provides detailed information on the concepts and considerations for designing effective material handling systems.
The document provides an introduction to materials handling. It defines materials handling as the loading, moving, and unloading of materials using tackles, gadgets, and equipment. Materials handling helps industries by improving production efficiency and reducing costs. Materials are broadly classified as gases, liquids, semi-liquids, and solids. Key characteristics of each type of material that impact handling methods are described. The document emphasizes the importance of considering an industry's materials handling needs as an integrated system.
UNIT 1 - Introduction to Material Handling Equipments.pdfAdugnaGosa1
This document discusses material handling equipment and concepts. It introduces various types of material handling equipment like hoisting equipment, conveyors, and containers. It describes the objectives of material handling as reducing costs, production time, overhead, and accidents while improving space utilization and employee morale. Key principles of material handling systems include planning, standardization, minimizing work, and respecting ergonomic factors. The goals are to reduce unit costs, maintain quality, and promote safety, productivity and inventory control. Material characteristics and major equipment categories are also outlined.
The document defines material handling as the movement, storage, protection and control of materials throughout the manufacturing and distribution process. It discusses the objectives of material handling which include increasing efficiency, reducing costs, improving safety and productivity. Various types of material handling equipment are described such as industrial trucks, conveyors, cranes, automated guided vehicles and storage systems. The principles of material handling planning, standardization, unit loads and automation are also outlined.
Material handling involves the movement of materials and products throughout production processes and facilities. It aims to move the right materials, in the right quantities, to the right locations at the right times. Effective material handling can reduce costs and improve productivity, quality, safety and efficiency. It requires planning material flows and selecting appropriate equipment like conveyors, vehicles, robots and storage systems based on material characteristics, plant layout and other factors. Key principles include standardization, unit load handling, safety, and reducing unnecessary movement.
Introduction
Types of Material Handling Equipment
Material Transport Equipment
Storage Systems
Unitizing Equipment
Identification and Tracking Systems
Principles of Material Handling
Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs)
Components of AGVS
Types of AGVs
Driverless Trains
Automated Guided Pallet Trucks
AGV Unit Load Carriers
Vehicle Guidance
Imbedded Guide Wires
Paint Strips
Self-guided Vehicles
Vehicle Routing
Frequency Select Method
Path Switch Select Method
Traffic Control
On-board Vehicle Sensing
Zone Control
Benefits of AGV
Applications of AGV
SELECTION OFMaterial handling EQUIPMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION PROJECT.pptxDIBYARANJAN MAHANTA
This document discusses the selection and use of material handling equipment (MHE) at construction project sites. It defines material handling and outlines its objectives, including cost reduction, waste reduction, and improved productivity and working conditions. Key factors in selecting MHE are identified, such as suitability, capacity, availability, and cost. The principles of planning, material flow, and mechanization are covered. Steps in the selection process include establishing the study scope, determining material volumes and needs, evaluating alternative systems, and selecting equipment categories. Advantages of using MHE include improved efficiency and reduced costs, while disadvantages include additional capital and maintenance costs.
This document discusses the basics of material handling equipment. It defines material handling as the movement and storage of materials through the manufacturing process at the lowest cost. The objectives of material handling are to increase productivity and reduce costs while ensuring safety. There are four main categories of material handling equipment: transport equipment like forklifts and conveyor belts; storage systems like racks and bins; unitizing equipment like pallets and cartons; and identification/tracking systems like barcodes and RFID tags. The document provides examples of common equipment used in each category.
The document discusses principles for improving material handling to enhance customer service, team productivity, and profitability. It outlines various principles such as planning, unit load, space utilization, standardization, ergonomics, energy efficiency, flexibility, safety, and cost analysis. The principles provide guidance on effectively designing integrated material handling systems and procedures that consider workflow, equipment, maintenance, safety, and costs. The overall goal is to establish efficient material movement and storage operations.
Conveyor System- A backbone of industrial operations.pdfRDRTAICHI1
A conveyor system is indeed considered the backbone of many industrial operations, playing a vital role in the efficient movement of materials, products, and goods within a manufacturing or distribution facility. Here are some reasons why conveyor systems are regarded as essential components in industrial settings:
Conveyor System- A backbone of industrial operations.docxRDRTAICHI1
A conveyor system is indeed considered the backbone of many industrial operations, playing a vital role in the efficient movement of materials, products, and goods within a manufacturing or distribution facility. Here are some reasons why conveyor systems are regarded as essential components in industrial settings:
At a basic level, material handling is primarily concerned with the storage and movement of material(in various forms) in / through production and service systems such as factories, warehouses, distribution centers, cross-docks, container terminals, airports, hospitals, and similar mission-oriented facilities. Although the physical movement of material is perhaps the most visible aspect of material handling, as suggested by the following ‘‘right definition,’’ material handling goes beyond that. Material handling is ‘‘providing the right amount of the right material, in the right condition, at the right place, at the right time, in the right position, in the right sequence, and for the right cost, by using the right method. Note that using the ‘‘right method(s)’’ includes safety and ergonomic considerations, especially when humans are involved directly or indirectly in the handling system. With the current emphasis being placed on ergonomics, material-handling issues have been given a new importance. This is because it takes equipment and/or modified methods to provide for proper ergonomics in any human-process relationship. This is true in manufacturing, logistics, distribution, and any other process where products or materials have to be placed, assembled, or moved. Material-handling challenges provide an excellent opportunity for an industrial engineer to access and use a set of tools that allow for the development of a new material-handling system or an improvement in an existing system.
Material handling involves the movement and storage of materials throughout production and distribution. It aims to reduce costs and improve efficiency. There are various material handling systems from mechanized to automated. Equipment includes containers, transport vehicles, storage racks, and identification tags. Material handling follows several principles like planning, standardization, minimizing work, ergonomics, unit loads, space use, integration, and automation. Automated guided vehicles are independently operated vehicles that move materials along predefined paths between stations, guided by wires or paint on the floor. They are used in applications like transportation within plants and warehouses.
The document outlines 10 principles of material handling that can result in safer operations, lower costs, and better performance. The principles include planning all material handling, standardizing methods and equipment, minimizing unnecessary work, recognizing human capabilities and limitations, using unit loads to reduce effort, making efficient use of all available space, integrating activities into a coordinated system, automating operations to improve efficiency, considering environmental impact, and accounting for life cycle costs in economic analysis.
Material handling involves the movement, storage, and control of materials throughout the manufacturing process. It aims to reduce costs and improve efficiency. The document discusses various types of material handling equipment like conveyors, industrial trucks, cranes, and automated guided vehicles. It also outlines objectives like minimizing costs and distances materials are handled. Key considerations in designing material handling systems include the material characteristics, flow rates, and plant layout.
The document discusses material handling, which involves the movement of raw materials, semi-finished goods, and finished products through production and storage areas. It outlines 10 principles of material handling, including planning, standardization, minimizing work, ergonomics, unit loads, space utilization, system integration, automation, environmental impact, and life cycle costs. The document also describes various material handling devices for lifting, transporting, and combining movements, such as conveyors, automated guided vehicles, and automated storage and retrieval systems. Selection of material handling systems depends on factors like operations, flows, layout, materials, and characteristics.
This document defines material handling and discusses various aspects of material handling systems. Material handling is defined as the movement, storage, protection and control of materials throughout the manufacturing and distribution process. The key objectives of material handling systems are to move materials safely, efficiently and at low cost. The document also discusses different types of material handling equipment like industrial trucks, automated guided vehicles, conveyors and cranes/hoists and their applications. It provides definitions for common terms and lists 10 principles for effective material handling systems design.
Similar to Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 121Mat (20)
Homework assignmentPlease annotate one artwork you like from this.docxAbramMartino96
Homework assignment:
Please annotate one artwork you like from this week’s textbook
reading or Smarthistory. Whenever I am writing for research
presentation or publication, this is how I begin. The point is to make
sure you’re not missing anything in terms of basic data or
interpretive frameworks. When I take notes on a lecture at a
conference, this is the way I like to organize my notes, as well.
Format
Identify the artwork
Identify Period Style
Identify Subject Matter
Discuss Historical Context
Discuss Visual Elements (Line, Color, Texture, Composition etc.)
Discuss Its Place in Ideas or Culture of the Time
.
Homeland Security efforts are ably reinforced by Homeland Defense an.docxAbramMartino96
Homeland Security efforts are ably reinforced by Homeland Defense and Defense Support of Civil Authorities (DSCA), which are missions executed by the Department of Defense (DOD), most specifically by the Combatant Command, United States Northern Command (USNORTHCOM). In supporting the nation when requested by DHS, FEMA, or other lead federal agencies, or as directed by the president or the secretary of defense, DOD provides many unique capabilities for crisis response. One specific function used most notably during the post-Hurricane Katrina period was the use of airborne assets to provide damage assessments and to gauge the extent of the sea surge at various times during the recovery.
The function of deploying such assets is traditionally called
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
(ISR). Yet the U.S. military cannot legally collect intelligence on U.S. citizens. Consequently, the action, as performed during the hurricane recovery operations described here, is known as
incident awareness and assessments
(IAA). For some, the difference between these terms is merely semantics; for many, IAA differs both symbolically and practically from ISR, if not in how information is collected, then in how it is used and the motivation behind the collection. (The Web site for IAA reference is under Web sites references below.)
Assignment Guidelines
Address the following in 5–7 paragraphs:
Do you believe the distinction between ISR and IAA lies simply with terminology (and therefore there is little or no difference) or that there is a separation between the concepts? Explain and defend your answer fully. You may choose to research the topic more fully.
Contemplating the ethics of using IAA in the homeland, list at least 3 benefits of its use where ethics might potentially be secondary.
List at least 2–3 costs or opposing views to its use and how IAA—or the information gathered—might be misused or abused.
What if criminal activity (like acres of tended marijuana) was observed during IAA missions intended to conduct damage assessments? How should such information be handled?
Do you believe converting the term
intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
to
incident awareness and assessments
for operations conducted in the homeland was wise or frivolous (or described otherwise)? Explain and defend your answer fully.
What is the value of using carefully selected terminology for operations in the homeland?
How does the symbolism of IAA potentially aid homeland security professionals in performing their jobs?
How does the symbolism of ISR potentially hinder homeland security professionals in performing their jobs?
Among the Web sites listed for this unit, you will find the Air Forces North (AFNORTH) Incident Awareness and Assessment Handbook, June 2010.
Why do you think this manual on IAA is available from open-source sites?
Do you think there might be ethical considerations to publicizing the use and purposes of IAA? Name and discuss at least 1.
Homecoming is an annual tradition in the United States. In this repo.docxAbramMartino96
Homecoming is an annual tradition in the United States. In this report you are going to provide a background information about Homecoming (for example, what is homecoming, what type of activities do people do, why it is celebrated in the U.S….) You must report your findings in an essay format (at least two long paragraphs) and cite any resources that you use.
.
Homer
Assignment
II
Read
three
of
the
books
from
The
Odyssey
including
Book
I.
Choose
one
character
and
trace
that
character’s
traits
throughout
your
reading
assignment.
Write
a
five-‐paragraph
character
analysis-‐interesting
insights
about
the
character-‐of
the
character
of
your
choice.
Choose
from
the
books
listed
below:
Book
I:
You
MUST
read
Book
I.
Invocation
and
part
summary
–council
of
the
gods-‐
Athena
visits
Telemachos
in
Ithaka
and
urges
him
to
go
in
search
of
his
father-‐the
suitors
feast
in
the
house
of
Telemachos.
Book
VIII:
Odysseus
at
the
games
of
the
Phaiakians-‐
he
is
asked
top
tell
his
name
and
his
story.
Book
XIII:
Return
of
Odysseus
to
Ithaka-‐
hi
is
landed,
alone-‐
strange
return
of
the
Phaiakian
ship-‐Athena
comes
to
Odysseus
and
advises
him.
Book
XVI:
Telemachos
visits
Eumaios-‐Odyssues
reveals
himself
to
Telemachos-‐Penelope
and
suitors
learn
that
Telemachos
has
returned-‐
night
at
the
house
of
Eumaios.
Book
XXI:
The
test
of
the
bow-‐the
suitors
fail-‐Odysseus
succeeds.
Book
XXII:
The
killing
of
the
suitors-‐punishment
of
the
faithless
maids
and
thrall.
Book
XXIII:
Recognition
of
Odysseus
by
Penelope-‐reunion-‐Odysseus
goes
to
Laertes’
farm.
.
Homelessness in America has been a problem since the settlement of t.docxAbramMartino96
Homelessness in America has been a problem since the settlement of the country.
How has society’s response to that population changed over time? Consider the following in your response: Cite references. Min 200 words
·
How has society’s response to that group changed over the past 300 years?
·
How has it changed in your lifetime?
·
What changes do you anticipate in society’s response in the next 50 years?
·
What factors have influenced those changes?
.
Homework Assignments One pagewhat the functional currency .docxAbramMartino96
Homework Assignments One page
what the functional currency for Johnson& Johnson
Research your JOHNSON&JOHNSON and report on any major issue(s) of international taxation that is (are) addressed in this chapter.
Post this assignment in the chapter conference.
Discuss how your JOHNSON&JOHNSON handles transfer pricing.
Topics of discussion can include but are not limited to:
Are transfers from a subsidiary to its parent (upstream)? From the parent to a subsidiary (downstream)?
Or from one subsidiary to another of the same parent?
Transfer pricing methods?
What are the objectives of your JOHNSON&JOHNSONs transfer pricing practices?
What law(s) govern your JOHNSON&JOHNSONs practices?
What method is used?
The enforcement of transfer pricing regulations in the country where you JOHNSON&JOHNSON is located?
.
Homework Assignment Company Research This assignment req.docxAbramMartino96
Homework Assignment: Company Research
This assignment requires you to research a company which is (
The Union Pacific Railroad
)
. You are to assume that you will be interviewing with this company for a job right after graduation. As such, you want to perform in-depth research about your company so you will be the best prepared candidate to be interviewed. Your goal is to learn as much as you can about the company including their strengths and weaknesses. Your research should include
Marketing issues due
·
Product market (major products)
·
Geographic market (where it operates –
local, regional, national, international)
·
Competitors
·
Brands
Current issues
·
Effect of current economic recession
·
Opportunities for and threats to the company based on current and projected events
·
Strengths and Weaknesses
·
Career opportunities
Financial issues
·
Trend analysis (e.g. trends in income, stock price, dividends)
·
Financial stability
Management issues
·
Core competency
·
Innovation (evidence that the company is or is not innovative)
·
Ethics and social responsibility (evidence of the company’s values and how those values have been reflected in its conduct)
·
Sustainability
Overview of the company
·
History
·
Mission
·
Vision
·
Organizational Structure
·
Primary industry(ies) in which it operates
Written Summary and Reference List
·
A five to eight page well organized executive summary of your company as well as a list of the references used. The reference list should be formatted according to APA style. Additionally, your team must provide evidence of “collaborative effort”, (Meeting Agendas, Minutes, etc.)
.
Homework Assignment #1Directions Please answer each of the foll.docxAbramMartino96
Homework Assignment #1
Directions: Please answer each of the following questions in as detailed a manner as possible, and be sure to include all appropriate material discussed in the lectures and the assigned reading material.
1) Define what we mean by money and how it is used in the day to day functioning of the U.S. economy. Be sure to include the major components that make up what is defined as money and which of these components is used most widely to identify what money is. Also, include the major functions that money serves as a part of the overall economy and how banks act to create and maintain money.
2) Name and discuss the four major theories that address the term structure of interest rates. In your discussion, indicate the strengths and weaknesses of each of the theories and which theory or theories appear to be the most well accepted as explanations of term structure.
3) Explain the role that money plays under the Classical Macroeconomic Model. As a part of your discussion, include the impact the Quantity Theory of Money and Say’s Law have on this model and state in algebraic terms how the money supply relates to prices.
4) Compare and contrast pure discount bonds with coupon bonds and provide at least one example of such government or corporate bonds that can be bought and sold by investors. Describe the way interest rates are determined for these bonds by using the appropriate formula or formulas and explain the overall relationship between bond prices and interest rates.
.
Homework Assignment 9Due in week 10 and worth 30 pointsSuppose t.docxAbramMartino96
Homework Assignment 9
Due in week 10 and worth 30 points
Suppose that there are two (2) candidates (i.e., Jones and Johns) in the upcoming presidential election. Sara notes that she has discussed the presidential election candidates with 15 friends, and 10 said that they are voting for candidate Jones. Sara is therefore convinced that candidate Jones will win the election because Jones gets more than 50% of votes.
Answer the following questions in the space provided below:
Based on what you now know about statistical inference, is Sara’s conclusion a logical conclusion? Why or why not?
How many friend samples Sara should have in order to draw the conclusion with 95% confidence interval? Why?
How would you explain your conclusion to Sara without using any statistical jargon? Why?
.
Homework Assignment 4 Guidelines1. Write the paper in Microsoft Wo.docxAbramMartino96
Homework Assignment 4 Guidelines
1. Write the paper in Microsoft Word or in a comparable program saved as a Word document.
2. The text should be in 12 point CG Times, Times Roman, or New Times Roman.
3. Single spacing is fine but skip a line between questions.
4. Use a spell checker!
5. Include the corresponding question before each answer in your document.
6. Use Chicago or Turabian style citations to inform me of exactly where you found the information to answer the questions. The citation formatting does not need to be perfect, but do your best. For citation guides please see http://hub.miracosta.edu/library/ResearchGuides/Chicago.pdf
7. The title of the assignment in the Bb Section Folder is a hyperlink that opens the Assignment Submission window. Click to open. Upload your file. Copy the text of your assignment into the Assignment Materials text box on the assignment upload page. Make sure the formatting is cool by previewing before you submit.
8. Submit the assignment before the deadline.
Part A) A Reaction to Racism in American Literature, Art, and Music In the latter part of the 19th century, "Realism" became the dominant feature in American literature and influenced the Progressive Era writers of the early 20th century. In the years immediately following World War I, a number of American authors of the realist school began to explore race relations. Dramatists such as Eugene O'Neill and Paul Green wrote plays based on African American themes. O'Neill's The Emperor Jones (1920) and All God's Chillun Got Wings (1924) were immensely popular. Green won the Pulitzer Prize for In Abraham's Bosom, a play performed by a predominately African American cast in a period when few African American artists were able to find work outside vaudeville or minstrel shows. At the same time, a number of African American writers came to prominence writing novels and poetry based on their experiences as African Americans. This literary movement, originally centered in Harlem, New York, became known as the "Harlem Renaissance" (1920s-1930s). It was the outgrowth of a number of factors including the Great Migration to northern cities and the growing anger over both overt and covert racism. Authors, musicians, and painters gathered in Harlem and in other large urban areas throughout the North and developed a distinctly African American cultural movement cognizant of the political, economic, and social issues of prejudice and discrimination that were part of the Black experience in America. Historians have described the Harlem Renaissance as a period in which the African American writer ". . . had achieved a degree and kind of articulation that make it possible for him to transform his feelings into a variety of literary forms. Despite his intense feelings of hate and hurt, he possessed sufficient restraint and objectivity to use his materials artistically, but no less effectively." (John Hope Franklin, From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans, .
Hi we are a group doing a research and we split up the work ev.docxAbramMartino96
Hi
we are a group doing a research and we split up the work every one took apart and my part is to do
the Value Chain Analysis only
FOR the
company in question
(
company info you will find it in the attachment
)
so
there is no need to do introduction or anything
else just go directly to the topic and start doing the Value Chain Analysis
instruction in general
1-
12 font Double space
2-
2-3 pages maximum
3-
Add appendix
4-
Reliable sources important
I will check plagiarism just in case
Specific
my part is to do the value chain analysis only again do not write introduction or any thing just start with the analysis
please do not waste my and your time
read the attachment carefully first then start do the reaserch
if you have any regards
contact me
.
hi I need research paper about any topics in Manufacturing Proc.docxAbramMartino96
hi
I need research paper about any topics in
Manufacturing Processes
a.
To introduce students to some of the fundamentals of materials (behavior and manufacturing properties)
b.
To give students a working knowledge of production processes of casting, forming and shaping, machining and machine tools, sheet metal, and joining processes
c.
To introduce students computer integrated manufacturing, flexible manufacturing systems and other modern technologies in manufacturing
d.
To give students common aspects of manufacturing including statistical control and life expectancy of some products.
e.
Students will design a simple artifact, present case studies or designs, and write reports
.
HMIS Standards Please respond to the followingFrom the e-A.docxAbramMartino96
"HMIS Standards"
Please respond to the following:
From the e-Activity, determine a key factor that has delayed the widespread implementation of electronic health records in health care organizations. Provide an example of the effects of each factor to support your rationale.
Determine two areas where HIPPA has influenced the development of HIMS standards. Justify your response.
.
Hi i need a paper about (Head On )German film ( Turkey part)3 to.docxAbramMartino96
Hi
i need a paper about (Head On )German film ( Turkey part)
3 to 5 sentences each
Summary:
Time context:
Details about the film:
Thesis: explain
Characters:
Camera technique:
Light:
Music:
Situation effects:
Power struggle:
Sources: 3 academic
.
Hi i have new work can you do it, its due in 6 hours Boyd, Ga.docxAbramMartino96
Hi
i have new work can you do it, it's due in 6 hours
Boyd,
Gayle M.,
Jan Howard,
and
Robert A. Zucker
.
Alcohol Problems among Adolescents: Current Directions in Prevention Research.
Psychology Press
, 2013.
Lowe, Geoff
,
David R. Foxcroft,
and
David Sibley
.
Adolescent Drinking and Family Life
.
Taylor & Francis, 1993
.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
Underage Drinking: A Major Public Health Challenge
. Apr. 2003. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.
Office of Juvenile Jus
tice and Delinquency Prevention.
Effects and Consequences of Underage Drinking
. Sept.
2012
. Web. 10 Oct. 2016.
I want you to chose any two of these sources and write two pergraph for each, total 4 pergraghs. Can you do it?
.
HIT Management and Implementation Please respond to the followi.docxAbramMartino96
"HIT Management and Implementation"
Please respond to the following:
Determine a key process in the delivery of health care services that would be more efficient and effective through the application of a specific model of HIT. Support your response.
Analyze the barriers to the implementation of HIMS in a complex adaptive system (CAS). Propose a strategy to help reduce the level of resistance from the clinical staff during a transition from CAS to HIMS innovations. Provide a rationale to support your response
"Innovationin HIMS"
Please respond to the following:
•Compare and contrast the functionality and efficiency of the complaint-push model and data-pull model within the process of health care service delivery. Recommend a strategy improving the effectiveness of each method for delivering patient care.
•Determine a significant aspect of a complex health care system that represents barriers to a more rapid diffusion of HIT. Next, suggest how these barriers can be removed or minimized. Support your rationale.
.
History and TheoryConsiderthe eras, life histories.docxAbramMartino96
History and Theory
Consider
the eras, life histories, and personalities of Freud and Rogers.
Identify
two research articles published in the last 5 years: one that investigates a psychoanalytic or Freudian construct and one that investigates a client-centered, humanistic, or Rogerian construct.
Write
a 700- to 1,050-word paper about Freud and Rogers that addresses the following:
Provide a summary of each article, highlighting the processes that contemporary psychologists use to develop the theories of Freud and Rogers.
Explain their views of human nature and their worldviews as expressed in their respective theories.
Which aspect of their theory do you think would be different if they were alive and working today?
Explain how social and cultural factors influenced the development of Freud's and Rogers' respective theories of personality.
Do
NOT
use about.com, psychology.about.com, ask.com, simplypsychology.org, AllPsych.com, SparkNotes.com, wikipedia, or other sources that are not scholarly in nature.
You
MUST
have a minimum of 2 scholarly sources as references. You may use your textbook but it does not count as one of these sources.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Read the Case of Jim in Chapter 6
Each team member should discuss the case using the humanistic theory as a model. Then use the humanistic theory to discuss how you would use it to assess the client.
Post an initial response
to this case analysis (approximately 350 words with at least 1 scholarly source).
THE CASE OF JIM
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL: PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORY
Jim completed ratings of the concepts self, ideal self, father, and mother using the semantic differential (
Chapter 5
), a simple rating scale. Although the semantic differential is not the exact measure recommended by Rogers, its results can be related to Rogerian theory since its procedures have a phenomenological quality and assess perceptions of self and ideal self.
First, consider how Jim perceives his self. Based on the semantic differential, Jim sees himself as intelligent, friendly, sincere, kind, and basically good—as a wise person who is humane and interested in people. At the same time, other ratings suggest that he does not feel free to be expressive and uninhibited. Thus, he rates himself as reserved, introverted, inhibited, tense, moral, and conforming. There is a curious mixture of perceptions: being involved, deep, sensitive, and kind while also being competitive, selfish, and disapproving. There is also the interesting combination of perceiving himself as being good and masculine but simultaneously weak and insecure. One gets the impression of an individual who would like to believe that he is basically good and capable of.
History of an argument Are there too many people There h.docxAbramMartino96
History of an argument: Are there too many people?
There have been several points in history at which someone has argued that we have too many people, and that this will be a problem.
Please do some research and choose at least one of these arguments to discuss in some detail in a paper of about 2-3 pages.
Who was making the argument?
Which people were identified as being too many?
Was a solution proposed, and if so, what was it?
Did the predicted overpopulation crisis come to pass, and why or why not?
How many people would be about right?
How many are too many?
Who decides?
What are the criteria for the decision?
The usual formatting and proper mechanics of good writing apply.
.
history essays- 1000 words each essay- mla and 2 works cited. every .docxAbramMartino96
history essays- 1000 words each essay- mla and 2 works cited. every question should be submitted in its own sheet.
1.Trace the patterns of international migration since 1970, with reference to at least two examples. How do these differ from migration patterns of a century earlier?
2.
Discuss advantages and disadvantages of globalization in contemporary world. Who has benefited and who has not? Has globalization brought the world together or driven it further apart?
.
Historical Background of Housing PolicyHousing is one of the requi.docxAbramMartino96
Historical Background of Housing Policy
Housing is one of the requirements in human life
(not true!)
. Therefore,
it
greatly influences the day to day life of citizens in a country as well as the country's economy. As a result of
its
importance, there
should be
secure policies in the state that protect citizens against exploitation and the economy of the nation
This is not a neutral statement of the evidence
(Turis, 2011).
Good
housing provided with essential social amenities means healthy lives for the citizens since
they will be enjoying all the services
. Poor housing, for instance, can result in health issues for the individuals of a given society. Crime rates are also found to be higher in places with inadequate housing and this
becomes a threat
may be a threat
to the security of the community.
The housing policy
,
??????
therefore, was formed
so as to
address the housing challenges facing the nation and its citizens (Turis, 2011).
indent
To deal with the housing problems
(what housing problems?)
the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program
(The correct name is Section 8 of the Housing Act of 1937 (42 U.S.C. § 1437f)
was established in 1974 as the Housing Act (Turis, 2011). This housing policy enables low income earners
to pay for houses of their choice
in the private market. The state funds the program and as a result, it benefits over five million low-income families as it enables them to pay for the housing
with ease
. Provision of
the
vouchers is one of the
policies
ways
in which
the state addresses the housing problem for its citizens (Turis, 2011). Compared to other policies
such as….
, vouchers provide a wider range of shelter and they are less expensive. For the low-income earners to use the vouchers, the kind of houses they find
should not
exceed the maximum allowable rent by the vouchers and must be in line with the program policies. The program also
covers a wide variety of houses
which include single family home; this was aimed at small families. Apartments and houses in towns are also covered by the program.
This description of the HCV is not clear.
indent
The housing voucher programs is managed by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (Kotz, 2012)
.
Public Housing Agencies (PHAs) are
the ones
responsible for carrying out the local programs outlines
(Kotz, 2012)
.
The mode of operation of this program is that an individual finds a suitable house for them to live and they pay rent to the landlords. The subsidy for the rent is paid by the PHAs to the owners of the house directly, and the person receiving such voucher will have to pay the remaining amount of money to the landlord (Kotz, 2012)
.
Therefore, in this program, the kind of benefits the citizens receive is subsidies on the rent they pay to the owners. A Certain amount is paid by the PHAs on the behalf of the low-income families, which makes houses relatively cheaper for citizens to choose where they want to li.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 121Mat
1. Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 121
Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems
Dr. Tauseef Aized
X
Materials handling in flexible
manufacturing systems
Dr. Tauseef Aized
Professor, Department of Mechanical, Mechatrnics and
Manufacturing Engineering, KSK
Campus, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore,
Pakistan
1. Introduction
Material handling can be defined as an integrated system
involving such activities as
moving, handling, storing and controlling of materials by means
of gravity, manual effort or
power activated machinery. Moving materials utilize time and
space. Any movement of
materials requires that the size, shape, weight and condition of
the material, as well as the
path and frequency of the move be analyzed. Storing materials
2. provide a buffer between
operations. It facilitates the efficient use of people and
machines and provides an efficient
organization of materials. The considerations for material
system design include the size,
weight, condition and stack ability of materials; the required
throughput; and building
constraints such as floor loading, floor condition, column
spacing etc. The protection of
materials include both packaging and protecting against damage
and theft of material as
well as the use of safeguards on the information system to
include protection against the
material being mishandled, misplaced, misappropriated and
processed in a wrong
sequence. Controlling material includes both physical control as
well as status of material
control. Physical control is the orientation of sequence and
space between material
movements. Status control is the real time awareness of the
location, amount, destination,
origin, ownership and schedule of material. Maintaining the
correct degree of control is a
challenge because the right amount of control depends upon the
culture of the organization
and the people who manage and perform material handling
functions.
Material handling is an important area of concern in flexible
manufacturing systems because
more than 80 % of time that material spends on a shop floor is
spent either in waiting or in
transportation, although both these activities are non-value
added activities. Efficient
material handling is needed for less congestion, timely delivery
and reduced idle time of
machines due to non-availability or accumulation of materials at
3. workstations. Safe
handling of materials is important in a plant as it reduces
wastage, breakage, loss and
scrapes etc.
6
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Future Manufacturing Systems122
2. Principles of material handlings
The material handling principles provide fundamentals of
material handling practices and
provide guidance to material handling system designers. The
following is a brief description
of material handling principles.
2.1 Planning principle
All material handling should be the result of a deliberate plan
where the needs, performance
objectives and functional specification of the proposed methods
are completely defined at
the outset. In its simplest form a material handing plan defines
the material (what) and the
moves (when and where); together they define the method (how
and who).
2.2 Standardization principle
Standardize handling methods and equipments wherever
4. possible. Material handling
methods, equipment, controls and software should be
standardized within the limits of
achieving overall performance objectives and without
sacrificing needed flexibility,
modularity and throughout anticipation of changing future
requirements.
2.3 Ergonomic principle
Human capabilities and limitations must be recognized and
respected in the design of
material handling tasks and equipment to ensure safe and
effective operations. Equipments
should be selected that eliminates repetitive and strenuous
manual labor and which
effectively interacts with human operators and users.
2.4 Flexibility principle
Use methods and equipments that can perform a variety of tasks
under varying operating
conditions.
2.5 Simplification
Simplify material handling by eliminating, reducing or
combining unnecessary movements
and equipments.
2.6 Gravity
Utilize gravity to move material wherever possible.
2.7 Layout
5. Prepare an operation sequence and equipment layout for all
viable system solutions and
then select the best possible configuration.
2.8 Cost
Compare the economic justification of alternate solutions with
equipment and methods on
the basis of economic effectiveness as measured by expenses
per unit handled.
2.9 Maintenance
Prepare a plan for preventive maintenance and scheduled repairs
on all material handling
equipments.
2.10 Unit load principle
A unit load is one that can be stored or moved as a single entity
at one time, such as a pallet,
container or tote, regardless of the number of individual items
that make up the load. Unit
loads shall be appropriately sized and configured in a way
which achieves the material flow
and inventory objectives at each stage in the supply chain.
2.11 Space utilization principle
Effective and efficient use must be made of all available space.
In work areas, cluttered and
unorganized spaces and blocked aisles should be eliminated.
When transporting loads
within a facility, the use of overhead space should be
considered as an option.
6. 2.12 System principle
Material movement and storage activities should be fully
integrated to form a coordinated,
operational system which spans receiving, inspection, storage,
production, assembly,
packaging, unitizing, order selection, shipping, transportation
and the handling of returns.
Systems integration should encompass the entire supply chain
including reverse logistics. It
should include suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and
customers.
2.13 Automation principle
Material handling operations should be mechanized and/or
automated where feasible to
improve operational efficiency, increase responsiveness, and
improve consistency and
predictability.
2.14 Environmental principle
Environmental impact and energy consumption should be
considered as criteria when
designing or selecting alternative equipment and material
handling systems.
2.15 Life cycle cost principle
A thorough economic analysis should account for the entire life
cycle of all material
handling equipment and resulting systems. Life cycle costs
include capital investment,
installation, setup and equipment programming, training, system
testing and acceptance,
operating (labor, utilities, etc.), maintenance and repair, reuse
7. value, and ultimate disposal
3. Material Transport Equipment
International Materials Management Society has classified
equipment as (1) conveyor, (2)
cranes, elevators, and hoists, (3) positioning, weighing, and
control equipment, (4) industrial
vehicles, (5) motor vehicles, (6) railroad cars, (7) marine
carriers, (8) aircraft, and (9)
www.intechopen.com
Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 123
2. Principles of material handlings
The material handling principles provide fundamentals of
material handling practices and
provide guidance to material handling system designers. The
following is a brief description
of material handling principles.
2.1 Planning principle
All material handling should be the result of a deliberate plan
where the needs, performance
objectives and functional specification of the proposed methods
are completely defined at
the outset. In its simplest form a material handing plan defines
the material (what) and the
moves (when and where); together they define the method (how
and who).
8. 2.2 Standardization principle
Standardize handling methods and equipments wherever
possible. Material handling
methods, equipment, controls and software should be
standardized within the limits of
achieving overall performance objectives and without
sacrificing needed flexibility,
modularity and throughout anticipation of changing future
requirements.
2.3 Ergonomic principle
Human capabilities and limitations must be recognized and
respected in the design of
material handling tasks and equipment to ensure safe and
effective operations. Equipments
should be selected that eliminates repetitive and strenuous
manual labor and which
effectively interacts with human operators and users.
2.4 Flexibility principle
Use methods and equipments that can perform a variety of tasks
under varying operating
conditions.
2.5 Simplification
Simplify material handling by eliminating, reducing or
combining unnecessary movements
and equipments.
2.6 Gravity
9. Utilize gravity to move material wherever possible.
2.7 Layout
Prepare an operation sequence and equipment layout for all
viable system solutions and
then select the best possible configuration.
2.8 Cost
Compare the economic justification of alternate solutions with
equipment and methods on
the basis of economic effectiveness as measured by expenses
per unit handled.
2.9 Maintenance
Prepare a plan for preventive maintenance and scheduled repairs
on all material handling
equipments.
2.10 Unit load principle
A unit load is one that can be stored or moved as a single entity
at one time, such as a pallet,
container or tote, regardless of the number of individual items
that make up the load. Unit
loads shall be appropriately sized and configured in a way
which achieves the material flow
and inventory objectives at each stage in the supply chain.
2.11 Space utilization principle
Effective and efficient use must be made of all available space.
In work areas, cluttered and
unorganized spaces and blocked aisles should be eliminated.
When transporting loads
10. within a facility, the use of overhead space should be
considered as an option.
2.12 System principle
Material movement and storage activities should be fully
integrated to form a coordinated,
operational system which spans receiving, inspection, storage,
production, assembly,
packaging, unitizing, order selection, shipping, transportation
and the handling of returns.
Systems integration should encompass the entire supply chain
including reverse logistics. It
should include suppliers, manufacturers, distributors and
customers.
2.13 Automation principle
Material handling operations should be mechanized and/or
automated where feasible to
improve operational efficiency, increase responsiveness, and
improve consistency and
predictability.
2.14 Environmental principle
Environmental impact and energy consumption should be
considered as criteria when
designing or selecting alternative equipment and material
handling systems.
2.15 Life cycle cost principle
A thorough economic analysis should account for the entire life
cycle of all material
handling equipment and resulting systems. Life cycle costs
11. include capital investment,
installation, setup and equipment programming, training, system
testing and acceptance,
operating (labor, utilities, etc.), maintenance and repair, reuse
value, and ultimate disposal
3. Material Transport Equipment
International Materials Management Society has classified
equipment as (1) conveyor, (2)
cranes, elevators, and hoists, (3) positioning, weighing, and
control equipment, (4) industrial
vehicles, (5) motor vehicles, (6) railroad cars, (7) marine
carriers, (8) aircraft, and (9)
www.intechopen.com
Future Manufacturing Systems124
containers and supports. The following provides the details of
material transport
equipments.
3.1 Conveyor Systems
A Conveyor is used when a material is moved very frequently
between specific points and
the path between points is fixed. Conveyors combined with
modern identification and
recognition systems like bar code technologies have played a
significant role in the
transportation and sorting of a large variety of products in
modern warehouses. Some of the
12. common types of conveyors are:
- wheel conveyor
- floor towline conveyor
-on-track conveyor
3.1.1 Roller Conveyor
In roller conveyors, the pathway consists of a series of rollers
that are perpendicular to the
direction of travel. Loads must possess a flat bottom to span
several rollers which can be
either powered or non-powered. Powered rollers rotate to drive
the loads forward in roller
conveyor. The following figure shows a roller conveyor.
Fig. 1. Roller conveyor
3.1.2 Skate-Wheel Conveyor
Skate-wheel conveyors are similar in operation to roller
conveyor but use skate wheels
instead of rollers and are generally lighter weight and non-
powered. Sometimes, these are
built as portable units that can be used for loading and
unloading truck trailers in shipping
and receiving. Figure 2 shows a skate-wheel roller.
Fig. 2. Skate-wheel conveyor
13. 3.1.3 Belt Conveyor
A belt conveyor is a continuous loop with forward path to move
loads in which the belt is
made of reinforced elastomeric support slider or rollers used to
support forward loop. There
are two common forms:
-shaped for bulk materials
Fig. 3. Belt conveyor
3.1.4 In-Floor Tow-Line Conveyor
These are four-wheel carts powered by moving chains or cables
in trenches in the floor.
Carts use steel pins (or grippers) to project below floor level
and engage the chain (or
pulley) for towing. This allows carts to be disengaged from
towline for loading and
unloading purpose as is shown in Figure 4.
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Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 125
containers and supports. The following provides the details of
material transport
equipments.
14. 3.1 Conveyor Systems
A Conveyor is used when a material is moved very frequently
between specific points and
the path between points is fixed. Conveyors combined with
modern identification and
recognition systems like bar code technologies have played a
significant role in the
transportation and sorting of a large variety of products in
modern warehouses. Some of the
common types of conveyors are:
- wheel conveyor
- floor towline conveyor
-on-track conveyor
3.1.1 Roller Conveyor
In roller conveyors, the pathway consists of a series of rollers
that are perpendicular to the
direction of travel. Loads must possess a flat bottom to span
several rollers which can be
either powered or non-powered. Powered rollers rotate to drive
the loads forward in roller
conveyor. The following figure shows a roller conveyor.
Fig. 1. Roller conveyor
3.1.2 Skate-Wheel Conveyor
Skate-wheel conveyors are similar in operation to roller
15. conveyor but use skate wheels
instead of rollers and are generally lighter weight and non-
powered. Sometimes, these are
built as portable units that can be used for loading and
unloading truck trailers in shipping
and receiving. Figure 2 shows a skate-wheel roller.
Fig. 2. Skate-wheel conveyor
3.1.3 Belt Conveyor
A belt conveyor is a continuous loop with forward path to move
loads in which the belt is
made of reinforced elastomeric support slider or rollers used to
support forward loop. There
are two common forms:
-shaped for bulk materials
Fig. 3. Belt conveyor
3.1.4 In-Floor Tow-Line Conveyor
These are four-wheel carts powered by moving chains or cables
in trenches in the floor.
Carts use steel pins (or grippers) to project below floor level
and engage the chain (or
pulley) for towing. This allows carts to be disengaged from
towline for loading and
unloading purpose as is shown in Figure 4.
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Future Manufacturing Systems126
Fig. 4. In-floor two-line conveyor.
3.1.5 Overhead Trolley Conveyor
A trolley is a wheeled carriage running on an overhead track
from which loads can be
suspended. Trolleys are connected and moved by a chain or
cable that forms a complete
loop and are often used to move parts and assemblies between
major production areas.
Figure 5 shows an overhead trolley conveyor.
Fig. 5. Over-head trolley conveyor
3.1.6 Cart-On-Track Conveyor
Carts ride on a track above floor level and are driven by a
spinning tube. The forward
motion of cart is controlled by a drive wheel whose angle can
be changed from zero (idle) to
45 degrees (forward). It is shown in the following figure.
Fig. 6. Cart-on-track coveyor.
3.2 Cranes and Hoists
17. Cranes are normally used for transferring materials with some
considerable size and weight
and for intermittent flow of material. In general, loads handled
by cranes are more varied
with respect to their shape and weight than those handled by a
conveyor. Hoists are
frequently attached to cranes for vertical translation that is,
lifting and lowering of loads.
They can be operated manually, electrically, or pneumatically.
Cranes usually include hoists
so that the crane-and-hoist combination provides
This class of material handling equipments can typically lift &
move a material up to 100
tons. A hoist consists of one or more fixed pulley & one or
more rotatable pulley & a hook to
attach load with it. The number of pulleys in hoist determines
its mechanical advantage
which is the ratio of load lifted & deriving force. Hoist with
mechanical advantage of four
are shown below:
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Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 127
Fig. 4. In-floor two-line conveyor.
3.1.5 Overhead Trolley Conveyor
18. A trolley is a wheeled carriage running on an overhead track
from which loads can be
suspended. Trolleys are connected and moved by a chain or
cable that forms a complete
loop and are often used to move parts and assemblies between
major production areas.
Figure 5 shows an overhead trolley conveyor.
Fig. 5. Over-head trolley conveyor
3.1.6 Cart-On-Track Conveyor
Carts ride on a track above floor level and are driven by a
spinning tube. The forward
motion of cart is controlled by a drive wheel whose angle can
be changed from zero (idle) to
45 degrees (forward). It is shown in the following figure.
Fig. 6. Cart-on-track coveyor.
3.2 Cranes and Hoists
Cranes are normally used for transferring materials with some
considerable size and weight
and for intermittent flow of material. In general, loads handled
by cranes are more varied
with respect to their shape and weight than those handled by a
conveyor. Hoists are
frequently attached to cranes for vertical translation that is,
lifting and lowering of loads.
They can be operated manually, electrically, or pneumatically.
Cranes usually include hoists
so that the crane-and-hoist combination provides
19. This class of material handling equipments can typically lift &
move a material up to 100
tons. A hoist consists of one or more fixed pulley & one or
more rotatable pulley & a hook to
attach load with it. The number of pulleys in hoist determines
its mechanical advantage
which is the ratio of load lifted & deriving force. Hoist with
mechanical advantage of four
are shown below:
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Future Manufacturing Systems128
Fig. 7. (a) Sketch of the hoist (b) diagram to
illustrate mechanical advantage
There are different types of cranes that are used in industrial
applications. Some of these are
discussed below.
3.2.1 Bridge Crane
A bridge crane consist of one or two horizontal girder or beam
suspended between fixed rail
on either end which are connected to the structure of building.
The hoist trolley can be
moved along the length of bridge & bridge can be moved the
length of rail in building.
20. These two capabilities provide motion along X-axis & Y-axis
whereas hoist can provide
motion in the z-axis. Their application includes heavy
machinery fabrication. They have
ability to carry load up to 100 tons.
Fig. 8. Bridge crane
3.2.2 Half-gantry crane
Half gantry crane is distinguished from bridge crane by the
presence of one or two vertical
supporting elements which support horizontal girder. Gantry
cranes may be half or
double.Half gantry has one supporting vertical element whereas
double gantry crane has
two vertical supporting legs.
Fig. 9. Half gantry crane
3.2.3 Jib Crane
Jib cranes consist of a rotating arm with a hoist that runs along
its length. The arm usually
revolves on an axis which can be a fixed, ground-mounted post,
or can be a wall or ceiling-
mounted pin.
Fig. 10. Jib Crane
21. Wall-bracket mounted jib cranes are usually the least expensive
jib cranes, but they require
the most headroom and exert more force on their mounting wall.
Cantilever jib cranes place
the arm at the top, allowing for maximum lift when used in
situations with limited
headroom. They also exert less force on the wall on which
they're mounted. Tie rod jib
cranes make use of a tie rod between the arm and the mounting
area. More inexpensive jib
cranes feature manually operated chain hoists, while
sophisticated cranes use an electric
chain hoist. Jib cranes are used when the desired lifting area
resides within a (semi-
)circular arc.
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Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 129
Fig. 7. (a) Sketch of the hoist (b) diagram to
illustrate mechanical advantage
There are different types of cranes that are used in industrial
applications. Some of these are
discussed below.
3.2.1 Bridge Crane
A bridge crane consist of one or two horizontal girder or beam
suspended between fixed rail
on either end which are connected to the structure of building.
The hoist trolley can be
22. moved along the length of bridge & bridge can be moved the
length of rail in building.
These two capabilities provide motion along X-axis & Y-axis
whereas hoist can provide
motion in the z-axis. Their application includes heavy
machinery fabrication. They have
ability to carry load up to 100 tons.
Fig. 8. Bridge crane
3.2.2 Half-gantry crane
Half gantry crane is distinguished from bridge crane by the
presence of one or two vertical
supporting elements which support horizontal girder. Gantry
cranes may be half or
double.Half gantry has one supporting vertical element whereas
double gantry crane has
two vertical supporting legs.
Fig. 9. Half gantry crane
3.2.3 Jib Crane
Jib cranes consist of a rotating arm with a hoist that runs along
its length. The arm usually
revolves on an axis which can be a fixed, ground-mounted post,
or can be a wall or ceiling-
mounted pin.
23. Fig. 10. Jib Crane
Wall-bracket mounted jib cranes are usually the least expensive
jib cranes, but they require
the most headroom and exert more force on their mounting wall.
Cantilever jib cranes place
the arm at the top, allowing for maximum lift when used in
situations with limited
headroom. They also exert less force on the wall on which
they're mounted. Tie rod jib
cranes make use of a tie rod between the arm and the mounting
area. More inexpensive jib
cranes feature manually operated chain hoists, while
sophisticated cranes use an electric
chain hoist. Jib cranes are used when the desired lifting area
resides within a (semi-
)circular arc.
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Future Manufacturing Systems130
3.2.4 Stacker Crane
It is similar to a bridge crane. The major difference is that,
instead of using a hoist, the
stacker crane uses a mast with forks or a platform to handl e unit
loads. Stacker cranes are
generally used for storing and retrieving unit loads in storage
racks, especially in high-rise
applications.
4. Automated Retrieval and storage equipments
24. Storage equipments can be in the form of racks, shelves, bi ns
and drawers. Among these,
storage rack is probably the most common form of storage
equipment. There are numerous
variants and configurations of storage racks, which include
single-deep, double-deep rack,
cantilever rack etc. and configurations that are designed to
facilitate specific storage and
retrieval operations drive-through, flow-through etc. More
sophisticated retrieval and
storage system combine the use of storage equipment, storing
and retrieval machines and
control that are manifested in a modern automated storage/
retrieval system.
5. Automated Guided Vehicles
An Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS) is a material
handling system that uses
independently operated, self-propelled vehicles guided along
defined pathways in the
facility floor. It is an automated material handling system which
moves along predefined
and preprogrammed path along an aisle from one station to
another. The main parts of an
AGV include structure, drive system, steering mechanism,
power source (battery) and
onboard computer for control.
5.1 Types of AGV
The following are common types of AGVs.
5.1.1 Driverless Automated Guided Train
25. These are the first type of AGVS to be introduced around
1954.Its typical application is
moving heavy payloads over long distances in warehouses and
factories without
intermediate stops along the route
Fig. 11. Driverless automated guided vehicle
5.1.2 AGV Pallet Truck
These are used to move palletized loads along predetermined
routes. Vehicle is backed into
loaded pallet by worker; pallet is then elevated from floor.
Worker drives pallet truck to
AGV guide path and programs destination.
Fig. 12. AGV pallet truck
5.1.3 Unit Load Carrier
These are used to move unit loads from station to station and
are often equipped for
automatic loading/unloading of pallets using roller conveyors,
moving belts, or mechanized
lift platforms.
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Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 131
3.2.4 Stacker Crane
26. It is similar to a bridge crane. The major difference is that,
instead of using a hoist, the
stacker crane uses a mast with forks or a platform to handle unit
loads. Stacker cranes are
generally used for storing and retrieving unit loads in storage
racks, especially in high-rise
applications.
4. Automated Retrieval and storage equipments
Storage equipments can be in the form of racks, shelves, bins
and drawers. Among these,
storage rack is probably the most common form of storage
equipment. There are numerous
variants and configurations of storage racks, which include
single-deep, double-deep rack,
cantilever rack etc. and configurations that are designed to
facilitate specific storage and
retrieval operations drive-through, flow-through etc. More
sophisticated retrieval and
storage system combine the use of storage equipment, storing
and retrieval machines and
control that are manifested in a modern automated storage/
retrieval system.
5. Automated Guided Vehicles
An Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS) is a material
handling system that uses
independently operated, self-propelled vehicles guided along
defined pathways in the
facility floor. It is an automated material handling system which
moves along predefined
and preprogrammed path along an aisle from one station to
27. another. The main parts of an
AGV include structure, drive system, steering mechanism,
power source (battery) and
onboard computer for control.
5.1 Types of AGV
The following are common types of AGVs.
5.1.1 Driverless Automated Guided Train
These are the first type of AGVS to be introduced around
1954.Its typical application is
moving heavy payloads over long distances in warehouses and
factories without
intermediate stops along the route
Fig. 11. Driverless automated guided vehicle
5.1.2 AGV Pallet Truck
These are used to move palletized loads along predetermined
routes. Vehicle is backed into
loaded pallet by worker; pallet is then elevated from floor.
Worker drives pallet truck to
AGV guide path and programs destination.
Fig. 12. AGV pallet truck
5.1.3 Unit Load Carrier
These are used to move unit loads from station to station and
are often equipped for
28. automatic loading/unloading of pallets using roller conveyors,
moving belts, or mechanized
lift platforms.
www.intechopen.com
Future Manufacturing Systems132
Fig. 13. Unit load carrier
5.1.4 Light load AGV
It can be applied for smaller loads. These are typically used in
electronics assembly and
office environments as mail and snack carriers.
5.1.5 Assembly AGV
These are used as assembly platforms, for example car chassis,
engines etc., by carrying
products and transport them through assembly stations.
5.1.6 Forklift AGV
It has the ability to pick up and drop off palletized loads both at
floor level and on stands.
Generally, these fork lift AGVs have sensors on forks for pallet
interfacing.
5.1.7 Rail-Guided Vehicles
These are self-propelled vehicles that ride on a fixed-rail
system. These vehicles operate
29. independently and are driven by electric motors that pick up
power from an electrified rail.
Fixed rail system may be:
i. Overhead monorail - suspended overhead from the ceiling
ii. On-floor - parallel fixed rails, tracks generally protrude up
from the floor
Fig. 14. Rail guided vehicle
5.2 AGVS System Management
AGVS is a complex system and a number of parameters need to
be considered which
include:
Guide-path layout
Number of AGVs required
Operational and transportation control
5.2.1 Guide-path layout
The guide-path layout defines the possible vehicle movement
path. Links and nodes that
represent the action points such as pick-up and drop-off points,
maintenance areas and
intersections represent the path. The guide-path can be divided
into four types:
1. Unidirectional single lane guide-path
2. Bi-directional single lane guide-path
3. Multiple lanes
4. Mixed guide-path.
Generally bidirectional single lane is considered the most cost
effective and widely used
30. layout.
5.2.2 Number of AGVs required
It is important to estimate the optimum number of AGVs
required for a system as too many
AGVs will congest the traffic while too few means larger idle
time for workstations in a
system. Generally, the number of AGVs required is the sum of
the total loaded and empty
travel time and waiting time of the AGVs divided by the time an
AGV is available.
5.2.3 Operational and Transportation Control
The operation and transportation consists of vehicle
dispatching, vehicle routing and traffic
control issues. Once a demand arises for an AGV, a choice
needs to be made regarding the
vehicle to be dispatched among the pool of vehicles available.
In an event when several
workstations need servicing, a choice is to be made as to which
workstation is to be
serviced. The selection criteria can be applied for assigning the
vehicles or workstations
based on one or a combination of the following:
A random vehicle
Longest idle vehicle
Nearest vehicle
Farthest vehicle
Least utilized vehicle
Random workstation
Nearest workstation
Farthest workstation
Maximum queue size
Minimum remaining queue size
31. First come fist served
Unit load arrival time, due time or priority.
In order to dispatch an AGV to any workstation, it is necessary
to find the shortest feasible
path from the existing position. While selecting the shortest
path it is necessary to consider
www.intechopen.com
Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 133
Fig. 13. Unit load carrier
5.1.4 Light load AGV
It can be applied for smaller loads. These are typically used in
electronics assembly and
office environments as mail and snack carriers.
5.1.5 Assembly AGV
These are used as assembly platforms, for example car chassis,
engines etc., by carrying
products and transport them through assembly stations.
5.1.6 Forklift AGV
It has the ability to pick up and drop off palletized loads both at
floor level and on stands.
Generally, these fork lift AGVs have sensors on forks for pallet
interfacing.
32. 5.1.7 Rail-Guided Vehicles
These are self-propelled vehicles that ride on a fixed-rail
system. These vehicles operate
independently and are driven by electric motors that pick up
power from an electrified rail.
Fixed rail system may be:
i. Overhead monorail - suspended overhead from the ceiling
ii. On-floor - parallel fixed rails, tracks generally protrude up
from the floor
Fig. 14. Rail guided vehicle
5.2 AGVS System Management
AGVS is a complex system and a number of parameters need to
be considered which
include:
Guide-path layout
Number of AGVs required
Operational and transportation control
5.2.1 Guide-path layout
The guide-path layout defines the possible vehicle movement
path. Links and nodes that
represent the action points such as pick-up and drop-off points,
maintenance areas and
intersections represent the path. The guide-path can be divided
into four types:
1. Unidirectional single lane guide-path
2. Bi-directional single lane guide-path
3. Multiple lanes
4. Mixed guide-path.
33. Generally bidirectional single lane is considered the most cost
effective and widely used
layout.
5.2.2 Number of AGVs required
It is important to estimate the optimum number of AGVs
required for a system as too many
AGVs will congest the traffic while too few means larger idle
time for workstations in a
system. Generally, the number of AGVs required is the sum of
the total loaded and empty
travel time and waiting time of the AGVs divided by the time an
AGV is available.
5.2.3 Operational and Transportation Control
The operation and transportation consists of vehicle
dispatching, vehicle routing and traffic
control issues. Once a demand arises for an AGV, a choice
needs to be made regarding the
vehicle to be dispatched among the pool of vehicles available.
In an event when several
workstations need servicing, a choice is to be made as to which
workstation is to be
serviced. The selection criteria can be applied for assigning the
vehicles or workstations
based on one or a combination of the following:
A random vehicle
Longest idle vehicle
Nearest vehicle
Farthest vehicle
Least utilized vehicle
Random workstation
Nearest workstation
34. Farthest workstation
Maximum queue size
Minimum remaining queue size
First come fist served
Unit load arrival time, due time or priority.
In order to dispatch an AGV to any workstation, it is necessary
to find the shortest feasible
path from the existing position. While selecting the shortest
path it is necessary to consider
www.intechopen.com
Future Manufacturing Systems134
only those paths which are free and not occupied by vehicles. It
may also be necessary to
consider the future positions of the vehicles in the route in
addition to their current occupied
positions. In identifying the traffic control systems for AGVs
movement, the approaches that
can be used are forward sensing control, zone sensing control
and combinatorial control. In
forward sensing control, an AGV is equipped with obstruction
detecting sensors that can
identify another AGV in front of it and slow down or stop. This
helps in improving the AGV
utilization due to closer allowable distance between vehicles.
However, this approach may
not be able to detect the obstacles at intersections and around
corners. This is generally
useful for long and straight path which is divided into zones.
Once an AGV enters a zone, it
becomes unavailable for other AGVs which may introduce
system inefficiency. The main
35. advantages derived from the use of AGVs in manufacturing
environment are:
Dispatching, tracking and monitoring under real time control
which help in planned
delivery.
Better resource utilization as AGVs can be economically
justified.
Increased control over material flow and movement
Reduced product damage and routing flexibility
Increased throughput because of dependable on-time delivery.
6. Industrial Robots
Industrial robots are very useful material handling devices in an
automated environment.
An industrial robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional
manipulator designed to move
materials, parts, tools, or other devices by means of variable
programmed motions and to
perform a variety of other tasks. It is also defined as a machine
formed by a mechanism
including several degrees of freedom often having the
appearance of one or several arms
ending in a wrist capable of holding a job, tool and inspection
device. It is automatically
controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulative
machine with several
reprogrammable axes which is either fixed in place or mobi le
for use in industrial
automation applications.
6.1 Robot components
The following are basic components of an industrial robot.
36. 6.1.1 Manipulator
It is a mechanical unit that provides motions similar to those of
human arm and hand. The
end of wrist can reach a point in space having a specific set of
coordinates in specific
orientation.
6.1.2 End effector
It is attached with the end of wrist in a robot. It is a special
purpose tooling which enables
the robot to perform a particular job. Depending on the type of
work, end effector may be
equipped with any of the following:
a) Grippers, hooks, vacuum cups, and adhesive fingers for
material handling
b) Spray guns for painting
c) Attachments for different kinds of welding processes.
6.1.3 Control system
It is a brain of a robot which gives commands for the
movements of the robot. It stores the
data to initiate and terminate movements of the manipulator. It
interfaces with the
computers and other equipments such as manufacturing cells or
assembly operations.
6.1.4 Power supply
It supplies the power to the controller and manipulator. Each
motion of manipulator is
controlled and regulated by actuators that use an electrical,
pneumatic or hydraulic power.
37. 6.2 Robot Types
Robots are generally classified as Cartesian or rectilinear,
cylindrical, polar or spherical
jointed arms. They are also classified, from material handling
point of view, as under:
6.2.1 Pick and place robot
It is also called fixed sequence robot and is programmed for a
specific operation. Its
movements are from point to point and cycle is repeated. These
robots are simple and
inexpensive and are used to pick and place materials.
6.2.2 Playback robot
This robot learns the work and motions from operator who leads
the playback robot and its
end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and
records the path and
sequence of motions and can repeat them continuously without
any further action or
guidance by the operator.
6.2.3 Numerically controlled robot
It is a programmable type of robot and works same as the
numerical control machines. The
robot is servo controlled by digital data and its sequence of
movements can be changed with
relative ease.
6.2.4 Intelligent robot
It is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks
38. carried out by humans and is
equipped with a variety of sensors with usual and tactile
capabilities. It can perform tasks
such as moving among a variety of machines on a shop floor
avoiding collisions. It can
recognize, select and properly grip the correct work piece.
6.3 Robot applications in Material handling
The major applications in material handling include:
1. Industrial robots are used to load/ unload materials during
operations.
2. These are used to transfer the material from one conveyor to
another.
3. These are used in palletizing and de-palletizing in such a way
that parts/ materials are
taken from conveyor and are loaded on to a pallet in a desired
pattern and sequence
and vice-versa.
4. These are very effective in automated assembly where
repetitive work is required.
www.intechopen.com
Materials handling in lexible manufacturing systems 135
only those paths which are free and not occupied by vehicles. It
may also be necessary to
consider the future positions of the vehicles in the route in
addition to their current occupied
positions. In identifying the traffic control systems for AGVs
movement, the approaches that
39. can be used are forward sensing control, zone sensing control
and combinatorial control. In
forward sensing control, an AGV is equipped with obstruction
detecting sensors that can
identify another AGV in front of it and slow down or stop. This
helps in improving the AGV
utilization due to closer allowable distance between vehicles.
However, this approach may
not be able to detect the obstacles at intersections and around
corners. This is generally
useful for long and straight path which is divided into zones.
Once an AGV enters a zone, it
becomes unavailable for other AGVs which may introduce
system inefficiency. The main
advantages derived from the use of AGVs in manufacturing
environment are:
Dispatching, tracking and monitoring under real time control
which help in planned
delivery.
Better resource utilization as AGVs can be economically
justified.
Increased control over material flow and movement
Reduced product damage and routing flexibility
Increased throughput because of dependable on-time delivery.
6. Industrial Robots
Industrial robots are very useful material handling devices in an
automated environment.
An industrial robot is a reprogrammable multifunctional
manipulator designed to move
materials, parts, tools, or other devices by means of variable
programmed motions and to
perform a variety of other tasks. It is also defined as a machine
formed by a mechanism
40. including several degrees of freedom often having the
appearance of one or several arms
ending in a wrist capable of holding a job, tool and inspection
device. It is automatically
controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulative
machine with several
reprogrammable axes which is either fixed in place or mobile
for use in industrial
automation applications.
6.1 Robot components
The following are basic components of an industrial robot.
6.1.1 Manipulator
It is a mechanical unit that provides motions similar to those of
human arm and hand. The
end of wrist can reach a point in space having a specific set of
coordinates in specific
orientation.
6.1.2 End effector
It is attached with the end of wrist in a robot. It is a special
purpose tooling which enables
the robot to perform a particular job. Depending on the type of
work, end effector may be
equipped with any of the following:
a) Grippers, hooks, vacuum cups, and adhesive fingers for
material handling
b) Spray guns for painting
c) Attachments for different kinds of welding processes.
6.1.3 Control system
41. It is a brain of a robot which gives commands for the
movements of the robot. It stores the
data to initiate and terminate movements of the manipulator. It
interfaces with the
computers and other equipments such as manufacturing cells or
assembly operations.
6.1.4 Power supply
It supplies the power to the controller and manipulator. Each
motion of manipulator is
controlled and regulated by actuators that use an electrical,
pneumatic or hydraulic power.
6.2 Robot Types
Robots are generally classified as Cartesian or rectilinear,
cylindrical, polar or spherical
jointed arms. They are also classified, from material handling
point of view, as under:
6.2.1 Pick and place robot
It is also called fixed sequence robot and is programmed for a
specific operation. Its
movements are from point to point and cycle is repeated. These
robots are simple and
inexpensive and are used to pick and place materials.
6.2.2 Playback robot
This robot learns the work and motions from operator who leads
the playback robot and its
end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and
records the path and
sequence of motions and can repeat them continuously without
42. any further action or
guidance by the operator.
6.2.3 Numerically controlled robot
It is a programmable type of robot and works same as the
numerical control machines. The
robot is servo controlled by digital data and its sequence of
movements can be changed with
relative ease.
6.2.4 Intelligent robot
It is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks
carried out by humans and is
equipped with a variety of sensors with usual and tactile
capabilities. It can perform tasks
such as moving among a variety of machines on a shop floor
avoiding collisions. It can
recognize, select and properly grip the correct work piece.
6.3 Robot applications in Material handling
The major applications in material handling include:
1. Industrial robots are used to load/ unload materials during
operations.
2. These are used to transfer the material from one conveyor to
another.
3. These are used in palletizing and de-palletizing in such a way
that parts/ materials are
taken from conveyor and are loaded on to a pallet in a desired
pattern and sequence
and vice-versa.
4. These are very effective in automated assembly where
43. repetitive work is required.
www.intechopen.com
Future Manufacturing Systems136
5. Intelligent robots can be used to automatically pick the right
work piece without
interference of operator and hence improves quality and pace of
work.
7. References
M.P. Groover. “Automation, Production systems and computer
integrated manufacturing”
Second edition. Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2008.
K. Sareen and C. Grewal.”CAD/CAM: Theory and concepts” S.
Chand & Co. 2009.
C. R. Alavala. “ CAD/CAM: Concepts and applications”
Prentice-Hall, 2008.
P. N. Rao. “ CAD/CAM: Principles and applications” McGraw-
Hill, 2004.
C. R. Asfahl. “Robots and manufacturing automation” Second
edition, John-Wiley and
sons.1992.
M. P. Groover and E. W. Zimmers. Jr. “ CAD/CAM: Computer
added design and
manufacturing” Pearson-Prentice Hall, 2009.
G. Chryssolouris, “Manufacturing systems: Theory and
Practice” Springer-Verlag,1992.
44. www.intechopen.com
Future Manufacturing Systems
Edited by Tauseef Aized
ISBN 978-953-307-128-2
Hard cover, 268 pages
Publisher Sciyo
Published online 17, August, 2010
Published in print edition August, 2010
InTech Europe
University Campus STeP Ri
Slavka Krautzeka 83/A
51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Phone: +385 (51) 770 447
Fax: +385 (51) 686 166
www.intechopen.com
InTech China
Unit 405, Office Block, Hotel Equatorial Shanghai
No.65, Yan An Road (West), Shanghai, 200040, China
Phone: +86-21-62489820
Fax: +86-21-62489821
This book is a collection of articles aimed at finding new ways
of manufacturing systems developments. The
articles included in this volume comprise of current and new
directions of manufacturing systems which I
believe can lead to the development of more comprehensive and
efficient future manufacturing systems.
People from diverse background like academia, industry,
45. research and others can take advantage of this
volume and can shape future directions of manufacturing
systems.
How to reference
In order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to
copy and paste the following:
Tauseef Aized (2010). Material Handling in Flexible
Manufacturing System, Future Manufacturing Systems,
Tauseef Aized (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-128-2, InTech,
Available from:
http://www.intechopen.com/books/future-manufacturing-
systems/material-handling-in-flexible-manufacturing-
system