This document describes a laboratory experiment conducted to determine the permeability of soils. The experiment involved measuring the flow rate of water through a soil sample using a permeameter. Calculations were performed to determine the permeability coefficient (k) of the soil, which was found to be 0.319 cm/s. This indicates the soil has relatively high permeability and is likely gravel. The document provides background on permeability testing methods and the importance of permeability in civil engineering applications.
This document discusses soil consistency and various methods used to evaluate it, including rupture resistance, stickiness, plasticity, and Atterberg limits such as liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit. It describes how to determine these limits through standardized tests and defines relevant terms like plasticity index and liquidity index. The document also discusses factors that influence consistency like moisture content, clay mineralogy and activity. It provides classifications for terms like stickiness, plasticity and evaluates soil consistency through visual and tactile assessments.
Maaf, saya tidak dapat menjawab soal latihan karena tidak ada informasi tentang hasil uji batas plastis dan shrinkage limit yang dibutuhkan untuk menghitung indeks-indeks seperti indeks plastisitas, aktivitas, dan sensitivitas. Saya hanya dapat menjelaskan definisi dan metode pengukuran batas Atterberg serta beberapa aplikasi tekniknya, tetapi tidak dapat menyelesaikan soal-soal latihan karena kurangnya data. Bisak
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
Relation of compaction and other soil properties to erosion resistance of soilarya_gooners
The document discusses a study that investigated the effect of soil compaction and other properties on erosion resistance. Seven Texas soils were tested in a hydraulic flume. Tests measured erosion rates under varying water flows and tractive forces. Soil samples were analyzed to determine physical properties like clay content and compaction levels. The results aimed to identify which soil properties best indicate a soil's erosion resistance and how compaction impacts resistance. Understanding these relationships could help protect soils from water erosion.
Okay, here are the steps to solve this:
1) Given:
Specific gravity (Gs) = 2.65
Void ratio (e) = 0.5
2) Critical hydraulic gradient (icr) is given by the equation:
icr = Gs - 1/(1+e)
3) Substitute the values:
icr = 2.65 - 1/(1+0.5)
= 2.65 - 1/1.5
= 2.65 - 0.667
= 1.983
So the critical hydraulic gradient for this sand deposit is 1.983.
This document discusses soil consistence and consistency, which are physical properties used to describe a soil's resistance to deformation under various stresses and moisture conditions. Consistence refers to resistance to rupture and is assessed by feel, while consistency refers to resistance to penetration. Categories of consistence include hard, friable, sticky, and plastic. Consistency is determined based on factors like plasticity, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Understanding consistence and consistency is important for soil classification, agricultural operations, and construction projects.
This document presents the results of laboratory tests conducted to determine the Atterberg limits of a fine-grained soil, including the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index. The liquid limit test procedure and results are shown, indicating a liquid limit of 58%. The plastic limit test procedure and results show a plastic limit of 28%, giving a plasticity index of 30. Classification charts are included showing the plasticity characteristics of the soil. Procedures for determining the shrinkage limit are also presented.
1. The document discusses different perspectives on classifying soils between soil scientists, soil engineers, and geologists based on their interests and focus.
2. Soil engineers classify soils based on particle size, distribution, and plasticity as these properties relate to how soils behave under load.
3. The document then focuses on engineering properties of soils and explores relationships between soil weight, volume, water content, and void ratios which are important for soil classification.
This document discusses soil consistency and various methods used to evaluate it, including rupture resistance, stickiness, plasticity, and Atterberg limits such as liquid limit, plastic limit and shrinkage limit. It describes how to determine these limits through standardized tests and defines relevant terms like plasticity index and liquidity index. The document also discusses factors that influence consistency like moisture content, clay mineralogy and activity. It provides classifications for terms like stickiness, plasticity and evaluates soil consistency through visual and tactile assessments.
Maaf, saya tidak dapat menjawab soal latihan karena tidak ada informasi tentang hasil uji batas plastis dan shrinkage limit yang dibutuhkan untuk menghitung indeks-indeks seperti indeks plastisitas, aktivitas, dan sensitivitas. Saya hanya dapat menjelaskan definisi dan metode pengukuran batas Atterberg serta beberapa aplikasi tekniknya, tetapi tidak dapat menyelesaikan soal-soal latihan karena kurangnya data. Bisak
Class 3 (a) Soil Plasticity (Atterberg Limits) ( Geotechenical Engineering )Hossam Shafiq I
This document discusses the Atterberg limits test procedure for classifying fine-grained soils. It defines the liquid limit as the moisture content at which a soil begins to behave as a liquid, and the plastic limit as the moisture content at which it begins to behave plastically. The plasticity index is the difference between the liquid and plastic limits. The document outlines how to determine these limits in the lab and use them to classify soils on a plasticity chart according to the Unified Soil Classification System.
Relation of compaction and other soil properties to erosion resistance of soilarya_gooners
The document discusses a study that investigated the effect of soil compaction and other properties on erosion resistance. Seven Texas soils were tested in a hydraulic flume. Tests measured erosion rates under varying water flows and tractive forces. Soil samples were analyzed to determine physical properties like clay content and compaction levels. The results aimed to identify which soil properties best indicate a soil's erosion resistance and how compaction impacts resistance. Understanding these relationships could help protect soils from water erosion.
Okay, here are the steps to solve this:
1) Given:
Specific gravity (Gs) = 2.65
Void ratio (e) = 0.5
2) Critical hydraulic gradient (icr) is given by the equation:
icr = Gs - 1/(1+e)
3) Substitute the values:
icr = 2.65 - 1/(1+0.5)
= 2.65 - 1/1.5
= 2.65 - 0.667
= 1.983
So the critical hydraulic gradient for this sand deposit is 1.983.
This document discusses soil consistence and consistency, which are physical properties used to describe a soil's resistance to deformation under various stresses and moisture conditions. Consistence refers to resistance to rupture and is assessed by feel, while consistency refers to resistance to penetration. Categories of consistence include hard, friable, sticky, and plastic. Consistency is determined based on factors like plasticity, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Understanding consistence and consistency is important for soil classification, agricultural operations, and construction projects.
This document presents the results of laboratory tests conducted to determine the Atterberg limits of a fine-grained soil, including the liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index. The liquid limit test procedure and results are shown, indicating a liquid limit of 58%. The plastic limit test procedure and results show a plastic limit of 28%, giving a plasticity index of 30. Classification charts are included showing the plasticity characteristics of the soil. Procedures for determining the shrinkage limit are also presented.
1. The document discusses different perspectives on classifying soils between soil scientists, soil engineers, and geologists based on their interests and focus.
2. Soil engineers classify soils based on particle size, distribution, and plasticity as these properties relate to how soils behave under load.
3. The document then focuses on engineering properties of soils and explores relationships between soil weight, volume, water content, and void ratios which are important for soil classification.
Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty SandIJERA Editor
It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify
liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring
soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of
the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser
configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of
earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there
is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing
softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each
other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will
behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Clay Mineralogy & Plasticity Characteristics of Soil wasim shaikh
The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt and clay, and to distinguish between different types of silts and clays. The water content at which the soils change from one state to the other are known as consistency limits or Atterberg's limit.
This document discusses the index properties of soil, which can be divided into soil grain properties and soil aggregate properties. Soil grain properties depend on individual grains and are independent of formation, including mineral composition, specific gravity, grain size and shape. Soil aggregate properties depend on the soil mass as a whole and represent collective behavior, influenced by stress history, formation and structure. Common index properties discussed include grain size distribution, Atterberg limits which classify soil consistency, and plasticity index. Engineering applications of index properties include soil classification, permeability estimation, and criteria for materials selection.
The document provides instructions for conducting 12 geotechnical engineering experiments in the geotechnical engineering lab at B.V. Raju Institute of Technology. The experiments include determining Atterberg limits, field density via core cutter and sand replacement methods, grain size analysis, constant and variable head permeability tests, unconfined compression test, direct shear test, compaction tests, and CBR testing. Students must complete 8 of the 12 experiments listed. Instructions are provided for each experiment, including the aim, theory, apparatus required, and procedures to follow.
The document describes procedures for determining soil density through a sand replacement test. The test involves first calibrating the test apparatus by measuring the volume and mass of sand poured into a cylindrical container to determine the density of the sand. Then, a hole is excavated in the soil and the mass of excavated soil is measured. Sand is poured into the hole until full, and its mass is measured before and after to calculate the volume of the hole. Using the known densities of the sand and mass of excavated soil, the density of the soil can be determined. Key measurements include mass, volume, and density of both sand and soil samples.
Permeability is a property that determines how easily fluid flows through the pores of a material like rock or soil. Gravels are highly permeable while stiff clays are least permeable. Permeability is commonly measured in units called darcies, after the scientist Henry Darcy. Many factors can affect permeability, including pore size, grain size, shape, packing, and the presence of clay. Permeability is important for applications like estimating underground water flow, designing earthworks, and analyzing soil filtration. It can be measured through lab tests like constant head or variable head permeability tests.
This document discusses soil consistency and the Atterberg limits test. It defines soil consistency as the ability to resist deformation based on moisture content. The Atterberg limits test determines the liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and plasticity index (PI) of a soil. The LL is the moisture content where a soil acts like a liquid. The PL is where it acts plastic. The PI is the range of moisture contents between plastic and liquid states. These values classify soil consistency and properties like compressibility.
The document describes procedures for determining the liquid limit and plastic limit of soil samples. The liquid limit test involves adding water to soil and determining the moisture content at which a groove closes after 25 blows. The plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil ball crumbles after rolling out to 3mm diameter. These limits are used to classify soils and predict properties like strength and compressibility. The plasticity index, defined as the liquid limit minus the plastic limit, provides further information on soil type and reactivity. Proper determination of the Atterberg limits is important for building foundations to ensure suitable shear strength and volume change with moisture fluctuations.
Permeability and factors affecting permeability roshan mankhair
Permeability is the property of soil that allows water to flow through it, denoted by 'K'. Factors that affect permeability include grain size, properties of pore water, temperature, void ratio, stratification, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, degree of saturation, shape of particles, and structure of the soil mass. Permeability generally increases with larger grain size, higher temperatures, and void ratios, and decreases with stratified layers perpendicular to flow, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, partial saturation, angular particles, and dispersed soil structures.
Juscélia testing soil encasing materials for measuring hydraulic conductivit...Juscélia Ferreira
This document discusses different materials that can be used to encase soil samples for measuring hydraulic conductivity using the cube method. It tests the suitability of molten wax and expandable polyurethane foam for encasing soil cubes of a sandy-loam soil, compared to untreated soil cores. Wax was found to obstruct pores and yield conductivity results up to 3.7 times lower than untreated samples. Expandable polyurethane foam showed promise as an encasing material if used to fill the gap around a soil cube 60% full, as it minimally compacted the soil, allowed removal of intruded foam, and yielded conductivity results in the expected range for the soil type. The document concludes wax should not be used
The document discusses permeability and describes permeability as a property that measures how easily fluids can move through pore spaces in a material. It then discusses several methods to test permeability, including laboratory methods like the constant head and falling head permeability tests, and field methods like pumping tests. Finally, it outlines some common uses of permeability testing, such as determining suitability of soil for construction or wastewater treatment systems.
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on using a cohesive non-swelling (CNS) layer to inhibit the swelling pressure of black cotton soil (BC soil). Various tests were conducted on BC soil and potential CNS materials to evaluate their properties. Large scale tests with different CNS layer thicknesses showed that swelling deformation decreases with increased thickness. While a CNS layer is effective, its mechanism of inhibiting swelling is not fully understood and depends on factors beyond just dead weight. The study aims to better understand the interaction between CNS layer and expansive soil.
What are 3 engineering applications of the coefficient of permeabili.pdfanandtradingco
What are 3 engineering applications of the coefficient of permeability of soils (what phase of
construction, purpose of them and the importance they hold to geotechnical engineers)
Solution
The permeability of soils is a very important feature which plays the crucial role in issues
connected with the flow of ground water and the migration of pollutions. The occurrence of
subsoil water in a building-site often complicates realization of works and requires an additional
intervention with the use of special equipment. The ability of water conduction in a soil is the
essential factor in the consolidation process because it decides about the intensivity of this
phenomenon. The realization of structural constructions is, almost in every case, directly or
indirectly connected with the flow of subsoil water. Thus the problem of water flow in soils has
been the subject of scientific research for many years.
Factors Affecting Permeability of Soil
Studying soil permeability is important because of the following reasons:
1. Underground seepage study is an important aspect of all the Civil Engineering works because
once a foundation is laid, you don\'t want the soil mass holding your foundation to leak water.
2. It aids in the determination of geostatic stresses and the effect of water pressure on earth
structures.
3. It gives a beforehand idea about settlement of a foundation and volumetric changes in soil
layers when subjected to fluids or water.
4. Before constructing a structure, it is always helpful to know the amount of water that can be
discharged through a soil mass, and calculating permeability is the best way to know the
discharge quantity.
There are numerous factors that affect the permeability of a soil mass. Important factors are
mentioned below:
1. Chemical components of the interacting fluid, if not water, and its temperature.
2. Porosity of the soil mass under consideration, soil compaction also impacts permeability of
soil.
3. Permeability from particle size of soil grain size, particle shape, and degree of packing of soil
mass constituents.
Cohesive soils deserve particular attention with regard to their low permeability. For a long time,
these soils have been used to build cores of earth dams and constructions protecting hydro-
engineering structures against harmful results of seepage. Natural or remould structure layers of
cohesive soils are a good isolating material to be built-in. Therefore, they can successfully fulfil
the role of seepage barriers protecting the environment against the expansion of pollution.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dewatering methods used in construction projects. It discusses how the water table and groundwater conditions can impact foundations and excavations. Several key dewatering methods are described, including sumps, wells, well points, drainage galleries, and exclusion methods like ground freezing. Sumps involve pumping from perforated drums in a gravel-filled excavation and work best in fine-grained soils. Wells use large-diameter casings and pumps to dewater large areas to depth in permeable soils. Well points are smaller and more shallow but can effectively dewater coarse-grained soils through a vacuum system. Selection of the appropriate dewatering method depends on factors like soil type, excav
These slides describes the permeability of soil in a very lucid manner. This has been posted specially for the students of Diploma and Degree Engineering courses.
This document provides an overview of soil liquefaction. It defines liquefaction as when saturated, cohesionless soils lose strength and stiffness during dynamic loading such as earthquakes, causing the soil to behave like a liquid. Liquefaction occurs in loose, saturated sands and silts below the water table. When liquefaction initiates, pore water pressure increases until grains can float freely in water, losing strength. This can damage structures and cause ground failures. The document discusses factors influencing liquefaction, consequences, and related phenomena like quicksand and quick clay.
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and well construction. It defines key groundwater concepts like aquifers, aquitards, and aquifers. It describes the factors that influence groundwater occurrence and properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and storage. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods for measuring permeability, and analyzing pumping tests. Finally, it covers the different types of wells, well construction procedures, and well development techniques.
Compaction of soil involves mechanically rearranging soil particles to reduce voids and increase dry density, which improves engineering properties like strength and reduces settlement. Standard compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a given soil and compactive effort. Factors like water content, compactive effort, soil type, and method of compaction influence the engineering behavior of compacted soils.
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and various aspects of wells. It defines groundwater and factors that influence its occurrence. There are four main types of geological formations - aquifers, aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges. The document describes properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods to measure soil permeability, and types of wells, well construction, and well development techniques.
Permeability is the property of a material that allows water or other fluids to pass through its pores and openings. Gravels have high permeability while stiff clays have very low permeability and can be considered impermeable. Water flow through soil can be laminar or turbulent; laminar flow is most common in soil mechanics problems. Permeability is measured using laboratory and field tests and is affected by factors like soil grain size, void ratio, properties of the fluid, and compaction/stress level.
Effect of Fines on Liquefaction Resistance in Fine Sand and Silty SandIJERA Editor
It is required to recognize the conditions that exist in a soil deposit before an earthquake in order to identify
liquefaction. Soil is basically an assemblage of many soil particles which stay in contact with many neighboring
soil. The contact forces produced by the weight of the overlying particles holds individual soil particle in its
place and provide strength. Occurrence of liquefaction is the result of rapid load application and break down of
the loose and saturated sand and the loosely-packed individual soil particles tries to move into a denser
configuration. However, there is not enough time for the pore-water of the soil to be squeezed out in case of
earthquake. Instead, the water is trapped and prevents the soil particles from moving closer together. Thus, there
is an increase in water pressure which reduces the contact forces between the individual soil particles causing
softening and weakening of soil deposit. In extreme conditions, the soil particles may lose contact with each
other due to the increased pore-water pressure. In such cases, the soil will have very little strength, and will
behave more like a liquid than a solid - hence, the name "liquefaction".
Clay Mineralogy & Plasticity Characteristics of Soil wasim shaikh
The Atterberg limits can be used to distinguish between silt and clay, and to distinguish between different types of silts and clays. The water content at which the soils change from one state to the other are known as consistency limits or Atterberg's limit.
This document discusses the index properties of soil, which can be divided into soil grain properties and soil aggregate properties. Soil grain properties depend on individual grains and are independent of formation, including mineral composition, specific gravity, grain size and shape. Soil aggregate properties depend on the soil mass as a whole and represent collective behavior, influenced by stress history, formation and structure. Common index properties discussed include grain size distribution, Atterberg limits which classify soil consistency, and plasticity index. Engineering applications of index properties include soil classification, permeability estimation, and criteria for materials selection.
The document provides instructions for conducting 12 geotechnical engineering experiments in the geotechnical engineering lab at B.V. Raju Institute of Technology. The experiments include determining Atterberg limits, field density via core cutter and sand replacement methods, grain size analysis, constant and variable head permeability tests, unconfined compression test, direct shear test, compaction tests, and CBR testing. Students must complete 8 of the 12 experiments listed. Instructions are provided for each experiment, including the aim, theory, apparatus required, and procedures to follow.
The document describes procedures for determining soil density through a sand replacement test. The test involves first calibrating the test apparatus by measuring the volume and mass of sand poured into a cylindrical container to determine the density of the sand. Then, a hole is excavated in the soil and the mass of excavated soil is measured. Sand is poured into the hole until full, and its mass is measured before and after to calculate the volume of the hole. Using the known densities of the sand and mass of excavated soil, the density of the soil can be determined. Key measurements include mass, volume, and density of both sand and soil samples.
Permeability is a property that determines how easily fluid flows through the pores of a material like rock or soil. Gravels are highly permeable while stiff clays are least permeable. Permeability is commonly measured in units called darcies, after the scientist Henry Darcy. Many factors can affect permeability, including pore size, grain size, shape, packing, and the presence of clay. Permeability is important for applications like estimating underground water flow, designing earthworks, and analyzing soil filtration. It can be measured through lab tests like constant head or variable head permeability tests.
This document discusses soil consistency and the Atterberg limits test. It defines soil consistency as the ability to resist deformation based on moisture content. The Atterberg limits test determines the liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and plasticity index (PI) of a soil. The LL is the moisture content where a soil acts like a liquid. The PL is where it acts plastic. The PI is the range of moisture contents between plastic and liquid states. These values classify soil consistency and properties like compressibility.
The document describes procedures for determining the liquid limit and plastic limit of soil samples. The liquid limit test involves adding water to soil and determining the moisture content at which a groove closes after 25 blows. The plastic limit is the moisture content at which a soil ball crumbles after rolling out to 3mm diameter. These limits are used to classify soils and predict properties like strength and compressibility. The plasticity index, defined as the liquid limit minus the plastic limit, provides further information on soil type and reactivity. Proper determination of the Atterberg limits is important for building foundations to ensure suitable shear strength and volume change with moisture fluctuations.
Permeability and factors affecting permeability roshan mankhair
Permeability is the property of soil that allows water to flow through it, denoted by 'K'. Factors that affect permeability include grain size, properties of pore water, temperature, void ratio, stratification, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, degree of saturation, shape of particles, and structure of the soil mass. Permeability generally increases with larger grain size, higher temperatures, and void ratios, and decreases with stratified layers perpendicular to flow, entrapped air/organics, adsorbed water, partial saturation, angular particles, and dispersed soil structures.
Juscélia testing soil encasing materials for measuring hydraulic conductivit...Juscélia Ferreira
This document discusses different materials that can be used to encase soil samples for measuring hydraulic conductivity using the cube method. It tests the suitability of molten wax and expandable polyurethane foam for encasing soil cubes of a sandy-loam soil, compared to untreated soil cores. Wax was found to obstruct pores and yield conductivity results up to 3.7 times lower than untreated samples. Expandable polyurethane foam showed promise as an encasing material if used to fill the gap around a soil cube 60% full, as it minimally compacted the soil, allowed removal of intruded foam, and yielded conductivity results in the expected range for the soil type. The document concludes wax should not be used
The document discusses permeability and describes permeability as a property that measures how easily fluids can move through pore spaces in a material. It then discusses several methods to test permeability, including laboratory methods like the constant head and falling head permeability tests, and field methods like pumping tests. Finally, it outlines some common uses of permeability testing, such as determining suitability of soil for construction or wastewater treatment systems.
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on using a cohesive non-swelling (CNS) layer to inhibit the swelling pressure of black cotton soil (BC soil). Various tests were conducted on BC soil and potential CNS materials to evaluate their properties. Large scale tests with different CNS layer thicknesses showed that swelling deformation decreases with increased thickness. While a CNS layer is effective, its mechanism of inhibiting swelling is not fully understood and depends on factors beyond just dead weight. The study aims to better understand the interaction between CNS layer and expansive soil.
What are 3 engineering applications of the coefficient of permeabili.pdfanandtradingco
What are 3 engineering applications of the coefficient of permeability of soils (what phase of
construction, purpose of them and the importance they hold to geotechnical engineers)
Solution
The permeability of soils is a very important feature which plays the crucial role in issues
connected with the flow of ground water and the migration of pollutions. The occurrence of
subsoil water in a building-site often complicates realization of works and requires an additional
intervention with the use of special equipment. The ability of water conduction in a soil is the
essential factor in the consolidation process because it decides about the intensivity of this
phenomenon. The realization of structural constructions is, almost in every case, directly or
indirectly connected with the flow of subsoil water. Thus the problem of water flow in soils has
been the subject of scientific research for many years.
Factors Affecting Permeability of Soil
Studying soil permeability is important because of the following reasons:
1. Underground seepage study is an important aspect of all the Civil Engineering works because
once a foundation is laid, you don\'t want the soil mass holding your foundation to leak water.
2. It aids in the determination of geostatic stresses and the effect of water pressure on earth
structures.
3. It gives a beforehand idea about settlement of a foundation and volumetric changes in soil
layers when subjected to fluids or water.
4. Before constructing a structure, it is always helpful to know the amount of water that can be
discharged through a soil mass, and calculating permeability is the best way to know the
discharge quantity.
There are numerous factors that affect the permeability of a soil mass. Important factors are
mentioned below:
1. Chemical components of the interacting fluid, if not water, and its temperature.
2. Porosity of the soil mass under consideration, soil compaction also impacts permeability of
soil.
3. Permeability from particle size of soil grain size, particle shape, and degree of packing of soil
mass constituents.
Cohesive soils deserve particular attention with regard to their low permeability. For a long time,
these soils have been used to build cores of earth dams and constructions protecting hydro-
engineering structures against harmful results of seepage. Natural or remould structure layers of
cohesive soils are a good isolating material to be built-in. Therefore, they can successfully fulfil
the role of seepage barriers protecting the environment against the expansion of pollution.
This document provides an introduction and overview of dewatering methods used in construction projects. It discusses how the water table and groundwater conditions can impact foundations and excavations. Several key dewatering methods are described, including sumps, wells, well points, drainage galleries, and exclusion methods like ground freezing. Sumps involve pumping from perforated drums in a gravel-filled excavation and work best in fine-grained soils. Wells use large-diameter casings and pumps to dewater large areas to depth in permeable soils. Well points are smaller and more shallow but can effectively dewater coarse-grained soils through a vacuum system. Selection of the appropriate dewatering method depends on factors like soil type, excav
These slides describes the permeability of soil in a very lucid manner. This has been posted specially for the students of Diploma and Degree Engineering courses.
This document provides an overview of soil liquefaction. It defines liquefaction as when saturated, cohesionless soils lose strength and stiffness during dynamic loading such as earthquakes, causing the soil to behave like a liquid. Liquefaction occurs in loose, saturated sands and silts below the water table. When liquefaction initiates, pore water pressure increases until grains can float freely in water, losing strength. This can damage structures and cause ground failures. The document discusses factors influencing liquefaction, consequences, and related phenomena like quicksand and quick clay.
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and well construction. It defines key groundwater concepts like aquifers, aquitards, and aquifers. It describes the factors that influence groundwater occurrence and properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and storage. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods for measuring permeability, and analyzing pumping tests. Finally, it covers the different types of wells, well construction procedures, and well development techniques.
Compaction of soil involves mechanically rearranging soil particles to reduce voids and increase dry density, which improves engineering properties like strength and reduces settlement. Standard compaction tests determine the optimum water content and maximum dry density for a given soil and compactive effort. Factors like water content, compactive effort, soil type, and method of compaction influence the engineering behavior of compacted soils.
This document discusses groundwater hydrology and various aspects of wells. It defines groundwater and factors that influence its occurrence. There are four main types of geological formations - aquifers, aquitards, aquicludes, and aquifuges. The document describes properties of aquifers like porosity, permeability, and transmissibility. It also discusses Darcy's law, methods to measure soil permeability, and types of wells, well construction, and well development techniques.
Permeability is the property of a material that allows water or other fluids to pass through its pores and openings. Gravels have high permeability while stiff clays have very low permeability and can be considered impermeable. Water flow through soil can be laminar or turbulent; laminar flow is most common in soil mechanics problems. Permeability is measured using laboratory and field tests and is affected by factors like soil grain size, void ratio, properties of the fluid, and compaction/stress level.
This document describes procedures for determining the liquid limit of a soil sample using the cone penetration test method. The objective is to determine the moisture content at which the soil changes from a plastic to a liquid state. The test involves mixing soil with varying amounts of water and measuring penetration of a standardized cone into the sample. When the penetration reaches 20mm, the moisture content corresponds to the liquid limit. The document outlines the required equipment, procedures, data collection and analysis steps to calculate the liquid limit percentage. Analysis of the results helps characterize the soil sample and determine appropriate foundations and structures to build on that site.
92
مبادرة
#تواصل_تطوير
المحاضرة الثانية والتسعون من المبادرة مع
الاستاذ الدكتور / نبيل السيد الإمام
استاذ الهندسة المدنية(الجيوتقنية)
بعنوان
"خيارات التأسيس في التربة الانتفاخية"
" Foundation Options in Expansive Soil"
الثامنة والنصف مساء توقيت مكة المكرمة
السابعة والنصف توقيت القاهرة
الإثنين 07 ديسمبر 2020
وذلك عبر تطبيق زووم
Meeting ID: 819 8588 7363 https://us02web.zoom.us/meeting/register/tZUkf-ygpjwpHNfw4klN5to3joHhpLWn7y-L
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الرابط
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The document discusses permeability in soil, which refers to the ability of soil to allow water to flow through it. Permeability depends on factors like soil particle size, shape, void ratio, saturation, and temperature. Darcy's law states that the rate of water flow through soil is proportional to the hydraulic gradient driving the flow. It is valid for laminar flow conditions typically found in groundwater flow. Permeability is an important consideration in applications like construction dewatering, slope stability, and earth dam design.
This document is a report on soil permeability from the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences at the National University of Trujillo, Peru. It discusses two laboratory methods for measuring soil permeability: constant head permeability and falling head permeability. Constant head permeability is suitable for more permeable soils like loams, sands and gravels. Falling head permeability is used for finer-grained soils like fine sands, silts and clays, where water flow is too small for accurate measurement using constant head methods. The document also defines permeability, permeability units, and provides examples of typical permeability values for different soil types.
This presentation includes Definition of Permeability, measurement of Permeability, Validity of Darcy's law, Darcy's Law, Methods of Finding Permeability, factors affecting permeability, Permeability of Stratified Soil
The document discusses a laboratory testing program and modeling study that investigated the vertical stress distribution in soil-bentonite slurry walls. Large strain consolidation tests were performed on backfill samples from an 11,000 meter long, 50 meter deep slurry wall being installed through glacial till to control contaminant migration. The testing found that trench width was the key factor in determining potential backfill hang-up along the wall. Modeling showed the upper portions of the backfilled trench may take years to fully consolidate and achieve the desired low permeability.
This document provides an overview of soil-plant-water relationships and irrigation water management. It discusses key topics like soil properties that influence water retention and movement, including texture, structure, and density. It describes the different types of water movement in soil like infiltration, percolation, and saturated vs. unsaturated flow. The relationships between soil water tension, moisture content, and pF curves are also summarized. The document aims to explain the important concepts needed to effectively plan and manage irrigation systems.
The document discusses several important considerations for designing and constructing earth dams, including:
1) Thoroughly investigating the foundation through testing to identify any weak or unstable soils that need removal.
2) Designing appropriate cut-offs and drainage systems depending on the foundation material and reservoir depth, such as trenches, concrete walls, or central clay cores.
3) Carefully designing the upstream and downstream slopes based on available construction materials and the needed stability, drainage, and erosion protection.
Compaction characteristics of fine grained soilavirup naskar
The document discusses compaction of soils. It defines compaction as artificially rearranging and packing soil particles into a closer state through mechanical means to decrease porosity and increase dry density. Compaction is done for purposes like increasing density, strength, load bearing capacity, and stability while decreasing compressibility, permeability, and erosion damage. It reviews literature on field permeability tests being more accurate than lab tests, correlating compaction characteristics like optimum moisture content with thermal behavior, and stabilizing compacted clay through admixtures or compactive effort. The conclusion discusses the importance of field tests, avoiding thin clay liners, compacting wet of optimum, relationships between density, moisture content and thermal properties, not rejecting high saturation tests,
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1. UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE HONDURAS EN
ELVALLE DE SULA
UNAH-VS
DEPARTAMENTO DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL.
LABORATORIO DE MECÁNICA DE SUELOS.
Nombre de la Práctica
Practica # 6, Permeabilidad de Suelos
Alumno:
Martin Edgardo Castellanos (20172000146)
Sección y Día de Laboratorio Miércoles / 1300
Catedrático
Lucia Isabel Dávila
Instructor
Elvis Antonio Zaldívar Carballo.
Fecha de Realización
08 de julio Del 2021
2. INTRODUCCION
Permeabilidad es la propiedad que tiene el suelo de transmitir el agua y el aire y es una de las
cualidades más importantes. Mientras más permeable sea el suelo, mayor será la filtración. Algunos
suelos son tan permeables y la filtración tan intensa que para construir en ellos cualquier tipo de
estanque es preciso aplicar técnicas de construcción especiales.
3. Contenido
MARCO TEORICO ..........................................................................................................................4
Permeabilidad y su importancia ....................................................................................................4
Importancia de la premiabilidad en la ingeniería civil ..................................................................6
Métodos directos e indirectos para elcálculo del coeficiente de permeabilidad. .......................7
DATOS OBTENIDOS ....................................................................................................................11
CALCULOS....................................................................................................................................12
TABLA DE RESULTADOS Y ANALISIS ...................................................................................14
PROCEDIMIENTO ILUSTRADO.................................................................................................15
CONCLUSIONES...........................................................................................................................19
BIBLIOGRAFÍA.............................................................................................................................20
Contenido de Ilustraciones
Figure 1..............................................................................................................................................4
Figure 2..............................................................................................................................................4
Figure 3..............................................................................................................................................7
Contenido de Tablas
Tabla 1.............................................................................................................................................11
Tabla 2.............................................................................................................................................11
Tabla 3.............................................................................................................................................14
Contenido de Procedimiento
Procedimiento 1...............................................................................................................................15
Procedimiento 2...............................................................................................................................15
Procedimiento 3...............................................................................................................................16
Procedimiento 4...............................................................................................................................16
Procedimiento 5...............................................................................................................................17
Procedimiento 6...............................................................................................................................17
Procedimiento 7...............................................................................................................................18
4. MARCO TEORICO
Permeabilidad y su importancia
Un material se dice que es permeable cuando permite el paso de los fluidos a través de sus poros.
Tratándose de suelos, se dice que éstos son permeables cuando tienen la propiedad de permitir el
paso del agua a través de sus vacíos. No todos los suelos tienen la misma permeabilidad; de ahí que
se los haya dividido en suelos permeables y suelos impermeables. Se llama impermeables a aquellos
(generalmente arcillosos) en los cuales la cantidad de escurrimiento del agua es pequeña y lenta.
Por lo general, los suelos se componen de capas y, a menudo, la calidad del suelo varía
considerablemente de una capa a otra. Antes de construir un estanque, es importante determinar la
posición relativa de las capas permeables e impermeables. Al planificar el diseño de un estanque se
debe evitar la presencia de una capa permeable en el fondo para impedir una pérdida de agua
excesiva hacia el subsuelo a causa de la filtración.
Figure 1
Figure 2
5. La permeabilidad del suelo se relaciona con su textura y estructura
El tamaño de los poros del suelo reviste gran importancia con respecto a la tasa
de filtración (movimiento del agua hacia dentro del suelo) y a la tasa de percolación (movimiento
del agua a través del suelo). El tamaño y el número de los poros guardan estrecha relación con la
textura y la estructura del suelo y también influyen en su permeabilidad.
Variación de la permeabilidad según la textura del suelo
Por regla general, como se muestra a continuación, mientras más fina sea la textura del suelo, más
lenta será la permeabilidad:
Suelo Textura Permeabilidad
Suelos arcillosos Fina
De muy lenta
a muy rápida
Suelos limosos
Moderadamente fina
Moderadamente gruesa
Suelos arenosos Gruesa
Ejemplo
Permeabilidad media para diferentes texturas de suelo en cm/hora
Arenosos 5.0
Franco arenosos 2.5
Franco 1.3
Franco arcillosos 0.8
Arcilloso limosos 0.25
Arcilloso 0.05
6. Variación de la permeabilidad según la estructura del suelo
La estructura puede modificar considerablemente las tasas de permeabilidad mostradas
anteriormente de la forma siguiente:
Tipo de estructura Permeabilidad
Laminar
- Gran traslapo
De muy lenta
a muy rápida
- Ligero traslapo
En bloque
Prismática
Granular
Puede variar de acuerdo con el grado en que se desarrolle la estructura.
Importancia de la premiabilidad en la ingeniería civil
Mientras más poros tengan los suelos, mayor será la permeabilidad del mismo y mayor será el fluido
que pueda pasar a través de él. Cuando un suelo es impermeable no permite que el agua pase a través
de él sino que se desliza por la superficie, no permitiendo que llegue a las capas más profundas de
la tierra para su riego.
Es importante en el momento de realizar una construcción que se haga un estudio de permeabilidad
para saber cuál será su nivel de erosión y desgaste, cuanta cantidad de agua puede pasar por ellos,
cuánta puede ser retenida y que tan rápido puede pasar a través de ellos. También se debe usar en la
minería, ya que cuando se encuentran suelos por donde se puede permeabilizar el agua se sabrá
hasta qué punto se pueden hacer las perforaciones.
7. A nivel de construcciones es donde se requiere saber si un suelo es muy permeable o no ya que de
allí se sabrá que tipo de construcción se pueden hacer sobre los mismos, sabiendo la fluidez que
tiene el agua por el suelo, sabremos catalogar el tipo de suelo y conseguir para que son aptos los
mismos. Por eso debemos conocer la Importancia del suelos.
Métodos directos e indirectos para elcálculo del coeficiente de permeabilidad.
Figure 3
8. Métodos directo
Constituyen los permeámetros que miden la permeabilidad de los suelos en laboratorio y el ensayo
de bombeo realizado in-situ y mayormente utilizado para determinar la permeabilidad de macizos
rocosos.
✓ Permeámetro de Carga Constante
Ese tipo de permeámetro es utilizado en la determinación del coeficiente de permeabilidad de suelos
de granos gruesos
✓ Permeámetro de Carga Variable
Se utiliza para determinar el coeficiente de permeabilidad de suelos finos. En estos suelos, el
intervalo de tiempo necesario para que se filtre una cantidad apreciable de agua es bastante extenso.
✓ Pruebas directas de los suelos in situ
En caso de que hubiere agua subterránea en movimiento, en régimen permanente u ocasional, debe
determinarse la permeabilidad de dicho terreno. No siempre las mediciones de permeabilidad hechas
con muestras de laboratorio son confiables ni concluyentes sobre el comportamiento del terreno.
Por ello es preciso efectuar ensayos in situ.
9. Métodos Indirectos
✓ Calculo a partir de la curva granulométrica
Desde hace tiempo se ha tratado de establecer correlaciones entre la granulometría de un material y
su permeabilidad. Es obvio que existen razones para creer que pudiera establecerse tal correlación;
en suelos arenosos gruesos, los poros entre las partículas minerales son relativamente grandes y por
ello la permeabilidad resulta comparativamente alta; en suelos de menores tamaños, los poros y
canalículos entre los granos son más pequeños, por lo cual estos materiales son de menor
permeabilidad. Desgraciadamente, en la práctica, estas correlaciones tienen un valor muy limitado,
sobre todo debido al hecho de que otros factores, aparte del tamaño, ejercen notoria influencia en el
valor del coeficiente en estudio; estos factores se han resistido, hasta la actualidad, a ser introducidos
en una fórmula única, por lo tanto, no hay ninguna que los tome en cuenta de un modo aceptable.
Así pues, las expresiones, que a continuación se detallan deben verse como una manera muy tosca
de valuar la permeabilidad de un suelo y de ningún modo sustituye los métodos más precisos, que
son más complicados y costosos, en todos los casos de querer tener un correcto valor de k.
Prácticamente todos los métodos del tipo en estudio siguen la fórmula clásica de Allen Haze
𝑘 = 𝐶𝐷2
𝑐𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑔
en donde k es el coeficiente de permeabilidad buscado en cm/seg y D10(cm) es el diámetro efectivo
de Hazen
10. ✓ Calculo a partir de la prueba horizontal de la capilaridad
a rapidez con la que se eleva el agua, por acción capilar, en un suelo, es una medida indirecta de la
permeabilidad de este. Este hecho permitió a Terzaghi desarrollar un método práctico para
estimaciones de la permeabilidad en el campo. El método de Terzaghi, que se describe brevemente
a continuación, sirvió de antecedente para una prueba más adecuada, conocida hoy como prueba
horizontal de capilaridad. El método de Terzaghi consiste en colocar una muestra de suelo en un
tubo vertical transparente, detenida por una malla apropiada colocada en el extremo inferior de
aquel. El tubo se fija de tal modo que se base quede justamente bajo el nivel del agua. Se hacen
observaciones del progreso de la superficie de avance ascendente del agua a partir del instante en
que comenzó el experimento. Haciendo una gráfica del valor de h, contra los correspondientes
tiempos, se obtienen curvas maestras. Si se preparan varias de estas curvas maestras para suelos de
permeabilidades conocidas, la permeabilidad de cualquier otro suelo puede estimarse observando la
posición relativa de la curva correspondiente en la carta de las curvas preparadas. Aunque el
procedimiento empírico es simple, el análisis teórico del método es laborioso y cuando se le
fundamenta en la hipótesis de “tubos” de igual diámetro, no concuerda con los resultados
experimentales. La prueba horizontal de capilaridad constituye una modificación del método
anterior. En efecto, si la muestra de suelo se coloca en posición horizontal, se encuentra que el
análisis teórico de la prueba es sencillo, concordante con la experiencia y además conduce al uso de
curvas parabólicas de manejo simple. La distancia x, recorrida en el tiempo t, por el agua en el
interior del espécimen, resulta ser directamente proporcional a la raíz cuadrada del tiempo.
✓ Calculo a partir de la prueba de consolidación
La prueba de consolidación consiste en aplicar a un espécimen de suelo, previamente elaborado,
una serie de cargas preestablecidas con las cuales se obtienen, para cada una de ellas, valores de
tiempo y deformación.
(Mena)
11. DATOS OBTENIDOS
Diámetros Centímetros
D1 6.194
D2 6.171
D3 6.148
Tabla 1
Temperatura (T) 32°C
Tiempo (t) 54.94 seg
Volumen (Volumen) 900 ml
Longitud del estrato (L) 7 pulg
Altura Hidráulica ( H) 12 pulg
Tabla 2
16. 3. Colocar papel filtro, seguido del cilindro del permeámetro
4. Proceder al llenado de la muestra
Procedimiento 3
Procedimiento 4
17. 5. Medir la carga hidráulica
6. Altura aproximada de la muestra
Procedimiento 5
Procedimiento 6
18. 18
7. Tiempo en que tarda en llenarse la probeta
Procedimiento 7
19. 19
CONCLUSIONES
1. Suelo con grado relativo de permeabilidad alto, identificando por su coeficiente
(k20) igual a 0.239 cm/s.
2. Suelo de grava limpia.