Marshmallows Chemistry

Marshmallows Chemistry
The Chemistry of Marshmallows Introduction Marshmallows are a sugar based food containing
gelatin, water, and sugar beaten until spongy and constructed into small circular cubes. I chose to
study Marshmallows because they are a much loved american snack. they are a very odd
consistency and i have always wondered how they are made. I associat marshmallows with family,
fun, camping. They bring satisfaction and comfort to me. Composition of... corn syrup– HFCS
sugar– C12H22O11 dextrose– C8H12O6 corn starch– C27H48O20 water–H2O gelatin–
C15H11N2NaO2 tetrasodium pyrophosphate–Na4O7P2 artificial flavor– C8H8O3 blue 1–
C37H34N2Na2O9S3 Main Chemicals, Compounds, or Components Corn Syrup(HFCS) what: corn
syrup is a food syrup that is made from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, you start with corn starch. This corn starch gets processed by the enzyme, glucose isomerase,
so that a high majority of its glucose is transformed into fructose. This produces corn syrup. Corn
syrup is naturally occurring in most fruits, but the stuff used in marshmallows in made artificially It
is made commercially corn syrup in marshmellows is man made using cane sugar corn syrup used in
marshmallows is made in a kitchen(which is a lab of sorts) using the method above chemistry plays
a role in making marshmallows because an enzyme called glucose isomerase is put into corn starch
which causes a large amount of the starches glucose to combine and form fructose Sugar How is
sugar made? First, you start with stocks of sugar cane. Then you shred them up and squeeze them
till its natural juices have been removed. Its is boiled till thick and that is when molasses crystals
begin to settle on the top of the mixture. These crystals are sent to a centrifuge that spins very fast in
order to extract the molasses and leave the natural sugar. The sugar gets dried and then it is ready to
eat. sugar is found naturally in lots of unprocessed foods such as, fruit, vegetables, and milk the
sugar used in marshmallows is taken from sugar beets and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Effect Of Different Amounts Of Vinegar
Introduction + Research Question
The goal of this lab was to determine the effects of different amounts of Vinegar on the temperature
in the reaction NaHCO3 + HC2H3O2 → NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2.
My lab partner and I researched and experimented with the temperature after this reaction because
we were intrigued by the solution seeming colder in the demonstration during class. We wondered
why and how a reaction can yield decreasing temperatures. We also wondered how vinegar would
affect the temperature change caused by the reaction. This lead to our experiment to investigate the
relationship between the amount of vinegar in the reaction and the temperature of the solution 40s
after the reaction commences.
The Hypothesis
If the amount of vinegar is increased then the temperature of the solution will drop until it stabilizes
at a certain point. The dependent variable in this experiment (the temperature) will stay the exact
same without any vinegar being added because of the lack of reaction. If more vinegar is added I
believe the temperature will continue to get colder until a certain point where the temperature will
stabilize.
Theory/ Background Information/Abstract.
I believe my hypothesis will be true because from my research I have found that the reaction
between baking soda and vinegar is an endothermic reaction. Endothermic reactions are reactions
that require heat to be initiated. This need for heat in turn causes a drop in temperature once the
reaction occurs because the

Compare The Rate Of Reaction Between Magnesium Oxide And...
Throughout the experiment, countless calculations were made to calculate the enthalpy of formation
for magnesium oxide. This was accomplished, first by finding the temperature change through use
of a temperature probe within a chemical reaction with magnesium and hydrochloric acid, along
with a chemical reaction containing magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid. For the reaction that
consisted of magnesium and hydrochloric acid, the temperature change was much more rapid
compared to the reaction between magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid. The reaction was gray in
color, steamed, bubbled, and had a strange smell (likely consisting of the released hydrogen gas). In
comparison, the reaction between magnesium oxide and hydrochloric acid was lackluster, producing
no bubbles and staying relatively clear in color. Although most magnesium and magnesium oxide
went from the weigh boat into the reaction, not all did, potentially affecting our final results.
Furthermore, during the reaction, some errors that potentially could have occurred, would be loss of
heat from the reaction. Although the reaction was insulated inside of a styrofoam cup, heat could be
lost through the top of the cup because no lid was used ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This step could also lead to errors, as every time a number is rounded before the final answer is
reached, the answer gets altered slightly. Of the four reactions above, three of the four reactions
were negative, meaning that the reactions were exothermic. As data was being calculated, a mistake
was nearly made in which reaction was exothermic versus endothermic. When calculating, a crucial
mistake was made at first which stated that Mg2+(aq) + H2O(l) → MgO(s) + 2 H+(aq) was
exothermic, rather than endothermic. This mistake would lead to a calculation of around –865
kJ/mol, resulting in a potential percent error of around 44%. After the calculation was corrected, the
percent error

Endothtermic And Exothermic Reaction Lab Report
Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction Aim: To observe exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Method and Materials: As discussed in class. Baking Soda and Vinegar: 20ml bicarb soda 20ml
vinegar 1. Measure temp of bicarb solution 2. Add vinegar 3. Measure temperature after reaction
Baking soda and calcium chloride: 20ml baking soda 2 spatulas of calcium chloride 1. Measure
temperature of bicarb solution 2. Add 2 spatulas of calcium chloride 3. Stir and measure temperature
after reaction. Results: Table 1: Observations from reactions between baking soda and vinegar, and
baking soda and calcium chloride. Starting Temperature Finishing Temperature Classification of
reaction Observations Baking soda + vinegar 15oC 15oC Endothermic After ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
In the exothermic reaction between the baking soda and calcium chloride, the finishing temperature
was higher than the starting temperature as when the bonds of the reactants are broken, energy is
released in the form of heat which causes an increase of temperature in the mixture. From looking at
figure 2, it can be seen that the amount of stored chemical energy in this reaction decreased as the
energy was released in the reaction. 3. Which reaction do you think caused the biggest change in
energy to its surroundings? Give reasons to support your answer. The reaction that caused the
biggest change in energy to its surroundings was the exothermic reaction between the baking soda
and calcium chloride. This is because it can be seen from the results that this reaction caused a 5oC
in temperature, where the other reaction made no temperature change. Evaluation: The results of this
experiment are mostly reliable, however there are a few errors that could have occurred which
would make the results unreliable. An error could have been that the bicarb solution was not at the
correct temperature at the start of the experiment, meaning that the expected change of temperature
wasn't seen, which would affected the results as the reaction that occurred could be classified in the
wrong way if the temperature change was incorrect. To minimise this in the future the experiment
could be

Designing a Handwarmer Lab Report (AP Chemistry) Essay
Lab 5
Julia (hour 2)
TITLE: INVESTIGATION – Hand Warmer Design Challenge: Where does the heat come from?
PURPOSE: to determine which of the 3 ionic compounds (NaCl, LiCl, or NaCH3COO) is most
suitable for use as a hand warmer
PROCEDURE:
DAY 1 (Part 2 only):
1) Measure out 2 separate samples of 100.0 mL of distilled water
2) Heat one to about 50˚C, and place other one in calorimeter (at around 20˚C)
3) Add heater water to calorimeter, cover top, wait 15 seconds, measure temp
4) Repeat
DAY 2:
1) measure 40mL of distilled water into a styrofoam cup on stir plate
2) record temp of water
3) measure out approximately 4g of salt
4) add to water and stir
5) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hot water is losing energy and the enthalpy change is negative.
1c) q–cal
Average q–cold:
Average q–hot:
qcold = 11800 J qhot = –11900 J
Lab 5!

Julia (hour 2)
qhot = – ( qcold + qcal )
(–11900 J) = – (11800 J + qcal )
11900 J = 11800 J + qcal
1d) C
2) qsol/qrxn
100. J = qcal
Trial 1:
∆Tcal = (35.7˚C – 21.6˚C)
= 14.1˚C
Trial 2:
∆Tcal = (35.8˚C – 21.6˚C)
= 14.2˚C
Average:
∆Tcal = (14.1˚C) + (14.2˚C) = 14.2˚C
2
C
= qcal / ∆Tcal
= (100. J) / (14.2˚C)
= 2.60 J/˚C
NaCl
Trial 1:
qsol
= ( m ) ( c ) ( ∆T )
= (40.0 g + 4.01 g)(4.184 J/g˚C)(21.1˚C – 22.6˚C)
= –280 J
qrxn
= –qsol – C∆T

= –(–280 J) – (2.60 J/˚C)(21.1˚C – 22.6˚C)
= 280 J
Trial 2:
qsol
= ( m ) ( c ) ( ∆T )
= (40.0 g + 4.05 g)(4.184

Exothersmic And Endothermic Interaction
AlmaOlguin
Period:5
Science Fair Research
In our daily life, we constantly have interactions of chemical reactions, such as endothermic and
exothermic reactions. In general all chemical reactions are important to our society to achieve
certain activities. Some examples are smelting iron,making class, burning fuels,brewing beer,
making wine and cheese, and etc. Most importantly I will be researching what are exothermic and
endothermic reactions and how they can affect our daily life. Chemical reactions is a process when
the reactants convert to products. A reactant is a substance that goes in to a chemical reaction and
undergoes change is a reactant. The final substance of the chemical reaction is the product. A
chemical reaction rearranges the molecular structure of a substance. Substances are either chemical
elements or compounds(Treichel and Kotz). Chemical reactions either result of chemical bonds
forming or breaking. Chemical reactions are distinguished by the following four ways(Shukla). The
first way a chemical reaction is distinguished is the physical state of the reactants and the products
to see if all the substances are in the same physical state or in a different physical state. The two
types of chemical reactions to distinguish the physical state are homogeneous reaction or
heterogeneous reaction. The second way to identify a chemical reaction is the type /nature of the
chemical. Some examples are synthesis reactions,Decomposition reactions,

Exothermic Reactions
Introduction: There are five types of chemical reactions that can occur; synthesis (A+B=C),
decomposition(C=A+B), single replacement (A+BC=B+AC), double replacement
(AB+CD=AD+CB) , and combustion. A combustion reaction consists of a hydrocarbon plus oxygen
gas which yields carbon dioxide and water (CxHx +O2=CO2+H2O). Another characteristic that can
distinguish between types of reactions is whether they are endothermic or exothermic. Exothermic is
a process that releases heat due to the surroundings being a lower temperature than the
object.Endothermic on the other hand, absorbs energy through heat from its surroundings, the object
is at a cooler temperature. Some commonly known processes that are endothermic are sublimation
and evaporation . Some examples of exothermic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Condensation is the change from a gas to a liquid. For a gas to become a liquid the particles must
lose energy and come closer together. The particles will slow down and eventually become a liquid.
This is an exothermic change because the particles lose energy
Aerobic respiration happens inside our body everyday, just like other chemical reactions. Aerobic
means "with air" meaning that this type of respiration needs oxygen for it to occur so it is called
aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is the process most living things undergo to use food energy.
Aerobic respiration takes place in the cytoplasm, the inner cell space. Cells break down food in the
mitochondria which then produces 36 ATP. The first step is glycolysis, the second is the formation
of acetyl coenzyme A, then the citric acid cycle, and the fourth is the Electron transport system. In
the process of Glycolysis, a six–carbon glucose molecule is converted into two, 3–carbon molecules
of pyruvate. This process occurs in the cytoplasm. 2 molecules of ATP are consumed in order to
begin this process, while four molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH are

Determing the Enthalpy of Neutralization
Determining the enthalpy of neutralization by calorimetry
Anam Iqbal
Partner's name: Danielle Hodgson
TA's name: Karinna
Section # 003
Due date: November 24, 2009
Introduction
The purpose of the experiment is to determine the enthalpy of neutralization reactions by
calorimetry. Calorimetry, is the science of measuring the amount of heat. All calorimetric techniques
are therefore based on the measurement of heat that may be generated (exothermic process) or
consumed (endothermic process). The device used for measuring the heat changes in this
experiment is called calorimeter. A calorimeter is a Styrofoam cup is used as a calorimeter, because
it is a container with good insulated walls to prevent heat exchange with the environment.
A ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Of NaOH | Initial temp. Of HCL | Trial 1 | 24.5 | 24.0 | Trial 2 | 24.0 | 24.1 |
Table # 2: initial temperatures for neutralization of NaOH with HNO3 | NaOH | HNO3 | Trial 1 |
24.0 | 24.3 | Trial 2 | 24.1 | 24.0 |
Table #3: initial temperatures for neutralization of NaOH with Phenol | NaOH | Phenol | Trial 1 |
23.5 | 23.5 | Trial 2 | 23.9 | 23.9 |
Table #4: initial temperatures for neutralization of NaOH with unknown HCL | NaOH | Unknown
HCL | Trial 1 | 23.9 | 23.8 | Trial 2 | 23.7 | 22.8 |
Table #5: concentrations | HCL | NaOH | HNO# | Phenol | concentration | 1.9027 M | 2.3955M |
1.749M | 0.5000M |
Results and calculations
Part A: neutralization of NaOH with HCL
Table #1: temperature changes every 2 sec till max. | 2 sec | 4 sec | 6 sec | 8 sec | 10 sec | 12 sec | 14
sec | 16 sec | Trial 1 | 34.0 | 35.0 | 35.3 | 30.0 | 33.0 | | | | Trial 2 | 30.0 | 31.0 | 32.0 | 33.0 | 34.0 | | | |

Table #2: temperature changes for every 10 seconds for 1 min. | 0 sec | 10 sec | 20 sec | 30 sec | 40
sec | 50 sec | 60 sec | Trial 1 |

Exothermic Reaction Lab Report
An Exothermic reaction releases heat which causes the temperature of the surroundings to increase.
An endothermic reaction absorbs heat and cools the surrounding. (UC DAVIS CHEM WIKI
organisation, 2015) W Reactants in exothermic reactions covert chemical energy to heat energy
which causes the temperature to rise. Reactants gain energy in the endothermic process which comes
from the substances used in the reaction and the reaction gets cold. Eventually, heat is absorbed
from the surroundings and the mixture returns to room temperature. These reactions can be divided
by chemical reaction and physical reaction. Chemical reactions are chemicals or substances which
change to one or more other substances. While, physical reaction includes a change ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
This can be divided in a single and double displacement reaction. (Anne Marie Helmenstine, 2015)
Potassium equation contains four elements: K, Cl, H and O. On the products side CI is reacting with
the H and the K with an OH. Thus, there has been switching between the compounds. This is a
double displacement reaction. If we compare that to Mg+ HCl where you get MgCl2 +H2 which is a
single displacement reaction because only the Cl has switched between the compounds.
CONCLUSION
The aim was to conduct, observe and record whether chemical reactions are exothermic or
endothermic. It was hypothesized that experiment 1 and 2 will be exothermic because each
experiment involves a chemical element and water reacting, which means giving off heat. On the
other hand, experiment 3 and 4 will be endothermic since cold reaction products start to gain heat
from the surroundings, eventually coming back to room temperature. 'This was supported by the
changes in temperature as shown in the results. This also determined that experiments 1 and 2 were
exothermic and experiments 3 and 4 were endothermic. Therefore, my hypothesis was

Thermochemistry Heat Of Reaction Lab
Name
Chemistry 131L
Lab #7 – Thermochemistry: Heat of Reaction
Abstract
The main objective of this experiment was to calculate the enthalpy of the reaction for the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide as well as measure the heat capacity in regard to the
neutralization of a strong base and strong acid. Additionally, data was graphed in order to find the
change in time relating to temperature vs. time. A calorimeter was made so that the temperatures of
these reactions could be monitored and recorded, as well as allow us to complete calculations.
Overall the results proved to be decent as there was a percent error for enthalpy of only 7.63%, and
it was found that our calculations were accurate.
Introduction
Bonds are both broken and made in chemical

Exothermic Lab
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Experimental Design
Question:
Which combinations produce an endothermic reaction or exothermic reaction that will create the
most change in temperature?
We will be taking multiple combinations to evaluating if they make an endothermic or exothermic
reaction.
Background
Purpose
To learn the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions and the effects of different
compounds and how they react.
Research Questions
Which combinations are most high in energy?
How can you tell if a reaction is Endothermic or Exothermic?
Research
Every chemical reaction that exists is of two things, endothermic and exothermic. The definition of
'thermic' is taken by the greek root of therms meaning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
vinegar 65 Steel wool RT* 70 –5 Exo.
Water 65 Epsom Salt RT* 65 0 Endo.
Water 60 No salt unknown 63 +3 Endo.

Hyd.pro 65 Dry yeast RT* 80 –15 Exo.
Water 70 Ice RT* 39 –31 Endo
Acotone 60 Styrofoam pieces N/A 61 +1 Exo.
In this table of results, we have describing temperatures and recording there happenings. But the
main results we are looking at are the change in temperature and whether they were endothermic or
exothermic.
Analysis
We both watched as combinations made both an Endothermic and Exothermic reaction.Vinegar and
baking soda, had greatest exothermic reaction. Why does those two react so greatly?
When they are mixed together, they start a chemical reaction that produces carbon dioxide, or CO2,
and water. The chemical names of the two ingredients are acetic acid, which is the vinegar, and
sodium bicarbonate, which is the baking soda.
Conclusion
As concluded at the end of the experiment,we have found that the combinations that not only had
the greatest change in temperature, but also big observations were Hydrogen peroxide and and Dry
yeast and Water and Ice. with changes of 15 and 31 degrees

Enthalpy Change Lab Report
Plan:
Aim:
The enthalpy change of combustion of a fuel is a measure of the energy transferred when one mole
of fuel burns completely. A value for the enthalpy change can be obtained by using the burning fuel
to heat water and using fact that 4.2j of energy are required to raise the temperature of 1g of water
by 1oC. In this investigation my aim is to find the enthalpy change of combustion of a number of
alcohols so that I can investigate how and why the enthalpy change is affected by the molecular
structure of the alcohol.
I am going to investigate the enthalpy change of combustion for the alcohol homologous series. I
will investigate how alcohols with increasing number of carbons affect the enthalpy change when an
alcohol goes under ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Method:
The method that I am going to use to carry out my experiment is:
Ø Firstly I am going to measure out 100cm3 cold water, using the measuring cylinder (so that the
water I put into the calorimeter is accurately measured out) rather than using an ordinary beaker, as
an ordinary beaker is less precise compared with a measuring cylinder.
Ø Then I will record the temperature of the water in the calorimeter, using a thermometer to give a
good degree of accuracy.
Ø After that I will use the clamp to support the calorimeter.
Ø Then I will place the spirit burner with one of the six alcohols that I am going to test on a
heatproof mat.
Ø In order to make it a fair test and make sure that no energy is lost through surroundings, and to
prevent heat from being evaporated I will use 2 draught shields and place them around either side of
the calorimeter and spirit burner.
Ø I will then weigh the spirit on the electronic balance with the lid on to make sure that the test is

fair because if I took the lid off the fuel would have evaporated very quickly making my
investigation not precise and accurate.
Ø Then I will place the fuel that I will be using under the calorimeter on top of the heatproof mat.
Ø Then I will cover the calorimeter with foil to avoid any heat loss.
Ø I will then pierce a hole into the foil big enough for the thermometer to fit through so I can stir the
water and record the temperature of the water.
Ø Then I will take

Rust: A Very Complicated Chemical Process
Review of Literature Rust is a very complicated chemical process. Without some of the key steps
needed to form rust the process would not be possible. Exothermic reactions and corrosion play key
roles in the forming of rust. As do chemical reactions and the pH scale. The pH scale is used to
measure how acidic or basic a certain solution is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. Any solution
that has a pH of 7 is neutral. An example of a neutral solution (pH of 7) would we water. A pH less
than 7 is acidic with 1 being the most acidic. An example of an acidic solution would be lemon juice
or vinegar. A solution with a pH more than 7 means it is basic with 14 being the most basic. An
example of a basic substance would be laundry detergents and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In a chemical change the object that is being changed cannot return to its original form. For example
when an iron nail rusts the nail cannot be returned to its original form. A chemical change will
produce a new substance. When a newspaper is burned the ash of the newspaper is the new
substance that is formed because of the chemical reaction. Chemical changes and reactions have
certain characteristics that occur during the change or reaction. These characteristics or signals that a
chemical change or reaction has occurred include change of color, change of temperature, or change
of substance. A reactant is the substance that exists before the chemical reaction takes place. A
product is the substance that is the result of the chemical change. For example in the chemical
reaction that occurs when a newspaper is burned the newspaper is the reactant because no chemical
change has occurred yet and the newspaper is still the same. The ash that is created is the product
because the newspaper is now ash not newspaper. A chemical equation is used to show scientists and
chemists the reactants, products, and proportions of each substance that is present when the
chemical change or reaction occurs. Some chemical equations also show the physical state of the
new substance that is created after the chemical reaction. Subscripts are used in chemical formulas
to show how many atoms that substance has. For example CO2 means that each molecule of

Outline For Exothermic Reaction
what is an exothermic reaction and how can we recognize them?
Chemistry; types of reactions.
Question:
What is an exothermic reaction and where can we find them.
Thesis:
Despite the fact that there are many different types of reactions, exothermic reactions are a category
of reactions that give off energy, this is what makes them so dangerous as well as interesting. It is
also what allows them to put on the best show.
To start things off lets go over what a chemical reaction is. A chemical reaction is a chemical change
which forms new substances, such as compounds. Common chemical reactions include a candle
burning, a nail rusting. *Physical changes reposition molecules but do not affect their internal
structures. Physical changes you may already know of are, scrambling eggs, boiling water and even
slicing an apple. Where as a chemical changes result in the creation of different chemical substances
at the molecular level. Chemical change requires breaking or making of bonds between atoms, and
are usually irreversible. Chemical changes such as petrol burning, iron rusting and baking a cake.
You cant simply dry rust to get it back to pure metal or freeze a cake to get the ingredients out. ***
2 ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Oxidation is defined as the interaction between oxygen molecules and all the different substances
they may contact, from metal to living tissue. Rusting is a chemical reaction between iron and
oxygen to yield iron oxide, this reaction can be expressed as 4Fe + 3O2 ––> 2Fe2O3 Exothermic
reacting in living tissue might seem far fetched, surprisingly enough its not. Your lungs are going
through a combustion process to respirate the air we breath, into biological energy know as ATP.
Why don't we sound like engines? The reason is that our cells are just too slow at it, they would
have to be much faster for there to be any resemblance, to the combustion we have come to

Heat Of Combustion Using Hydrocarbons As Fuel
Introduction:
This experiment is focused on heat of combustion using hydrocarbons as fuel. All three fuels
produce combustion reactions which are exothermic. When bonds are formed or broken the most
common form of energy released or taken in is heat energy. Heat of combustion is a way of
measuring how much energy is output from a combustion reaction, the energy that is output is
usually in the form of heat. Figure 1. Combustion reaction of methane (middleschoolchemistry.com)
When a combustion reaction takes place it is when a liquid (typically a hydrocarbon) gets oxidised
into the form of H2¬O and CO2, The formula for heat of combustion is –∆H = Q/n, the formula
looks similar to change in enthalpy but they represent different thing . As enthalpy measures the
change in heat (energy) that something has before and after a reaction. Meanwhile heat of
combustion shows how much heat is given to its environment. In this EEI heat of combustion will
be the focus since it is the best way to decide which fuel is the best to take camping. Q is the heat, it
is found by using the equation Q = mc∆T. m is the change in mass of the fuel, c being the specific
heat capacity (usually of water that is heated up) and ∆T is the change in temperature. Q is divided
by the amount of moles of fuel used to find –∆H. The vast majority of combustion reactions are
exothermic.
Like all chemical reactions, a combustion reaction requires energy to be supplied to break chemical
bonds and making chemical

Temperature Change Lab Report
This lab was about the Effect of Reactant Combinations on Temperature Change. It investigated
both endothermic and exothermic reactions. The temperature was measured in degrees Celsius and
the time was measured in minutes. The tool used during the lab was a LabQuest with a digital
temperature probe. The LabQuest created a visual graph of the change in temperature and collected
data. The digital temperature probe attached to the LabQuest monitored the temperature of the
substance as it changed.
In the first reaction, citric acid was combined with baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas, water
in liquid form, and sodium citrate in solution. This reaction was an endothermic reaction, meaning it
was a chemical change pertaining to the absorption

Bozeman Science: Exothermic And A
The term MRE stands for "Meal, Ready to Eat", its created for people who can't start fire to cook
and it is an instant meal, so it benefits the armies and campers. These kind of meals uses a chemical
reaction such as exothermic reaction to heat up the food. An exothermic reaction causes the
temperature outside goes up because it passes on energy to the objects around. However, the
temperature outside goes down due to an endothermic reaction because it takes in energy from the
object around. As a result of these reaction an exothermic reaction is use instead of an endothermic
reaction, because exothermic reaction causes the surroundings to heat up and yet endothermic
reaction takes in the energy such as heat from the surroundings and for this ... Show more content on
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–When was it written? The credentials are Mr. Kent's Chemistry Page: Endothermic and Exothermic
Process and Bozeman Science: Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions. The Bozeman Science:
Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction was created in 25 September 2013, however, the other
source doesn't have a written date on the website. This source is reliable, because the author is a
teacher has studied for many years and she had evidence to back up. Utility (Usefulness) –Which
focus questions does this information help answer? –How user–friendly is the source? –How
technical is the language? –Does it contain useful graphics/images? This information has massively
help to answer by explain the difference between endothermic and exothermic in common language
which also helped me know why an exothermic reaction can be used to heat food but an
endothermic reaction cannot. Although these include common language, it also has these scientific
such as endothermic, exothermic and chemical bonds, but it doesn't contain graphs or

The enthalpy change of combustion for the alcohol...
I am going to investigate the enthalpy change of combustion for the alcohol homologous series. I
will investigate how alcohols with increasing number of carbons affect the enthalpy change when an
alcohol goes under combustion.
The energy that alcohols release when being used is called the enthalpy change of combustion. This
is defined as
"Standard enthalpy change of combustion, is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance
burns completely in oxygen under standard conditions (298K, 100 KPa and 1 Molar) with all
products in their standard state" (Collins advanced Chemistry)
Enthalpy is the total energy content of the reacting materials. Enthalpy is given the symbol H. the
only was to measure enthalpy is the measure the change in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Altogether there will be 3 sets of data to analyse: –
Theoretical: – these values will be obtained from the Nuffield Science Data book. I will use various
bond energies that are in the data book and work out the amount of energy that is required to break
the bonds for each alcohol. These values are important as they will give me an indication of how
good my results are and how accurate I hve been.
Calculated: – these will be obtained straight from the data book.
Experimental:– these will be the results that I obtain myself from conducting the experiment myself.
Required Definitions/Relevance
This is a list of he relevant definitions required for this coursework.
§Activation Energy – Energy barrier, which must be surmounted before reaction, can occur – this
will be relevant to the combustion of the fuels.
§Calirometer– Vessel used to measure enthalpy change
§Exothermic reaction – where heat energy is transferred to the surroundings and the enthalpy

change is negative as the reactants have lost energy – all of the reactions will be exothermic
§Endothermic reaction – where energy is absorbed from the surroundings and the reactants gain
energy and the enthalpy change will be a positive value
§Functional group– an atom or group of atoms which gives rise to an homologous series.
Compounds in the same homologous series show similar chemical

'Manufacture of Hairspray and Dimethyl Ethle Production Essay
Executive Summary.
Aerosol hairspray cans are a cosmetic product used by 86% of women in the United States.(3) The
consumer demand for hair products has stayed relatively steady since the invention of hairspray.
Industrial suppliers can increase their net profit of aerosol hairspray production by analyzing and
possibly optimizing their manufacturing process, mores specifically, the production of the most
widely used aerosol propellant, dimethyl ether (DME). The optimization of a thermally coupled
DME reactor (OTCDR) proves to be economical, energy sufficient, and increase the net profit of the
industrial plant. It is in the best interest of industrial aerosol hairspray manufacturers to consider
multiple alternative production ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hydrofluorcarbons (HFC's) are a new class of recently developed propellants, they share many of
the same properties as CFC's but are less polluting. Several popular HFC's include 1,1–
difluoroethane and 1,1,1,2,–tetrafluoromethane. These propellants are relatively expensive but
formulate fast drying. Currently the most commonly used propellant is dimethyl ether (DME).
DME has been receiving a growing attention all over the world in recent years, the study on the
synthesis of DME is the process of most interest in regards to the production of hairspray. The
production of hairspray is shown in Figure 1. Several methods of dimethyl ether are discussed.
Optimization of a DME production process is discussed and analyzed. The process of DME
production is discussed because of the promising energy consumption and economical value.
Dimethyl Ether
Dimethyl Ether is the most widely used propellant in aerosol cans in the United States (85%). Based
on DuPont knowledge, national production of DME is 15 to 20 million kilograms in the United
States. This production is distributed across the following primary uses: industrial feedstock for the
product of other chemical substances (31%), hairsprays (48%), spray paints (6%), insect
repellents/insecticides (6%), adhesives (5%), household cleaners (1%), dusters (1%), tire inflators

The Theory Of The Equilibrium System
In this lab, Le Chatelier's Principle was observed by shifting different equilibriums to the left or
right in order to make the colors of the rainbow. The equilibrium shift could be identified by the
colors of the solution. In the tray 5 experiment, the reactant was pink and the product was a dark
blue color. After stressing the equilibrium, a pink color indicated that the equilibrium was shifted to
the left, and a blue color indicated that the equilibrium was shifted to the right. The stresses that
were studied in this experiment were changes in the temperature of the system and changes in
concentrations of reactants or products. Le Chatelier 's Principle states that when an equilibrium
system is subject to a stress, the system responds by attaining a new equilibrium condition that
minimizes the imposed stress. The main stresses on an equilibrium system are changes in
concentration of the reactants or products, changes in temperature, and changes in pressure or
volume for gaseous equilibria. The stress will either not cause a shift in equilibrium or will cause the
system to shift left of right in order to establish an equilibrium. Adding or removing a pure solid or
liquid does not change the concentration; therefore, it does not affect equilibrium. Only aqueous
solutions and gases affect equilibrium. Increasing the concentration of the reactants will cause a shift
to the right. Decreasing the concentration of the products also has the same effect. Decreasing the

Example Of Exothermic Reaction
An exothermic reaction is one in which there is a release of energy (usually heat) from the system
(Ashworth & Little, 2001). In other words, the energy of the system decreases, and thus H is
negative. Because heat is being transferred out of the system (i.e., the reaction requires no external
energy source), exothermic reactions are self–sustaining (Ashworth & Little, 2001). Notable
examples of exothermic reactions include combustion reactions, where oxygen (O2) reacts with
another substance, usually to form carbon dioxide and water (CO2 + H2O) (Kung & Lerner, 2014).
Combustion can be seen in many facets of everyday life, from wood fires to the engines of many
vehicles (the combustion of gasoline has the following chemical equation: 2C8H18 + 25O2 + 2N2
12CO2 + 4CO + 4NO + 18H2O + heat–this illustrates the convention of placing "heat" in a
chemical equation, which, if listed as a product, is an indicator of an exothermic reaction; this
equation is also an example of incomplete combustion, since an ideal combustion reaction would
have no products save carbon dioxide and water; often, the oxygen fueling a combustion reaction is
consumed before complete combustion can occur (Lew, 2015)). On a smaller scale, exothermic
reactions can be used to create heating devices such as hand warmers, which can be calibrated (by
analyzing the change in heat of the chemicals involved in the device) to produce an optimal amount
of heat. [SOME MORE] Endothermic reactions, conversely, are

Catalase Lab Report
Catalase is an enzyme that is present in most cells and is present in the liver. An enzyme is made out
of proteins, there is a primary structure which is the sequence of amino and then as these twist and
turn they become functional. Enzyme are very specific. When catalase is present in the liver it
allows the hydrogen peroxide to be broken down into water and oxygen gas is released. The group
was responsible to test a solid piece of liver at room temperature, which was the control, and frozen
liver, which was the experimental component in the lab. The purpose of this experiment is to study
and test the effects of an enzyme on a chemical reaction. This chemical reaction allows hydrogen
peroxide to be broken down into water and oxygen and this

Endothtermic And Exothermic Reaction Lab Report
Introduction:
Chemical reactions make new things by rearranging other things. In a chemical reaction, the main
change that occurs relates to the way atoms are bonded to each other, in order to change those
connections, bonds must be broken and new bonds be formed.
It's important to understand that it takes energy to break bonds and that energy is released when
bonds are formed.
Chemical reactions that release energy are called exothermic reactions, these reactions are observed
by an increase in temperature of the reaction mixture.
Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called endothermic reactions, these reactions are observed
by a decrease in temperature of the reaction mixture.
Endothermic and Exothermic reactions release or absorb energy, the graph above shows the way in
which the chemical energy changes.
In this experiment, we investigate the change in temperature caused by adding a chemical substance
into the water and dissolving it. The results recorded in the table below show that our hypothesis is
correct.
Aim:
To investigate temperature changes that occur as a result of exothermic and endothermic reactions.
Hypothesis:
It's predicted that when adding the chemical substance into the water, energy will be released or
absorbed, this will be observed by a temperature change, therefore, there would be an exothermic or
endothermic reaction.
Materials: solid ammonium chloride, solid calcium chloride, 100 ml beaker, water, thermometer.
Method:
Add 30 ml

Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions Data recorded on August 29, 2016 by Reid Ragsdale during
Honors Chemistry 5/6b Introduction Many chemical reactions give off energy. Chemical reactions
that release energy are called exothermic reactions. Some chemical reactions absorb energy and are
called endothermic reactions. You will study one exothermic and one endothermic reaction in this
experiment. In Part I, you will study the reaction between citric acid solution and baking soda. An
equation for the reaction is: H3C6H5O7(aq) + 3 NaHCO3(s) –––> 3 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(aq) +
Na3C6H5O7(aq) In Part II, you will study the reaction between magnesium metal and hydrochloric
acid. An equation for this reaction is: Mg(s) + 2 HCl(aq) –––> H2(g) + MgCl2(aq) ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Place the temperature probe into the styrofoam cup with the citric acid solution. Weigh out 10.0
grams of baking soda and then place it on weighing paper. Press the power button on LabQuest to
turn it on then press the new file button on the menu screen. On the meter screen, press rate, then
change the data collection rate 0.5 samples/second, with an interval of 2 seconds/sample. Set the
collection length to 300 seconds then press OK. After all of that is finished then begin collecting
data. After 20 seconds has passed since the beginning of data collection, pour the baking soda into
the styrofoam cup with the citric acid. Gently stir the solution with the temperature probe, continue
this until data collection is over. A real–time graph of temperature vs. time will be displayed on the
screen during data collection. Temperature readings can be monitored in the display box to the right
of the graph. When data collection is over remove the Temperature probe from the styrofoam cup
and wash it off with water then gently dry it with a paper towel. Then dispose of the mixture in the
waste bucket, under the fume hood, then wash out the styrofoam cup with water. When data
collection is finished the graph of temperature vs time will be displayed. Examine the graph and
determine the initial temperature, t1 and final (or minimum) temperature, t2. Record

Burning Marshmallow
If 10.0g of solid baking soda is poured into 30 mL of citric acid, then a reaction will occur and an
increase in temperature will be observed. Whereas, if a piece of magnesium metal is added to 30 mL
of Hydrochloric Acid, then a reaction will occur and an increase in temperature will be observable.
For Part 3 of the experiment, if 50 mL of tap water is placed in a can 2.5 cm inches above a burning
marshmallow, then through the process of calorimetry the energy content of the marshmallow
should be 5.0kJ/g (the value provided by the United States Department of Agriculture). Reactions
that give off heat as a product are known as exothermic reactions, whereas reactions that absorb heat
are known as endothermic reactions (Van Hecke, 1999). An example of an exothermic reaction
would be condensation, in which water loses energy, and an example of an endothermic reaction
would be melting, in which water gains energy. These two types of reactions are studied to better
understand the properties and future potential of substances. For example, recent studies prove that
the addition of endothermic chemicals in fire retardant substances effectively stops fires by rapidly
cooling the temperature and preventing and re–ignition (Tripathi, 2008). This is important because
determining what reactions are endothermic or exothermic can better improve techniques to prevent
disasters such as a fire. If an unknown substance is exothermic, in terms of fire combustibility,
adding it to a fire would

Law Of Gratitude Essay
8. The Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude plays out similar to the Law of Cause and Effect or
the natural principle of action and reaction. As we look at the law itself, when we express
thankfulness to the God Force for that which we have "received" (even though it is still in the
unseen), it is an expenditure of force, therefore our gratitude cannot fail to reach God, and when it
does the reaction is an instantaneous move toward you. Consider two properly aligned magnets.
They are two forces moving in opposite directions while moving toward one another. Gratitude
draws you and the Creative Force, God, directly toward each other. If our gratitude is strong enough
and consistent then there will always be a move of that which we are co–creating toward us. When
the God Force moves toward us it brings all that it is. The Law of Gratitude also dictates that if our
heart is not full of gratitude, then something else will take its place. Physics teaches that nature will
not tolerate a vacuum. That is to say that if something is removed then something else must take its
place. If our hearts are not filled with gratitude, then our hearts will be filled with ungratefulness. An
ungrateful heart will take you from what you want as rapidly as a grateful heart will take you toward
what you want. The Law of Gratitude nourishes our faith, because as a grateful heart and mind
continually expects good things, expectation becomes faith. This faith then, becomes both the
cornerstone and the capstone of what it is we are building which comes only from our Universal
Supplier, God. Gratitude toward God has the power ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The eight Universal Laws that I feel you should at least be aware of that take a role in the process of
co–creation or what we like to call manifesting. I do realize that they do have a similarity to one
another and in some respects, one produces the other and so on but it is after all about harmony and
balance don't you

Endothormic And Exothermic Reactions In Chemistry
When lighting a candle, one does not ruminate about how the candle flame is an exothermic process.
In actuality, there are endothermic and exothermic reactions happening all around at various times.
Before proceeding, one should know that exothermic reactions are ones in which energy is released.
They can be discerned by reaction giving off heat, such as the example of the candle flame expelling
vapor. Endothermic reactions are reactions where energy is absorbed. One can detect an
endothermic reaction by, for example, touching a beaker in which a reaction occurs that becomes
cool. The changes in temperature, both endothermic and exothermic, lead to the idea of enthalpy.
This is defined as the difference between the potential energies of products from reactants, and is
shown as ΔH. When a reaction produces heat the value for enthalpy will be negative, and when it's
absorbed it will be positive. The relationship of the transfer of heat between the system and
surroundings can be used to determine the enthalpy change reaction by using the equation q=mCΔT.
This can be accurately measured by using the process of Calorimetry. This is a method to measure
heat by observing the temperature change when a body absorbs or discharges energy as heat. It is
useful since it insulates the reaction, and the only measurable change will originate from the water
in the reaction. The spontaneity of a reaction depends on the values for enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs
free energy. Entropy is the

Exothermic Reaction Lab
Introduction
The importance of this lab is to see if the temperature changes during a chemical reaction. A
chemical reaction is accompanied by a change in temperature. Endothermic reaction is when the
temperature drops. Exothermic reaction is when the temperature rises. For lab A you will need 3%
hydrogen peroxide, measuring spoons, 3 table spoons of yeast, a plastic or paper cup, thermometer,
watch, and 2 partners. Lab B you will need vinegar, baking soda, measuring spoon, water, paper,
plastic or paper cup, and a thermometer. My hypothesis for Lab A was if yeast is added to Hydrogen
peroxide, then, it will be an Exothermic reaction. My hypothesis for Lab B was if baking soda was
added to vinegar, then it will have an endothermic reaction. Procedure ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then pour 2 tablespoons of hydrogen peroxide into a cup and place a thermometer into the same
cup. Pour one tables spoon of yeast into the cup and record the temperature every 10 seconds. Lastly
make a graph that tells you the temperature per every ten seconds. For lab B make another chart like
lab A's then place 2 tablespoons of vinegar into a cup and pace a thermometer into that cup. After
that put one tablespoon of baking soda into the into the cup with vinegar. Lastly record the
temperature every 3 seconds and then make a graph telling the temperature per every 3 seconds.
Observation and Results
I noticed in lab A that when the hydrogen peroxide was added to the yeast it bubbled right away.
When looking at the thermometer I noticed the temperature changed, and it had an exothermic
reaction. The changes I noticed in lab B where that it bubbled right away and it had an endothermic
reaction.

Metabolism : A Machine Fueled By Activity And Temp
Metabolism: A Machine Fueled by Activity and Temp.
Introduction
What is metabolism? Metabolism is all of the chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living
state of the cells and the organism. The Major point of this experiment was to see how and if the
chemical processes of metabolism could impact body temperature. However first it must be
explained what body temperature is actually measuring. When we measure body temp. We are
actually measuring the body's ability to make and give off heat. When our body is hot the blood cells
in our skin widen to help carry the heat to the body's surface. This is usually when people start
sweating. However, when our body is cold the blood vessels narrow. Reducing blood flow causing
you to shiver. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Your body uses up the glucose it has stored in those muscles. It takes energy (calories) to replenish
the glucose in those muscles, so doing exercise burns energy (calories) in the muscles as well as the
energy that your body uses to refuel the muscles. Also there is the question of why this experiment
is important to the world of biology. The major reason that this is important is the fact that
metabolism is group of reactions that dictates all living things, which includes us. It sets the pace,
converts the energy, and does much more for our body's to operate. The Hypothesis of this
experiment was that the more action is done the higher the body temperature, which in turn would
mean the higher rate of metabolism. As well, it was hypothesized that the highest temp. was of about
99.5 degrees Fahrenheit and the lowest would be 95 degrees Fahrenheit. The goal of this experiment
is so this info can be used to help improves people livelihoods and as well improve their health.
Obesity is a major problem that leads to death today, and hopefully the results of this experiment
might inspire people to be more active. Finally, there is the overview of lab methods. The system of
experimentation used was a closed experiment for that there is a control (normal humans body
temp) and a expirementive group (The experimenters recorded body temperature).
Methods: Next are the methods that where done in this experiment. The materials used where: A
digital Thermometer, human

Exothermic Reaction
In this report 3 fuels, ethanol, pentan–1–ol and 1–butanol were tested to determine the experimental
heat of combustion and to decide which would be the best fuel to take on a camping trip.
Combustion takes place when fuels react with oxygen to produce heat (E–inst.com, 2015). The heat
created by the burning of fuel is used in the operation of equipment such as boilers and furnaces, as
well as heat being produced, when reactants undergo combustion CO2 (carbon dioxide) and H2O
(water) are formed as byproducts of the exothermic reaction (E–inst.com, 2015).
Exothermic reactions occur when the forming of a chemical bond releases energy therefore creating
an exothermic process (Kentchemistry.com, 2015). An exothermic reaction has a negative deltaH,
because the enthalpy of the products is lower than the enthalpy of the reactants of the system
(Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu, 2015). An Endothermic reaction absorbs energy in the form of heat. In an
endothermic reaction deltaH is positive because the enthalpy of the products is higher than the
enthalpy of the reactants in the system (Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu, 2015).
Enthalpy is the amount of heat used/released in a system at constant pressure.
(Chemwiki.ucdavis.edu, N.D). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ethanol is also known as bioethanol is a sustainable liquid transport fuel derived from biomass
(Biofuels Association of Australia, 2015). Ethanol has many different uses such as in industry (as
solvent), food (in alcohol beverages), medicine (sterilising agent), transport (fuel) and agriculture
(Biofuels Association of Australia, 2015). Ethanol has a boiling point of 78.5c, density of .789 and a
molecular weight of 46.0684mol (Biofuels Association of Australia, 2015). Ethanol is now usually
used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form as a replacement for gasoline, where it is blended with
gasoline to improve vehicle emissions and power (Biofuels Association of Australia,

Exothermic Lab
We already knew that exothermic means to exit or release heat energy. Endothermic means to absorb
heat energy. Chemical reactions are when one thing changes into another but it cannot return to it's
original form. We read about instant hot packs and cold packs and how they are chemical reactions.
When water mixes with different salt or some substances it can cause a decrease or increase in
temperature. In our experiment our guiding question was which of the following substances would
make an economical hot pack or cold pack? This goes to show how you can use your background
information on endothermic and exothermic also chemical reactions to make and economical cold
pack or hot pack you would have to think through what substance would work

Chemical Reactions That React The Most Efficiently For...
h Chemicals Will React the Most Efficiently for Heat and Eat Packs
Aim:
To identify which reactions will be the most efficient, in order to heat pre–cooked meals.
Theory:
It is stated that all chemical reactions involve energy changes. Where a substance is stored with
chemical energy and has the potential to be converted to heat (insert cited thing). Exothermic and
Endothermic reactions are included in the changes in heat of energy. As Exothermic reactions
release heat, and transfer the temperature to its surroundings. This is because the energy absorbed to
split the bonds of the reactants release less heat energy than the product made by the bonds. An
endothermic reaction however absorbs heat from its surrounding as the reactant doesn't supply
enough energy therefore it absorbs energy from its environment. In addition, endothermic reactions
release more heat energy in order to break the bonds made by the products.
The bonds in the exothermic and endothermic occur during the experiment, as the breaking and
making of the chemical bonds are involved. Exothermic is energy that is released when any
chemical bond is formed and Endothermic is energy which must be added when a chemical bond is
broken. It is recognized that with exothermic reactions, the products will contain a lower energy
with the reactants. Endothermic reactions however have products which contain a higher energy
than the reactants. This is because exothermic reactions release heat, and in the progress

Difference Between Endothtermic And Exothermic
The goal of this experiment was to preform a series of reactions to determine the change in
temperature that which would conclude whether the chemical reactions were endothermic or
exothermic. The original hypothesis was that each of the reactions, except for the reaction between
solid magnesium and hydrochloric acid, would be endothermic, and the remainder would be
exothermic. This hypothesis was disproven during laboratory experiments to conclude that each of
the reactions were exothermic except for the reaction between water and ammonium chloride which
was endothermic. In Table 1, the heat of solution data collected from ammonium chloride and
sodium carbonate are indicative of how acid–base and dissolution reactions yield certain results. The
reaction between ammonium chloride and water is a dissolution reaction in which ammonia and
hydronium is produced from the breaking of ionic bonds in ammonium chloride from the water. In
this reaction, the breaking of ionic bonds in the reactants released more energy than the formation of
new bonds in the products, thus causing a negative temperature change characteristic of an
endothermic reaction. The reaction between sodium carbonate and water was an acid–base reaction
in which the water acted as a base to neutralize the acid, sodium carbonate. The energy that was
released in the reactants was less than that absorbed in the products, causing for a positive
temperature change to show an exothermic reaction. The types of reactions

In this lab, we will be learning about endothermic reactions and exothermic reactions through
experiments involving temperature probes. The first reaction we will be performing involves citric
acid and baking soda, and the second reaction involves magnesium metal hydrochloric acid. The
two reactions for this are: H3C6HO7(aq) + NaHCO3(s) 3 CO2(g) + Na3C6H5O7(aq) And Mg(s) +
2 HCl(aq) H2(g) + MgCl2(aq) Objectives: Learn how to use a temperature probe. Experiment the
difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions. Organize data on a graph. Materials
needed: Computer Temperature Probe Balance 50 ml graduated cylinder Styrofoam Cup 250 ml
beaker Citric acid Baking Soda Hydrochloric acid Magnesium PRECAUTIONS: WEAR SAFETY

Exothermic Reaction Lab
Science Investigation:
Research Question:
To determine how does the surface area of Magnesium affects the temperature of exothermic
reactions?
Hypothesis:
If the surface area of the Magnesium is increased, then the temperature of exothermic reaction
(Hydrochloric acid) will decrease. In this case, 1 piece of magnesium will have the highest
temperature after 2 minutes. This is because, the surface area of the 1 magnesium strip being the
least and therefore it will take less time for the 1 magnesium strip to react and will therefore increase
in heat faster. Therefore the effect of the temperature of exothermic reaction directly relates to the
surface area, because it takes a certain amount of time to dissolve all the magnesium, and the
chemical ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also because the time limit is so less, it doesn't give time for the least amount of surface area's (1
strip of magnesium's) chemical reaction to cool down or neutralize, so therefore making it the
highest in temperature. The functioning of the method wasn't accurate enough. One contributor for
the experiment to not be accurate enough was the use of the same test tube for the 4 trials. Each trial
was done immediately after each other, so the test tubes were relatively hot, and contained a little bit
of solution from the last experiment. This therefore affected the results, because the temperature
would be higher than the last trial. The effect of this error can be reduced with the help of using 16
test tubes instead of 4. This would erase the possibilities of the test tube being hot, or having any
traces of the last trial done. Also another contributor was for the experiment to not be accurate
enough was the time the Magnesium strips were put in the test tubes. Because of the lack of hands,
it was impossible, or very difficult to put all the magnesium strips in the test tubes at the exact same
time. This would affect the result making it an unfair test. This is because each trial would have had
a different time for the magnesium to be dropped in test tubes. The effect of this error can be
reduced with the help of extra helpers so that the magnesium strips can be placed in the test tubes

What Are Differences Among Gasification, Thermal...
% What is smouldering combustion?
Smouldering is defined as a self–sustaining exothermic reaction in which the heat released by
surface oxidation causes pyrolysis of the unaffected fuel adjacent to the reaction zone, which in turn
yields a rigid char which will subsequently undergo surface oxidation citep{smith2006springer}.
The initiation of furniture fires by weak heat sources, such as, a cigarette or a short–circuited wire,
and the flaming combustion of biomass occurring in bushfires behind the flaming front are two
common examples of smouldering combustion citep{rein2009smouldering}. extcolor{red}{$%$
What are differences among gasification, thermal degradation and smouldering?}
% What are differences among gasification, thermal degradation and smouldering?
When referring to smouldering, it is important to understand the differences between smouldering
and other non–flaming reactions which involve external heat flux, such as gasification and thermal
decomposition. Gasification and thermal decomposition typically involve little or no oxidation
reaction and hence are endothermic; while smouldering involves both endothermic and exothermic
reactions citep{ohlemiller2002chapter}. If smouldering reaction is self–sustained, then the
endothermic reactions are the driving force for the smouldering. Char oxidation is the principle heat
source in most of self–sustained smouldering; therefore, any material that forms char during thermal
decomposition has the potential for

60 Ml Of Soda Lab Report
At the beginning of lab eight it was hypothesized that the reaction between 60 mL of soda, .5 g of
pop rocks , and 20 mL of .64 M HCl was a exothermic reaction. It was also hypothesized that lethal
dose of pop rocks and soda would be fairly high. This hypothesis was based on prior information
and estimation of the lethal dose ratio. After calculating the heat released (q) and finding –1.0506 J
it was determined that the chemical reaction between pop rocks and soda is exothermic. The
reaction was also considered exothermic due to heat being released and the temperature
increasing.This part of the hypothesis was found to be correct , however the second part of the
hypothesis was incorrect. After calculating the LD50 ratio the lethal dose for pop rocks was 3.59 g
and the lethal dose for soda was .413 g. The lethal dose of the soda and pop rocks was significantly
lower than expected. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The experiment was a success because all of the ultimate goals were completed. The volume of CO2
released from the pop rock reaction was calculated and found at 58 mL. The moles of CO2 was
calculated at .00233 mol. The experiment was also a success because it was found that the heat
released from combining and eating pop rocks with soda would not kill the consumer unless it was
consumed in very high doses. The combination is not dangerous because it doesn't release a large
amount of heat. The simulation of stomach acid, pop rocks, and soda reviled that the temperature
increase during the reaction is minimal. Some possible errors of this experiment was missing some
of the CO2 when the tube escapes the graduated cylinder. To avoid this in the future the tube could
be held during the apparatus processes. Another possible error is miscalculation of LD50. In the
future calculations could be done more precisely and

Report For Exothermic Lab Report
Using Temperature Change to Identify Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Farah Elnemr
6/9/16
Chemistry Honors
Clinton
Introduction Through change in heat, this experiment was done to recognize exothermic and
endothermic reactions, which both relate back to the topic of thermochemistry. Thermochemistry is
study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and state changes. A certain amount of
energy is stored in every substance in bonds. A system and its surroundings are used throughout the
subject of thermochemistry as a whole. A system is the part of the universe being focused on. The
surroundings are everything revolving around the system. In an exothermic reaction, heat leaves the
system and is absorbed by the surroundings, leaving the reaction to seem like it is heating up. In an
endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings and into the system, leaving the reaction to
seem like it is being cooled. Overall, the use of heat change allows the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first and third reactions are categorized as endothermic because there was a decrease in
temperature, resulting in a cooler temperature. In reactions one and three, heat flowed from the
surroundings and into the system, which left the reaction to seem like it was being cooled. The
second and fourth reactions are categorized as exothermic because there was an increase in
temperature, resulting in a warmer temperature. In reactions two and four, heat escaped from the
system and was absorbed by the surroundings, which left the reaction to seem like it was heating up.
Endothermic reactions occur when the system absorbs heat from its surroundings. Exothermic
reactions occur when the system releases heat into the surrounding. Without the subject of
thermochemistry, endothermic and exothermic reactions may be unheard

Exothermic Reaction
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat. It is the opposite
of an endothermic reaction. An exothermic reaction will occur spontaneously, while and
endothermic reaction needs energy to occur. Ammonium Nitrate reacting with water would be a
good cold pack. It reacts quickly and gets to a temperature of between 8 and 12 degrees celscius
when it reacts.
With any sprain, strain or bruise there is some bleeding into the underlying tissues. This may cause
swelling and pain and can delay healing. Ice treatment may be used in both the immediate treatment
of soft tissue injuries and in later rehabilitation.
During immediate treatment, the aim is to limit the body's response to injury. Ice will:
Reduce ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There where some anomalies in some of the trials this can be found in table two in the first trial and
in table one trial one. With the first citric acid the resalts recorded almost 30C cooler than the other
two trials . This was most likely because the salts in the first trial having smaller participles/ peace's
which would gave it a larger surface area which made the react faster so it can decline at a faster
speed. With the sodium thiosulfate the first trial stated slower than the other to but surprisingly be
came cooler than the other two.
The modifications that could be applied to this experiment to improve the dater for the icepack
would be to have a higher quantity of both the salts and the water and also experimenting with
different amounts of water once you know which one is the best endothermic reaction. This will
give the knowledge needed to vary the salt to water ratio

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