Marriage and Family Relationships Guide

Marriage and Family Interaction
F258
Relationships
&
Marriage
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-7zAkwAOYg
Biology of Love
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYfoGTIG7pY
Technology and Love & Dating

10% of people younger than 25 years old respond to social
media and text messages during sex. ?!?!
There are Almost 8,000 Dating Sites in the World
Nearly 50 Million People Have Tried Online Dating
More Men Use Online Dating Than Women
Interests Outrank Looks (64% vs. 49%)
Technology and Dating
One in 10 Profiles are Fake
More Than 50% of Americans Lie on Their Profile
Men Lie About Money; Women Lie About Age
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvvuLDX7iIk

Pros
Helpers…Matchmakers
More eyes on more things
Negotiations between families
Future consideration
More practical evaluation of the couple’s potential
Cons
Some couples have no part in the decision
No way out after the ceremony
Who takes responsibility if it is a bad match
Family Involved Mate Selection
Commitment, Passion & Intimacy
Where’s the Love?
8
Love Based Mate Selection
Commitment comes later…if at all

Pros
individual choice trumps religious, extended familial, or other
community concerns or needs
What else?
Cons
individual choice does not always consider religious, extended
familial, or other community concerns or needs
What else?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jodhovumkHQ
9
What is Love? Who Could You Love?
List at least 5 ideal characteristics for a mate and 5
characteristics that are “deal breakers”
Answer these questions:
What influenced your choices and decisions?
How does your ideal reflect your upbringing, including both
family and cultural influences?
In what ways do your parents contribute to your ideal image?
How would you know when you have found your ideal partner?
10
Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

6 different styles of Love
EROS
LUDUS
STORGE
PRAGMA
MANIA
AGAPE
LEE’s Styles of Love* 1973
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Siru3n3zIbM
Is it Love or Lust?
Unhealthy Love
What does it look like?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ON4iy8hq2hM

Communication
in Relationships
It’s about Quality not Quantity
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jp9b2Hf7QWg
15
Chapter 10
What are your thoughts on these two statements:
“It is important to be completely honest in a relationship.”
“Sometimes, it’s better to ‘skirt the truth’ than to be completely
honest.”
Is there ever a time when it’s better to be dishonest in a
relationship?
How does the relationship recover when a dishonesty is
discovered?
Is Honesty, the best policy?
16

Sharing of ideas, feelings, needs, shared with another person
Sent through channels (verbal & body)
Consistent vs. mixed messages
Verbal & Nonverbal
Message
17
Person who constructs message and sends it
May be intentional or unintentional
Arguing with spouse is intentional; children hearing argument
may be unintentional
Sender
18
Person who receives the message
Listener and decoder
May be intentional or unintentional receiver
If unintentional, may be no way of clarifying what was meant

May not be able to reveal it was heard
Receiver
19
In order to send message, must first organize
thoughts/gestures/phrasing so that they can be understood by
the receiver
Encoding the Message
20
Receiver makes sense of message by decoding it into feelings,
intentions, and thoughts that mean something to them
May be difficult because decoder (listener) filters message
through own perceptions and must cope with the filters of the
sender and the environment
Decoding the Message

21
Two basic forms of information
Cognitive Information
“thinking part”
Affective Information
“feeling part”
Communication: Exchange of Information
22
Differences in Emphasis in Communication
Gender differences
Males tend to focus on cognitive elements
“Report talk”
Focus is on problem solving and on end result
More likely to use communication for competition
Females tend to focus on affective elements
“Rapport talk”
Focus is on the process rather than outcome
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eyuWVKZchSA

23
Generational/age differences
Power differential is at issue
Differences in ability to communicate
May speak different first language
Developmental ability to communicate
Normal for children—but remember that elderly may have had
stroke or other communication problems
Content – what is communicated
Style – how it is communicated
Different colloquial language (slang)
Used to create or maintain the separateness
Secret language
Used to maintain separation from others
Differences in Emphasis in Communication
24
Placater - pleases, apologizes, never disagrees, no matter what
Blamer – fault-finder, dictator, boss who acts superior to others
Computer - very correct, very reasonable, shows no semblance
of feelings
Distracter - does or says irrelevant things to whatever anyone
else is saying or doing

Leveler - straight-forward communication, no games, verbal and
non-verbal communication is in congruence
Dysfunctional Communication Patterns (Satir)
25
5 stages of a thriving relationship earthart 2015RomancePower
StruggleCommitmentGrowingThrivingAttraction
Bonding Hopefulness
Ecstacy
Bliss
Acting and being your best
Seeing your partner’s best
Giving freely without keeping score
Passion
Vitality
Reacting negatively and habitually
Disillusionment
Anger, annoyance, disappointment,
confusion and frustration
Conﬂict
Secrets
Disconnect
Settling
Lack of attraction

Blame and criticism
Making whole
hearted commitment to do whatever it takes to experience the
best version of your loveLearning how to breakthrough
gridlocked issues
Applying new tools daily
Becoming more intentional
Greater ease
Understanding
Deepening connectionSafety and trust
Spirit of teamwork and togetherness
Healthy, open, and positive communication
Feeling seen, heard, and valued
Daily appreciation
Fulﬁllment
Connection
True love
Cohabiting Adults
Trends

College Age
Adulthood
Marital relationships
Nonmonogamous relationships
Sex in later life
Sexual Fantasy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4uUgdh3pmY
Relationships and Sex
Sexual Behavior and Satisfaction in
Marriage
Factors that raise sexual satisfaction
Factors that lower sexual satisfaction
Sexless union can be satisfying
–DINS (Dual income, no sex)

Secure(warm, loving supportive) : comfortable with intimacy,
did not worry about being abandoned or someone getting too
close
Avoidant (demanding, disrespectful, critical): independent,
mistrustful of love partners, anxious about people getting close
Resistant (parents who respond unpredictably): fall in love
quickly, merge with another person AND desperate about other
person returning affection
Family
Early Attachment Related to Adult Relationships Laura Berk
Family: where basis for future relationships happen but does not
limit, can learn other ways to relate, nature/nurture re addiction,
child maltreatment etc
Some of the ways intimacy play out has to do with early
attachment: Ainsworth Studies from several countries and
longitudinal
Secure-child happy when mom returns
Insecure-avoidant-doesn’t pay mom attention, mixed upon
return
Insecure-Resistant-doesn’t explore, mad when mom returns
Disorganized info: not listed here

30
Marriage
Trends in Marriage
Arranged-probably oldest form

Choose mate
Arranged Marriage>Romantic love/choice
TWO COMPLETELY SEPARATE THINGS
Anthropology-marriage and families
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cZZYIBTvFAU
Family=2 or more people related by blood, marriage or adoption
Marriage
Video is 30 minutes long
Arranged: in most cultures it is assumed that people of college
age are not mature enough to make important choices, still have
matchmakers in many cultures, online dating interesting
combination of arrangement and choice that makes some sense-
except people lie!
34
Household
Where families reside
Smallest economic unit within a culture
Consanguineal
People related by blood
Conjugal
People related by marriage
Fictive Kin
Declared a family member even though not related by blood or
marriage

Adoption
Anthropological concepts of family: Institution where children
are born, inheritance is decided
Learn these definitions
35
Traditional
Serial
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgsJIVWRsuA
Monogamy: practiced most
Monogamy: ‘to marry one’, only marital form found in every
culture, continuously throughout history and is most widely
practiced, only 20% of worlds culture prefer this as their ONLY
legal form of marriage, traditional: 1 man 1 woman til death, if
widow/er remarries person who has not been married before still
traditional serial: 1 man 1 woman at a time, divorce remarriage
states where gay marriage is allowed these will be the only two
forms that are legal , 25 marriages for woman in Indiana, since

2015 same sex marriage is federally legal but some state are
still fighting it as a states rights issue
36
Group Marriage
Multiple wives and
husbands
Polygyny
Man takes two or
more wives
Polyandry
Woman takes two or
more husbands
Polygamy: preferred most
Polyamory
Group marriage Hawaii
http://hawaiiantimemachine.blogspot.com/2011/10/punalua-you-
may-now-kiss-brides.html punalua
Polygyny show Big Love
African women https://vimeo.com/16364653
Not inherently oppressive,

Polyandry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d4yjrDSvze0&list=PL8228A
A23C3AF97D6
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7HKmu3eMEk
37
Gender Differences
Types of Marriages
Common Law/Cohabitating
Same-Sex
Domestic Partnerships
Arranged
Health Benefits
1
FIN 4213 - Term Project – Spring 2020
Due Thursday, April 30, 2020
(100 points)
For your term project, you will make a recommendation on

managing risk exposure for a
hypothetical multinational corporation (MNC) with (assigned)
foreign currency cash flows scheduled
to occur in 3 months. The information you collect and analyze
will help you assess the risk of your
firm’s foreign exchange exposure, forecast the exchange rate of
one currency in 3 months, and make a
decision about hedging the transaction exposure for cash flows
due in three months.
Information Sources: Use current financial and economic
information in your analysis. You can
use data sources on the internet that are authentic or official.
Some suggested resources are:
General Information
The Wall Street Journal – Foreign Exchange Quotations, as well
as information on current
events of many countries.
Financial Times - – Foreign Exchange Quotations, Currency
Futures and option quotes as well
as information on current events of many countries.
The Economist – Information in the back about interest rates,
inflation rates and other
economic information for industrialized and developing

economies. It is also a good
source for current events worldwide.
World Bank Reports and Data for Regions and Individual
Countries
www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/regions.htm
CIA Fact Book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/ General
information on every country. Very extensive, but a good
source of background
information on the politics and environment of each country.
Exchange Rate Data and Information
OANDA website – www.oanda.com.
Financial Times – www.ft.com
International Monetary Fund –www.imf.org
Options and Futures Quotes and Information
Chicago Mercantile Exchange Home Page (www.cme.com) –
more complete and extensive
information on currency futures.
http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/regions.htm�
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/�
http://www.oanda.com/�
http://www.ft.com/�

http://www.cme.com/�
2
Philadelphia Stock Exchange (www.phlx.com) provides a good
source of information for
option contracts on currencies
Other Data Sources
Home Pages for Central Banks – Some are more helpful than
others, but they are worth a look.
The final report should be a Word or pdf document of about 3 to
6 double-spaced typed pages,
including all tables, exhibits, and graphs. Do not include the
raw data (such as exchange rates) in
your report. Structure your project so that it flows well. Grading
will be based upon content and
writing style.
General Writing/Format Guidelines
Your analysis should be structured to be the three-month
window beginning from April 1,
2020.
Finally, be sure to cite the sources of your data and information

in the bibliography at the end
of your report.
The suggested structure of the report is as following.
The first section is an introduction to the project. The
introduction should indicate that your firm is a
U. S. MNC doing business in country ____, the foreign currency
cash flows faced by your firm (see
below and the document “Project currency assignment” for
currency and cash flow assigned to your
firm), and the purpose of the analysis. Also include in this
section the current exchange rate system
(floating, fixed, pegged, etc) that your currency has against the
US dollar. To find the information on
the exchange rate system, the central banks’ home pages may be
useful sources as is the IMF website.
Section I. Introduction
http://www.phlx.com/�
3

Net Transaction Exposure for the currency chosen for your
MNC
(parentheses indicate cash outflow of the foreign currency)
Country Currency Net Exposure Country Currency Net
Exposure
1. Argentina Peso 152,500,000 9. Malaysia Ringgit
(81,520,000)
2. Australia Dollar (12,750,000) 10. Mexico Peso 126,350,000
3. Brazil Real 55,800,000 11. New Zealand Dollar (23,250,000)
4. Canada Dollar (22,600,000) 12. South Korea Won
7,650,000,000
5. China Renminbi 60,250,000 13. Sweden Krona (10,300,000)
6. Eurozone Euro (20,465,000) 14. Switzerland Franc
54,750,000
7. India Rupee 687,500,000 15. Thailand Baht (58,915,000)
8. Japan Yen (925,000,000) 16. UK Pound 9,750,000
In the section part, you assess the risk faced by the MNC. First,
assess the current (or most recent
developments in) Economic, financial and (possibly) political

environments for the country chosen,
and make comments on their stability or risk. If you are
assigned the Eurozone, you can assess the
whole Eurozone or one specific country in the eurozone (e.g.,
France, Italy, Germany, etc). The
sources listed under General Information are a good place to
begin this assignment.
Section II. Risk Analysis:
Be certain to cite
your sources within the text of your report and include it in the
bibliography
.
Then assess the exchange rate risk. Use OANDA.com to collect
daily exchange rates for the one-year
period, April 1, 2019 – March 31, 2020, for the currency
assigned to you. Go to
https://www.oanda.com/fx-for-business/historical-rates, register
for a 30-day free trial pro account
and sign in, choose the time range and currencies, and download
the historical daily exchange rates.
Use direct quotes, i.e., number of US dollars per foreign
currency. Specifically, choose your assigned

currency as “Currency I have”, and US Dollar as “Currency I
want”. Set the frequency to Daily. You
can use either ask, bid or mid price. The free trial account
allows only one download. So double check
the specified time range and currencies before clicking on
“Download”. Save the daily exchange rate
in an excel spreadsheet.
https://www.oanda.com/fx-for-business/historical-rates�
4
Next, do the following statistical analysis in excel:
(1). calculate the daily percentage change in exchange rate.
(2). for the whole one-year period and each of the four
quarters, compute the mean of daily
exchange rate, standard deviation of daily percentage change in
exchange rate, and appreciation or
depreciation rate (in percentage) over the period.
April 1, 2019 – March 31, 2020 (1-year period)
April 1, 2019 – June 30, 2019 (Quarter 1)
July 1, 2019 – September 30, 2019 (Quarter 2)

October 1, 2019 – December 31, 2019 (Quarter 3)
January 1, 2020 - March 31, 2020 (Quarter 4)
Create a table to report the mean, standard deviation, and
appreciation or depreciation rate for the five
periods. Include the table in your report. An example of such
table is as below.
1-year period Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4
Mean of daily rates
Std.dev. of daily % change
Appreciation/depreciation rate
Also, create a line graph plotting the daily exchange rates for
the entire one-year period (the dates on
the horizontal axis), and include the graph in your report.
Write a description of what you observe from the statistical data
reported in the table and the graph,
focusing on the movement and variability of exchange rate
during those periods. Do not turn in the
exchange rates you have collected.

In this section you forecast exchange rate. Use the spot
exchange rate for the currency as of April 1,
2020 as the current exchange rate and make forecasts of the
exchange rate in 3 months. You will make
three forecasts. Two forecasts are based on purchasing power
parity (PPP) and international Fisher
Section III. Exchange rate forecasting :
5
effect (IFE), respectively. See the spreadsheet file “Project
data” for inflation and interest rates data.
Show every step in your calculation.
For example, when you make forecast using PPP, write down
the formula for PPP:
ef = (1+Ih)/(1+If) – 1
Explain the variables in the equation. State the inflations rates
for the home country (US) and the
foreign country. Plug in the inflation rates into the equation to
calculate ef. Then estimate the forecast
as St = S0 (1+ ef), where S0 is the current spot rate (the spot
rate on April 1, 2020) and St is the

forecast.
Show the similar calculation details for forecasting using IFE.
In addition, use current spot rate as the third forecast.
From the three alternative forecasts, choose one as the single
point forecast for the currency and justify
your choice (i.e., briefly explain why you choose that forecast).
Finaly, construct a forecast interval for the currency. The
forecast interval specifies a range (the highest
or lowest values) that the currency could be in 3 months, i.e.,
the predicted maximum and minimum
exchang rate above and below your point forecast. The
conventional forecast interval is at 95%
confidence level, and is within two standard deviations from the
point forecast:
95% forecast interval : [St – 2Stσ, St + 2Stσ]
where, St is the point forecast that you choose, and σ is the
standard deviation of daily percentage
changes in exchange rate that you calculate in section II.
Clearly show your calculation of the

forecast range.
Write an assessment of the risk of your firm’s exposure. This
assessment should include the size of the
foreign cash flow, whether it is an inflow or outflow, and the
US dollar equivalent of the cash flow
(calculated using the spot rate on April 1, 2020).
Section IV. Hedging decision:
6
Make a decision on whether and how to hedge the foreign cash
flow. Explain your hedging strategy
you would use given your firm’s exposure in the foreign
currency.. If you decide to hedge using
currency derivations, check CME.com to see if forward, futures
or option contracts exist for the
currency. If none of the currency derivatives exist, suggest an
alternative way to hedge. If you decide
not to hedge, justify your decision.
+ Bibliography

Submit your final rep ort in a Word or pdf document through
Canvas . Include your name and section
number on the first page of your report . The submission
deadline is m idnight of Thursday, April 30,
2020.
Submission
Dollar
Section 2Period Start DateJPY/USD% ReturnTwo-
YearQ1Q2Q3Q4Q5Q6Q7Q812/31/160.008542-
0.28%MEAN0.009070.008670.009270.009770.009170.008790.0
09000.009020.0088612/30/160.008566-0.06%SD
0.005250.008770.005830.005370.005080.004670.003500.00339
0.0024112/29/160.0085710.78%App/
Dep6.71%6.95%9.06%1.53%-13.38%4.74%-0.62%-0.13%-
0.07%Green= Appreciation12/28/160.008505-0.16%Red=
Depreciation12/27/160.0085190.00%12/26/160.0085190.00%12/
25/160.0085190.00%12/24/160.0085190.01%12/23/160.0085180
.16%12/22/160.0085040.01%12/21/160.0085030.08%12/20/160.
008496-
0.31%12/19/160.0085220.53%12/18/160.0084770.00%12/17/16
0.0084770.13%12/16/160.008466-0.28%12/15/160.00849-
2.17%0.010492846312/14/160.008678-0.05%-
0.001092846312/13/160.0086820.27%12/12/160.008659-
0.10%12/11/160.0086680.00%12/10/160.008668-
0.61%12/9/160.008721-
0.81%12/8/160.0087920.25%12/7/160.00877-
0.11%12/6/160.00878-0.03%12/5/160.008783-
0.26%12/4/160.0088060.00%12/3/160.0088060.27%12/2/160.00
87820.39%12/1/160.008748-1.04%11/30/160.00884-

0.66%11/29/160.008899-
0.06%11/28/160.0089040.88%11/27/160.0088260.00%11/26/16
0.008826-0.08%11/25/160.008833-0.20%11/24/160.008851-
1.29%11/23/160.008967-
0.58%11/22/160.0090190.06%11/21/160.0090140.00%11/20/16
0.0090140.00%11/19/160.009014-0.42%11/18/160.009052-
1.13%11/17/160.0091550.02%11/16/160.009153-
0.76%11/15/160.009223-0.66%11/14/160.009284-
0.91%11/13/160.0093690.00%11/12/160.009369-
0.13%11/11/160.009381-0.47%11/10/160.009425-
2.04%11/9/160.0096210.69%11/8/160.009555-
0.32%11/7/160.009586-
1.10%11/6/160.0096930.00%11/5/160.009693-
0.09%11/4/160.009702-
0.02%11/3/160.0097040.55%11/2/160.0096511.05%11/1/160.00
95510.18%10/31/160.009534-
0.13%10/30/160.0095460.00%10/29/160.0095460.41%10/28/16
0.009507-0.39%10/27/160.009544-
0.45%10/26/160.0095870.10%10/25/160.009577-
0.38%10/24/160.009614-
0.16%10/23/160.0096290.00%10/22/160.0096290.06%10/21/16
0.009623-0.19%10/20/160.009641-
0.16%10/19/160.0096560.34%10/18/160.0096230.17%10/17/16
0.0096070.11%10/16/160.0095960.00%10/15/160.009596-
0.15%10/14/160.00961-0.20%10/13/160.009629-
0.07%10/12/160.009636-0.05%10/11/160.009641-
0.41%10/10/160.009681-
0.33%10/9/160.0097130.00%10/8/160.0097130.61%10/7/160.00
96540.11%10/6/160.009643-0.58%10/5/160.009699-
0.71%10/4/160.009768-0.90%10/3/160.009857-
0.05%10/2/160.0098620.00%10/1/160.009862-
0.19%9/30/160.0098810.10%9/29/160.009871-
0.69%9/28/160.00994-
0.12%9/27/160.0099520.16%9/26/160.0099360.40%9/25/160.00
98960.00%9/24/160.009896-0.08%9/23/160.009904-
0.39%9/22/160.0099430.81%9/21/160.0098630.42%9/20/160.00

98220.15%9/19/160.0098070.33%9/18/160.0097750.00%9/17/1
60.009775-
0.19%9/16/160.0097940.23%9/15/160.0097720.39%9/14/160.00
9734-
0.65%9/13/160.0097980.14%9/12/160.0097840.52%9/11/160.00
97330.00%9/10/160.009733-0.28%9/9/160.00976-
0.60%9/8/160.009819-
0.20%9/7/160.0098391.43%9/6/160.00970.45%9/5/160.0096570
.45%9/4/160.0096140.00%9/3/160.009614-
0.39%9/2/160.009652-0.21%9/1/160.009672-
0.18%8/31/160.009689-0.77%8/30/160.009764-
0.29%8/29/160.009792-
0.24%8/28/160.0098160.00%8/27/160.009816-
1.13%8/26/160.009928-0.23%8/25/160.009951-
0.14%8/24/160.009965-
0.15%8/23/160.009980.36%8/22/160.009944-
0.30%8/21/160.0099740.00%8/20/160.009974-
0.06%8/19/160.00998-
0.13%8/18/160.0099930.47%8/17/160.009946-
0.06%8/16/160.0099520.71%8/15/160.0098820.14%8/14/160.00
98680.00%8/13/160.0098680.39%8/12/160.00983-
0.30%8/11/160.00986-
0.02%8/10/160.0098620.81%8/9/160.0097830.06%8/8/160.0097
77-0.40%8/7/160.0098160.00%8/6/160.009816-
0.51%8/5/160.009866-0.11%8/4/160.009877-
0.09%8/3/160.0098860.60%8/2/160.0098270.60%8/1/160.00976
8-
0.26%7/31/160.0097930.00%7/30/160.0097931.28%7/29/160.00
96691.47%7/28/160.0095290.47%7/27/160.009484-
0.66%7/26/160.0095471.38%7/25/160.009417-
0.02%7/24/160.0094190.00%7/23/160.009419-
0.14%7/22/160.0094320.52%7/21/160.009383-
0.16%7/20/160.009398-0.30%7/19/160.009426-
0.35%7/18/160.009459-
0.77%7/17/160.0095320.00%7/16/160.0095320.75%7/15/160.00
9461-0.55%7/14/160.009513-0.65%7/13/160.009575-

0.71%7/12/160.009643-1.79%7/11/160.009819-
1.24%7/10/160.0099420.00%7/9/160.0099420.04%7/8/160.0099
380.32%7/7/160.0099060.09%7/6/160.0098970.88%7/5/160.009
8110.68%7/4/160.009745-
0.02%7/3/160.0097470.00%7/2/160.0097470.15%7/1/160.00973
20.10%6/30/160.009722-0.27%6/29/160.009748-
0.30%6/28/160.009777-
0.40%6/27/160.0098160.42%6/26/160.0097750.00%6/25/160.00
97750.70%6/24/160.0097072.09%6/23/160.009508-
0.60%6/22/160.009565-
0.17%6/21/160.0095810.10%6/20/160.009571-
0.29%6/19/160.0095990.00%6/18/160.0095990.15%6/17/160.00
95850.28%6/16/160.0095581.42%6/15/160.009424-
0.11%6/14/160.0094340.21%6/13/160.0094140.71%6/12/160.00
93480.00%6/11/160.009348-0.01%6/10/160.009349-
0.27%6/9/160.0093740.32%6/8/160.0093440.49%6/7/160.00929
8-0.45%6/6/160.00934-
0.47%6/5/160.0093840.00%6/4/160.0093841.49%6/3/160.00924
60.81%6/2/160.0091720.86%6/1/160.0090940.94%5/31/160.009
0090.04%5/30/160.009005-
0.64%5/29/160.0090630.00%5/28/160.009063-
0.43%5/27/160.009102-
0.01%5/26/160.0091030.26%5/25/160.009079-
0.48%5/24/160.0091230.01%5/23/160.0091220.50%5/22/160.00
90770.00%5/21/160.0090770.03%5/20/160.009074-
0.15%5/19/160.009088-0.55%5/18/160.009138-
0.25%5/17/160.009161-0.29%5/16/160.009188-
0.13%5/15/160.00920.00%5/14/160.00920.17%5/13/160.009184
-0.04%5/12/160.009188-
0.08%5/11/160.0091950.14%5/10/160.009182-
0.96%5/9/160.009271-
0.66%5/8/160.0093330.00%5/7/160.009333-
0.12%5/6/160.0093440.14%5/5/160.009331-
0.24%5/4/160.009353-
0.74%5/3/160.0094230.37%5/2/160.009388-
0.13%5/1/160.00940.00%4/30/160.00940.82%4/29/160.0093241

.85%4/28/160.0091551.86%4/27/160.008988-
0.14%4/26/160.0090010.13%4/25/160.0089890.50%4/24/160.00
89440.00%4/23/160.008944-1.16%4/22/160.009049-
0.77%4/21/160.009119-0.37%4/20/160.009153-
0.11%4/19/160.009163-
0.67%4/18/160.0092250.37%4/17/160.0091910.00%4/16/160.00
91910.34%4/15/160.009160.13%4/14/160.009148-
0.26%4/13/160.009172-0.66%4/12/160.009233-
0.26%4/11/160.0092570.08%4/10/160.009250.00%4/9/160.0092
50.45%4/8/160.0092090.16%4/7/160.0091941.32%4/6/160.0090
740.42%4/5/160.0090360.72%4/4/160.0089710.28%4/3/160.008
9460.00%4/2/160.0089460.36%4/1/160.0089140.20%3/31/160.0
088960.07%3/30/160.008890.81%3/29/160.0088190.05%3/28/1
60.008815-0.26%3/27/160.0088380.00%3/26/160.008838-
0.08%3/25/160.008845-0.34%3/24/160.008875-
0.16%3/23/160.008889-0.48%3/22/160.008932-
0.35%3/21/160.0089630.01%3/20/160.0089620.00%3/19/160.00
8962-
0.17%3/18/160.0089770.48%3/17/160.0089341.30%3/16/160.00
8819-
0.09%3/15/160.0088270.42%3/14/160.008790.13%3/13/160.008
7790.00%3/12/160.008779-0.34%3/11/160.008809-
0.05%3/10/160.008813-
0.65%3/9/160.0088710.20%3/8/160.0088530.60%3/7/160.00880
.16%3/6/160.0087860.01%3/5/160.008785-
0.06%3/4/160.008790.02%3/3/160.0087880.19%3/2/160.008771
-
0.84%3/1/160.0088450.10%2/29/160.0088360.73%2/28/160.008
7720.00%2/27/160.008772-0.74%2/26/160.008837-
0.67%2/25/160.008897-
0.53%2/24/160.0089440.43%2/23/160.0089060.60%2/22/160.00
8853-
0.29%2/21/160.0088790.00%2/20/160.0088790.26%2/19/160.00
88560.83%2/18/160.0087830.16%2/17/160.0087690.18%2/16/1
60.008753-0.21%2/15/160.008771-
0.63%2/14/160.0088270.00%2/13/160.008827-

0.55%2/12/160.008876-
0.21%2/11/160.0088951.97%2/10/160.0087230.38%2/9/160.008
691.34%2/8/160.0085750.26%2/7/160.0085530.00%2/6/160.008
553-
0.04%2/5/160.0085560.59%2/4/160.0085061.37%2/3/160.00839
11.21%2/2/160.0082910.50%2/1/160.00825-
0.05%1/31/160.0082540.00%1/30/160.008254-
0.69%1/29/160.008311-1.32%1/28/160.008422-
0.26%1/27/160.008444-
0.13%1/26/160.0084550.25%1/25/160.0084340.20%1/24/160.00
84170.00%1/23/160.008417-0.56%1/22/160.008464-
0.84%1/21/160.008536-
0.25%1/20/160.0085570.69%1/19/160.008498-
0.36%1/18/160.008529-
0.15%1/17/160.0085420.00%1/16/160.0085420.36%1/15/160.00
85110.24%1/14/160.0084910.27%1/13/160.008468-
0.35%1/12/160.008498-0.21%1/11/160.008516-
0.12%1/10/160.0085260.01%1/9/160.0085250.64%1/8/160.0084
71-
0.06%1/7/160.0084760.58%1/6/160.0084270.48%1/5/160.00838
70.22%1/4/160.0083690.61%1/3/160.0083180.00%1/2/160.0083
180.00%1/1/160.008318-
6.71%12/31/170.0088760.00%12/30/170.0088760.00%12/29/17
0.0088760.24%12/28/170.0088550.29%12/27/170.0088290.00%
12/26/170.0088290.06%12/25/170.0088240.02%12/24/170.0088
220.00%12/23/170.0088220.00%12/22/170.0088220.07%12/21/
170.008816-0.23%12/20/170.008836-0.38%12/19/170.00887-
0.14%12/18/170.0088820.07%12/17/170.008876-
0.24%12/16/170.0088970.00%12/15/170.0088970.17%12/14/17
0.0088820.52%12/13/170.0088360.31%12/12/170.008809-
0.03%12/11/170.0088120.03%12/10/170.008809-
0.06%12/9/170.0088140.00%12/8/170.008814-
0.67%12/7/170.008873-
0.41%12/6/170.0089090.31%12/5/170.0088810.17%12/4/170.00
8866-0.53%12/3/170.008913-
0.04%12/2/170.0089170.22%12/1/170.008897-

0.10%11/30/170.008906-0.52%11/29/170.008952-
0.37%11/28/170.008985-
0.07%11/27/170.0089910.33%11/26/170.008961-
0.11%11/25/170.0089710.00%11/24/170.008971-
0.20%11/23/170.0089890.56%11/22/170.0089390.55%11/21/17
0.00889-0.18%11/20/170.008906-
0.17%11/19/170.0089210.00%11/18/170.0089210.29%11/17/17
0.0088950.55%11/16/170.008846-
0.06%11/15/170.0088510.53%11/14/170.008804-
0.05%11/13/170.0088080.01%11/12/170.0088070.00%11/11/17
0.008807-
0.07%11/10/170.0088130.08%11/9/170.0088060.16%11/8/170.0
087920.25%11/7/170.008770.08%11/6/170.008763-
0.05%11/5/170.0087670.00%11/4/170.0087670.02%11/3/170.00
8765-0.07%11/2/170.008771-0.01%11/1/170.008772-
0.55%10/31/170.008820.07%10/30/170.0088140.20%10/29/170.
0087960.27%10/28/170.0087720.00%10/27/170.008772-
0.21%10/26/170.008790.08%10/25/170.008783-
0.13%10/24/170.0087940.01%10/23/170.008793-
0.15%10/22/170.008806-0.02%10/21/170.008808-
0.18%10/20/170.008824-0.56%10/19/170.008873-
0.02%10/18/170.008875-0.42%10/17/170.008912-
0.25%10/16/170.008934-
0.08%10/15/170.0089410.03%10/14/170.0089380.11%10/13/17
0.0089280.28%10/12/170.0089030.04%10/11/170.0088990.07%
10/10/170.0088930.18%10/9/170.008877-
0.01%10/8/170.0088780.03%10/7/170.0088750.19%10/6/170.00
8858-0.15%10/5/170.008871-
0.06%10/4/170.0088760.26%10/3/170.008853-
0.16%10/2/170.008867-
0.17%10/1/170.0088820.00%9/30/170.008882-
0.02%9/29/170.0088840.10%9/28/170.0088750.03%9/27/170.00
8872-
0.70%9/26/170.0089340.09%9/25/170.0089260.22%9/24/170.00
8906-
0.26%9/23/170.0089290.02%9/22/170.0089270.39%9/21/170.00

8892-0.72%9/20/170.008956-0.08%9/19/170.008963-
0.17%9/18/170.008978-0.26%9/17/170.009001-
0.21%9/16/170.00902-0.11%9/15/170.00903-
0.23%9/14/170.009051-0.19%9/13/170.009068-
0.44%9/12/170.009108-0.90%9/11/170.00919-
0.49%9/10/170.009235-
0.41%9/9/170.0092730.02%9/8/170.0092710.84%9/7/170.00919
30.13%9/6/170.0091810.20%9/5/170.0091630.49%9/4/170.0091
180.09%9/3/170.009110.45%9/2/170.009069-
0.10%9/1/170.0090780.17%8/31/170.009063-
0.23%8/30/170.009084-
1.01%8/29/170.0091760.15%8/28/170.0091620.12%8/27/170.00
91510.16%8/26/170.0091360.04%8/25/170.009132-
0.15%8/24/170.009146-
0.07%8/23/170.0091520.11%8/22/170.009142-
0.33%8/21/170.0091720.28%8/20/170.009146-
0.08%8/19/170.009153-
0.04%8/18/170.0091570.58%8/17/170.0091040.69%8/16/170.00
9041-0.15%8/15/170.009055-0.77%8/14/170.009125-
0.38%8/13/170.009160.02%8/12/170.009158-
0.10%8/11/170.0091670.52%8/10/170.0091190.23%8/9/170.009
0980.53%8/8/170.009050.24%8/7/170.0090280.02%8/6/170.009
026-0.06%8/5/170.009031-0.30%8/4/170.009058-
0.01%8/3/170.0090590.24%8/2/170.009037-
0.32%8/1/170.0090660.15%7/31/170.0090520.13%7/30/170.009
040.10%7/29/170.0090310.21%7/28/170.0090120.23%7/27/170.
0089910.47%7/26/170.008949-0.27%7/25/170.008973-
0.40%7/24/170.0090090.11%7/23/170.0089990.04%7/22/170.00
89950.30%7/21/170.0089680.46%7/20/170.008927-
0.08%7/19/170.0089340.16%7/18/170.008920.43%7/17/170.008
882-
0.07%7/16/170.0088880.00%7/15/170.0088880.39%7/14/170.00
88530.21%7/13/170.0088340.15%7/12/170.0088210.70%7/11/1
70.008759-0.02%7/10/170.008761-
0.16%7/9/170.0087750.00%7/8/170.008775-
0.23%7/7/170.008795-

0.43%7/6/170.0088330.06%7/5/170.008828-
0.06%7/4/170.008833-0.34%7/3/170.008863-
0.35%7/2/170.0088940.00%7/1/170.008894-
0.29%6/30/170.008920.21%6/29/170.008901-
0.15%6/28/170.008914-0.20%6/27/170.008932-
0.41%6/26/170.008969-
0.13%6/25/170.0089810.00%6/24/170.008981-
0.06%6/23/170.008986-
0.04%6/22/170.008990.11%6/21/170.008980.21%6/20/170.0089
61-0.40%6/19/170.008997-
0.19%6/18/170.0090140.00%6/17/170.0090140.11%6/16/170.00
9004-0.93%6/15/170.009088-
0.18%6/14/170.0091040.18%6/13/170.0090880.03%6/12/170.00
90850.28%6/11/170.009060.00%6/10/170.00906-
0.06%6/9/170.009065-0.33%6/8/170.009095-
0.43%6/7/170.0091340.23%6/6/170.0091130.71%6/5/170.00904
8-
0.08%6/4/170.0090550.00%6/3/170.0090550.66%6/2/170.00899
5-0.06%6/1/170.009-
0.24%5/31/170.0090220.11%5/30/170.0090120.32%5/29/170.00
89830.03%5/28/170.008980.00%5/27/170.008980.02%5/26/170.
0089780.31%5/25/170.008950.11%5/24/170.00894-
0.53%5/23/170.0089870.04%5/22/170.008983-
0.04%5/21/170.0089870.00%5/20/170.0089870.09%5/19/170.00
8979-
0.32%5/18/170.0090080.99%5/17/170.0089191.17%5/16/170.00
88150.05%5/15/170.008811-
0.11%5/14/170.0088210.00%5/13/170.0088210.23%5/12/170.00
88010.39%5/11/170.008767-0.10%5/10/170.008776-
0.23%5/9/170.008796-0.78%5/8/170.008865-
0.06%5/7/170.008870.00%5/6/170.00887-
0.23%5/5/170.008890.22%5/4/170.00887-0.45%5/3/170.00891-
0.17%5/2/170.008925-0.34%5/1/170.008955-
0.11%4/30/170.0089650.00%4/29/170.008965-
0.19%4/28/170.008982-
0.06%4/27/170.0089870.03%4/26/170.008984-

0.81%4/25/170.009057-0.33%4/24/170.009087-
0.85%4/23/170.0091640.00%4/22/170.0091640.07%4/21/170.00
9158-0.11%4/20/170.009168-
0.28%4/19/170.0091940.07%4/18/170.009188-
0.34%4/17/170.0092190.21%4/16/170.00920.00%4/15/170.0092
0.18%4/14/170.0091830.13%4/13/170.0091710.49%4/12/170.00
91260.76%4/11/170.0090570.74%4/10/170.00899-
0.12%4/9/170.0090010.00%4/8/170.009001-
0.30%4/7/170.009028-
0.08%4/6/170.0090350.19%4/5/170.009018-
0.24%4/4/170.009040.59%4/3/170.0089870.12%4/2/170.008976
0.00%4/1/170.0089760.32%3/31/170.008947-
0.44%3/30/170.008986-0.18%3/29/170.009002-
0.39%3/28/170.009037-
0.20%3/27/170.0090550.83%3/26/170.008980.00%3/25/170.008
98-
0.19%3/24/170.0089970.02%3/23/170.0089950.17%3/22/170.00
8980.95%3/21/170.0088950.20%3/20/170.0088770.09%3/19/17
0.0088690.00%3/18/170.0088690.35%3/17/170.0088380.16%3/
16/170.0088241.09%3/15/170.0087280.25%3/14/170.008706-
0.11%3/13/170.0087160.09%3/12/170.0087080.01%3/11/170.00
87070.29%3/10/170.008682-0.48%3/9/170.008724-
0.46%3/8/170.008764-0.11%3/7/170.008774-
0.10%3/6/170.0087830.17%3/5/170.0087680.00%3/4/170.00876
80.24%3/3/170.008747-0.11%3/2/170.008757-
0.63%3/1/170.008812-0.99%2/28/170.008899-
0.09%2/27/170.008907-0.04%2/26/170.008911-
0.01%2/25/170.0089120.28%2/24/170.0088870.48%2/23/170.00
88440.26%2/22/170.0088210.15%2/21/170.008808-
0.40%2/20/170.008843-
0.21%2/19/170.0088620.00%2/18/170.0088620.24%2/17/170.00
88410.54%2/16/170.0087930.59%2/15/170.008741-
0.59%2/14/170.0087930.05%2/13/170.008789-
0.44%2/12/170.0088280.00%2/11/170.0088280.24%2/10/170.00
8807-0.99%2/9/170.008894-0.24%2/8/170.008915-
0.10%2/7/170.0089240.30%2/6/170.0088970.21%2/5/170.00887

80.00%2/4/170.0088780.23%2/3/170.008858-
0.14%2/2/170.008870.45%2/1/170.008830.12%1/31/170.008819
0.90%1/30/170.008740.63%1/29/170.0086850.00%1/28/170.008
685-0.14%1/27/170.008697-0.97%1/26/170.008781-
0.20%1/25/170.008799-
0.41%1/24/170.0088350.34%1/23/170.0088050.93%1/22/170.00
8723-0.01%1/21/170.0087240.23%1/20/170.008704-
0.07%1/19/170.00871-
1.38%1/18/170.008830.18%1/17/170.0088140.64%1/16/170.008
7580.34%1/15/170.0087280.00%1/14/170.0087280.21%1/13/17
0.00871-0.25%1/12/170.0087321.25%1/11/170.008623-
0.13%1/10/170.0086340.91%1/9/170.0085550.13%1/8/170.0085
44-0.01%1/7/170.008545-
0.76%1/6/170.008610.13%1/5/170.0085991.19%1/4/170.008497
0.00%1/3/170.008497-
0.53%1/2/170.0085420.00%1/1/170.008542
Exchange Rate Fluctuations (Yen)
…
Sheet1Country 3-month interest rate (%)3-month Expected
Inflation(%)Argentina9.258.1Australia0.390.45Brazil1.851.2Ca
nada0.550.42China1.150.9Euro0.100.41India1.881.32Japan0.01
0.62Malaysia1.220.55Mexico2.350.92New
Zealand0.3960.67South
Korea0.420.63Sweden00.32Switzerland00.4Thailand0.580.35U
K0.2150.58USA0.260.5
Sheet2
Project currency assignment
To find your currency assignment for the term project, go to
Grades, and check your number for

“Project currency”. That number corresponds to the foreign
currency cash flow table listed in the
main project document and below. For example, if your number
for “Project currency
assignment” is 1, you are assigned with #1, Argentina Peso,
with a net exposure of 152,500,000
ARS; if your number is 8, your assignment is #8, Japanese Yen,
with a net exposure of negative
925,000,000 Yen (cash outflow).
Net Transaction Exposure for the currency chosen for your
MNC
(parentheses indicate cash outflow of the foreign currency)
Country Currency Net Exposure Country Currency Net
Exposure
1. Argentina Peso 152,500,000 9. Malaysia Ringgit
(81,520,000)
2. Australia Dollar (12,750,000) 10. Mexico Peso 126,350,000
3. Brazil Real 55,800,000 11. New Zealand Dollar (23,250,000)
4. Canada Dollar (22,600,000) 12. South Korea Won
7,650,000,000
5. China Renminbi 60,250,000 13. Sweden Krona (10,300,000)

6. Eurozone Euro (20,465,000) 14. Switzerland Franc
54,750,000
7. India Rupee 687,500,000 15. Thailand Baht (58,915,000)
8. Japan Yen (925,000,000) 16. UK Pound 9,750,000
Dollar
Marriage & Family
F258
FAMILY
Family
WHAT IS A FAMILY?
How do you define family?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yaeiCEro0iU

FAMILY
How do we study families?
Family Systems Theory
Conflict Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Living Systems
&
Reductionism
Reductionism
Any organized entity is
composed of smaller parts
can be understood by reducing it to its smallest part.
Living systems are non-reductionistic.
Family systems are living systems.
Not to be reduced… to its single parts
4
Reductionism—the parts of the elephant
Definitions of Systems
Definition 1:
“A whole is made up of interacting parts…
You can’t add these parts together to get the total system—
the system is more than the sum of its parts.”
Definition 2:
“A family system is a social and/or biological construction
made up of a set of people related by blood or intention.”

5
Family Systems Theory
The family systems theory is a theory introduced by Dr. Murray
Bowen that suggests that individuals cannot be understood in
isolation from one another, but rather as a part of their family,
as the family is an emotional unit
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-GK7LaT5rxY
Elements in System
Members interact in reciprocal relationships, responding to one
another in the context of roles.
Interaction – the interplay between members
Reciprocity – both parties influence one another through their
interactions
Roles – a character or function one plays
7
Wholeness
To understand the family, it is necessary to look at it in its
entirety – not just at one or some parts.
8

Homeostasis
The tendency of a system to return to a state of equilibrium
This is counteracted by the need for change in a living system
(or the natural state of change in living system)
9
Epigenesis
Whatever we do early in our lives and in our relationships has a
significant impact on what happens later in our lives.
This is why your early experiences in your family have such an
impact on you and why it’s difficult (but not impossible) to
change long-standing patterns.
Can you think of an example?
10
Equifinality & Equipotentiality
Equifinality -Many beginnings can lead to the same outcome.
Equipotentiality -- the same beginnings can result in different
outcomes.

11
Subsystems
Smaller units in the larger system sharing the characteristics of
the larger system
Because of subsystems, you have multiple identities in the
system
Examples?
12
Alliances –
Weaker elements in a system join with stronger (or combine
with other weak ones) to counter a stronger element.
13
Conflict Theory
Inequity principle
Inequality in resource distribution creates conflict.
Resources are almost never equally distributed.
Struggle and synthesis principle
Families struggle with distribution of resources.
Families that are best able to distribute resources are best able
to achieve synthesis (i.e., combine elements into a coherent
whole)

14
Social Exchange Theory/ Rational Choice
Self interest theories
People maximize self interest by making rational choices that
maximize profit and minimize loss in interactions
Equality in relationships
When partners are more equal, more likely the relationship will
be stronger and that goals of the relationship will be achieved.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C6RFvROskM8
15
Symbolic Interaction Theory
Perception as reality
That which is perceived as real is real in its effects.
Role strain
This occurs when filling one role causes conflict with another
role.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFQIIM8IRZU
16

Healthy Families
What CHARACTERISTICS do we see in healthy families?
18
Affirmation and support for each other
Family members are supportive of each other in the face of
stress
Family members encourage each other in both stressful and non-
stressful times
19
A clear sense of membership in the family
Family members know who is in and who is out of the family
Family members also feel valued in that family membership
20
Sharing of responsibilities (and flexibility in carrying out tasks)
Family members extend their responsibility beyond their own—
they watch out for each other and help each other out.
If someone in the family needs help, others step in.

21
A balance of interaction (sharing some information, respecting
privacy in other ways)
Information is shared when needed and, when privacy (not
secrecy) is desired, it’s respected
22
Effective communication (of both thoughts and feelings). This
includes listening, one of the toughest things to do.
This is crucial for maintaining relationships.
23
Family rituals (especially critical are rituals of connection)
Families maintain connection through ritual
Family membership declared through ritual (I.e., who is in and
who is out of the family)
24
A clear understanding of rules, but flexibility in implementing
them
Remember that most rules are hidden
Rule sets are coherent (I.e., consistent with each other)
Absence of double binds and inconsistent application of rules

25
An overall positive outlook
Since you find what you’re looking for, if you look for
positives, you ‘ll find them; if you look for negatives, you’ll
find them, too.
Positive outlook increases likelihood of positive behavior being
reinforced.
26
Playfulness with one another (i.e., family leisure, recreation)
The family that plays together stays together
Gives you opportunities to “let communication happen” (e.g.,
son and dad at batting cage, talking about school, the dreaded
“sex” talk)
27
A sense of humor (affirming, not hurtful)
Humor, in and of itself, isn’t enough. It has to be
affirming/gentle
Humor helps you get through tough times – reduces stress
Evidence that humor/laughter improves a person’s immune
system
28

A shared core of religious/ spiritual/ values/ beliefs
Essentially, this is a shared world view
Shared world view allows you to see and relate to things
similarly
Does not need to be an organized religion
29
Behavior that indicates knowing right from wrong along with
efforts to do right and avoid wrong
It is not enough to know what is moral, but to act on that belief
Remember the saying “actions speak louder than words”
Remember correction is more valuable than punishment
30
Valuing of service to the community (i.e. to others)
Make contributions by doing things like volunteering time or
helping out (e.g., coaching youth sports, helping with blood
drives, leading church choir, mentoring a child or community
member, advocating for something)
31
A broader sense of connection to the larger community and to
the extended family
Connection extends beyond the immediate family to other
relatives and friends in the community
This boils down to the idea that we are not isolated

32
An absence of drugs and/or alcohol abuse and/or overuse
This includes over the counter drugs and prescription drugs
Remember that overuse or abuse of legal drugs may be an
indicator of stress in the family rather than a cause of stress/
dysfunction
33
An absence of the use of force, coercion or manipulation
This includes spanking – the use of force teaches force
Again, correction vs. punishment
Seeking win/win outcomes
34
An ability to come together to cope effectively with a crisis
Don’t single out one person as “the problem” who has to solve
her/his own problem
We all share a part in the problem if we aren’t all seeking
solutions
Work together as a team to solve a problem
35

A willingness to recognize that they may have problems that are
bigger than they can handle and are willing to seek outside help
Just because they are healthy doesn’t mean they can deal with
all problems
Healthy families recognize their limitations and seek outside
resources when needed
36
Family obligations
Unconditional view
Conditional view
Friendship view
Which do you agree?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7cOwQQDI7o
Family Beliefs and Ideologies
38
Family Ideology
A set of beliefs, standards, and values that are shared by all

family members
Also called a family paradigm (Reiss defined it as a set of
beliefs shared by all family members – not individual)
39
Development of Family Beliefs
Develop in the Broader Social and Cultural Context
Are influenced by the broader social and cultural context
Influence how we interpret the beliefs of the broader social and
cultural context
What does this mean?
40
Character of Family Beliefs
They are Seen as "Truth" by Members i.e., “It’s just that way it
is.”
Socialization of young children
Exposure from birth
Because they are learned at such an early age, we may not
question them or struggle with them, if we see our beliefs
becoming inconsistent with them.
41
Forming “Family” Ideology

Formative period
Borrowed or invented
Drawn by “new family” members from their earlier family
beliefs (as simple as coffee brand)
Created to fit new situations when old beliefs don’t fit
Family rituals will have meaning for this
(later in the semester)
42
Configurations of Beliefs in Families
Shared beliefs in families
These are beliefs that are held in common by family members
Individual beliefs of family members
These are held by individual family members,
Family members may or may not know about each other’s
individual beliefs
Assumptions of beliefs as “shared”
We may think that beliefs are shared, but, in fact, this may be
inaccurate
Learning beliefs that were believed to be shared are not shared
can be very stressful
43
Important Concept Regarding Levels of Abstraction in Family
Ideology
Text presents three levels of abstraction
1st , 2nd order change, deeper ideological schemata

Important to remember that, for each level of beliefs, there
likely are deeper, more abstract beliefs that influence the more
basic, concrete level
44
Insider’s Perspective
Insider's Perspective on Family (and how one's actions relate to
that family)
The view of family that we develop by living in a family
Helps us to “do” family, but also makes it hard to see other
types of families as acceptable
45
Types of Family Paradigms
46
Closed family paradigm
Fundamental beliefs emphasize continuity, steadiness, and
conventional ways of thinking
Clear boundaries
Emphasis on predictability and stability

47
Open family paradigm
Fundamental beliefs emphasize dialogue, communication,
patience, and a willingness to change
Negotiation and collaboration
Sharing of ideas, democracy, consensus
Flexibility
48
Random family paradigm
Fundamental beliefs emphasize discontinuity, change, and a
radical focus on the present
Novelty, creativity, individuality
Rigidly emphasize individuality, lack of restraint and high
levels of freedom
Appear to be “rule free”
49
Synchronous family paradigm
Fundamental beliefs emphasize harmony, tranquility, mutual
identification
Decisions based on a non-intellectual sense of unity
Try to act in harmonious agreement

50
What Are Family Rituals?
Family rituals are built around common symbols and symbolic
actions. They are familiar to family members and this
familiarity provides an emotional anchor. They provide a sense
of safety and acceptance to members -- (Imber -Black &
Roberts)
Differ from rituals that revolve church activity
Differ from traditions that generally occur consistently across
generations
51
What do Rituals look like?
Rituals are composed of metaphors, symbols and actions that
are “packaged” in a highly condensed dramatic form to establish
and maintain family identity
Rituals are time-bound and space-bound, and provide a sense of
psychological safety and membership in a group for
participants.
Barnharts’ Family Christmas Eve Ritual
Gather around the tree just before bed-time
Each of the older siblings finds the package under the tree from
Paternal Grandparents for the younger siblings
Younger siblings open their gifts and then find the older sibling
gift to hand them
Everyone puts on their new pajamas and gathers for a picture to
send off to their paternal grandparents
52

Similarities between rituals & routines (Big R little r)
Rituals and routines may be similar in appearance
Involve more than one family member,
Involve overt behavior,
Repetition of form and content,
Continuity and change may be seen in both
53
Differences between ritual & routines
Differ in amount of emotion involved
Differ in amount of symbolism
Behavior in rituals is relatively unique, unusual and
extraordinary
Rituals involve unique staging: preparation, enactment, and
return to normal
Little rituals might be as simple as parents reading to small
children before tucking them in for the night, or hugs and kisses
before going out for the day
54
Sequence/staging of Rituals
Preparation
Enactment
Return to normal
55

Typology of Rituals
(Imber-Black, Roberts & Whiting, 1989)
Under-ritualized
family neither celebrates or marks family changes nor join much
in larger societal rituals
Rigidly ritualized
very prescribed behaviors, rituals tend to stay the same over
time rather than evolving
56
Typology of Rituals (2)
Skewed ritualization
one side or aspect of family is emphasized over others
Hollow ritual as event, not process
Rituals observed out of obligation, with little real meaning
57
Typology of Rituals (3)
Ritual process interrupted or unable to be openly experienced
At time of sudden change or traumatic events, the family is
unable to fully experience the whole ritual process.
Flexibility to adapt rituals
The ability to change rituals to better meet the needs/desires of
family members.
58

Ritual Themes (Imber-Black & Roberts)
Individual rituals can fit one, some, or all of these themes
Membership
Ability to participate in ritual indicates that one is a member of
the group
E.g., Being able to participate in family photo after you are
married to your partner, but not before
59
Ritual Themes (2)
Identity
Your role in the ritual indicates your identity or a change in
identity in the family
E.g., wedding ceremony
60
Ritual Themes (3)
Belief Expression and Negotiation
Ritual may involve symbolic expression of beliefs
E.g., At Thanksgiving, going around table and allowing
everyone to go around and express thanks for being a member
of the family; children’s prayers at bedtime
Family is safe place to express and negotiate differences in
beliefs
61
Ritual Themes (4)

Celebration
Family members come together to celebrate some aspect of the
life of one or more members or of the family in general
E.g., Mom and Dad’s 50th wedding anniversary; birthdays
62
Ritual Themes (5)
Healing
Intended to produce personal and relational healing
Remembering and honoring the dead
Communal coming together to provide support and care for each
other
63
Rules
64
Social Norms

Cultural beliefs that
prescribe (order or direct) certain behaviors
and proscribe (prohibit) others.
Group norms of acceptable behavior
Include
Laws
Mores (Ideals)
Folkways (Behaviors)
65
How Rules Emerge in Families
Imported from family of origin
(earlier family experiences)
Created to meet “novel situation” of your
new family form
Influenced by media & other social systems
Because family is a social system,
Rules are created through
Negotiation
Collaboration
66
Purpose of rules
Provide system accountability

Provide boundary maintenance
External
Internal
Maintain regularity in system
Patterns of relative predictability
Reinforce family beliefs/ideology
Reinforce family paradigm
67
Family Rules
Act as guidelines for behavior
Develop interactively with family
Beliefs
Ideology
Begin at birth
Develop through process of socialization
68
Redundancies
Rules are known through redundancies,
Repetitive patterns
Of family interactions
That reinforce the rules
What are examples of redundancies?

Are all rules purposeful/ useful to the continuing existence of
the family?
69
Explicit (Overt or Known)
Visible, stated clearly
10% of all family rules
Have been discovered and/or talked about
More formalized
The forms of rules we tend to list when first asked to identify
rules
Usually stand unless specifically changed
70
Implicit (Covert or Unknown)
Tied to more abstract thinking
90% of all family rules
Hidden from view
Being hidden makes them powerful
Accepted as “how things are”
– basic structure of the family belief system
Creates more misinterpretation
Often assumed that family members
understand and

go by the rules
71
Examples of Rules
Beliefs and Opinions about:
Bedtime
Hurting each other/Verbally or Physically
Children/Adults using alcohol and other drugs
Smoking cigarettes
Telling lies/Tattling
Dating/Curfew
Sex
Breaking promises
Privacy
Respect
72
Rules & Expectations
What are some important stated rules in your family?
What are some important but unstated rules in your family?
What are some key expectations your family has for you?
What are the consequences of not following family rules or
meeting the expectations?
What might happen short-term or long-run?

73
Other Examples of “Rules”
Emotion expression
Anger
Affection
Family Secret
74
Stress and the Family
75
Family Stress and Resiliency
ABC-X Model of family stress
76

ABC-X Model of Family Crisis
A- stressor event
Interacting with
B- family’s ability to cope with a crisis
Interacting with
C- family’s appraisal of the stressor event
Produces
X- The stressor
77
Factors in Defining a Stressful Event
Nature of the stressor
The degree of hardship or the kind of problems the stressor
creates
The families previous successful experience in the event crises
childhood legacies of adult Family members
78
Meeting Crisis Creatively
A positive outlook
Spiritual values and support groups
Open, supportive communication
Adaptability
Informal social support
An extended family

Community resources
79
Types of stressor events
Strategies for dealing with stress
Top 5 family stressors or crisis *HealthStatus
Death of a loved one
Divorce
Moving
Major illness
Job loss
81
FAMILIES IN CRISIS
VIOLENCE
ABUSE
NEGLECT
POVERTY
DIVORCE
ADDICTION
ABUSE AND NEGLECT
TYPES

NEGLECT
SELF-NEGLECT
PHYSICAL ABUSE
PSYCHOLOGICAL/EMOTIONAL ABUSE
SEXUAL ABUSE
FINANCIAL/MATERIAL ABUSE/EXPLOITATION
POVERTY
Statistics
The number of families falling into poverty has seen an upward
trend in the last several years.
Poverty has long-term negative impacts for children and
families, and disproportionately affects children of color.
Family poverty is associated with increased child welfare
involvement, housing instability, food insecurity, and chronic
illness.
Extreme poverty in childhood is associated with toxic stress,
which negatively impacts early brain development and may lead
to long-term consequences for learning, behavior, and both
physical and mental health. Poor children are often less ready
for kindergarten and face academic hardships in school; they are
also less likely to complete high school and pursue post-
secondary education.
divorce
Effects of Divorce on Men and Women
Effects on Family

addiction
Statistics
Effects on Family
Family Roles in Addiction
Extended Family
Marriage and Family Interaction
F258
Course requirements
Syllabus
Attendance
Assignments
Guest speakers
Group discussions
WHO AM I?
Biology
Role of genetics
Predetermination vs. influence
Nature vs. nurture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Dv2Hdf5TRg

Identity
IDENTITY/IES
Who are you? How would you describe yourself to a stranger?
How would your closest friends describe you? How did you
become who you are today and what experiences have made
you… you?
As we explore the concept of identity and its significance to
who you are, I encourage you to keep thinking about everything
that makes you unique. Then, ask yourself: how much can
someone know about me just by my appearance—and, perhaps
more importantly, how accurate would they be?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=trqDnLNRuSc
WHAT IS "IDENTITY"?
We are a combination of how we see ourselves and how others
see us. The aspects of our "selves" that make up who we are,
and the way we relate to social and historical categories, are
called identities. Many of these aspects change over time.
Therefore, our identities are not fixed and can shift based on
context, experience, and many other factors.
The way we see ourselves is not always how we are viewed by
others, which can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts in
life.

Identity and SeLFHOOD
SELF
Your “Self” is the totality of your:
Characteristics Memories Personhood
Identity
Your “identity” is what it means to be “you” in a specific
Context
The practices and categories you identify with
Your commitment to a set of: Goals, Values, Preferences,
Interests
Types of IDENTITY
Social- RACE, Religion,
CULTURE.NATIONALITY,GENDER,CLASS
ROLES- OCCUPATIONAL, FAMILIAL, ORGANIZATIONAL
PERSONAL- VALUES, APPEARANCE, PERSONALITY,
APTITUDE

Gender
Gender identity
The way you view yourself as either male or female
Combination of biology and culture
Gender roles
The way in which the roles of being male or female are defined
Gender stereotyping
Broad cultural assumptions or expectations placed on females
or males regarding roles, actions, titles, positions, attire, etc.
9
8 - 10
Gender
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VqsbvG40Ww
Social influences
Social theories of gender
Social role theory: Gender differences result from the
contrasting roles of women and men
Psychoanalytic theory of gender: Preschool child develops a
sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent
Social cognitive theory: Children’s gender development occurs
through observation and imitation of what other people say and
do

10
Personality traits
Hardwired?
Modeled by family
Modeled by peers
Socially accepted
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qYvXk_bqlBk
>OCEAN TEST
Personality (5 factors)
O -- Openness to Experience
Degree to which an individual engages in proactive efforts to
seek out new experience for its own sake. Also, the degree to
which they appreciate and value these experiences.
C – Conscientiousness
Work Ethic
Level of organization, motivation, and thoroughness a person
shows in life and in the pursuit of goals.
12

Personality (5 factors)
E -- Extraversion
Delineates how energetic, enthusiastic and outgoing a person is.
Is related to level of confidence in social settings
A – Agreeableness
Describes how sensitive, caring, empathic, altruistic, trusting
N -- Natural Reactions
How emotionally reactive is the individual
Moodiness, sensitivity/hypersensitivity to stress, emotional
lability
13
Who am I?
Parenting style
Authoritarian
Authoritative
Neglectful
Permissive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZ2Hw2_hiK8
8 - 15
Parenting
Baumrind’s parenting styles
Authoritarian parenting
Parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect
their work and effort
Allows little verbal exchange
Associated with children’s social incompetence
Authoritative parenting

Encourages children to be independent but still place limits and
controls on their actions
Extensive verbal give-and-take is allowed
Associated with children’s social competence
15
8 - 16
Parenting
Neglectful parenting
Parent is uninvolved in the child’s life
Associated with children’s social incompetence and lack of self-
control
Indulgent/Permissive parenting
Parents are highly involved with their children but place few
demands or controls on them
Associated with children’s social incompetence and lack of self-
control
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0iUqvEKvGs
16
Who am I?
Self Concept
Social Identity theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hx9RGBcwqoE
Moral Development

-Kohlberg’s theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-WbYOO8nUQ
Who Am I?
Early Child Development
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCscN4zuvd4
Attachment
Secure: Have a positive view of relationships and find it easy to
get close to others
Avoidant: Are hesitant about getting involved in romantic
relationships
Anxious: Demand closeness, are less trusting, more emotional,
jealous, and possessive
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbMUACWyk_Y
Who am I?
Erikson's theory of Socioemotional Development
Initiative vs Guilt (3-5)
Industry vs inferiority (6-puberty)
Identity vs Role confusion (12-18)
Intimacy vs Isolation (early adulthood)
Peers
Social learning theory
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZLx_l5my48
Peer pressure/Group Think

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qLowioBBg1s
8 - 20
Birth Order
Birth order
Compared with later-born children, firstborn children have been
described as more adult-oriented, helpful, conforming, and self-
controlled
Only Child- achievement oriented, leadership skills
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zj0DEebVqJA
20
SES
(Socioeconomic Status)
Lower-SES parents:
More concerned that their children conform to society’s
expectations
Create a home atmosphere in which it is clear that parents have
authority over children, among others
Use more physical punishment
Are more directive and less conversational
Higher-SES parents:
More concerned with developing children’s initiative and delay
of gratification
Less likely to use physical punishment
Create a home atmosphere in which children are more nearly

equal participants and in which rules are discussed
Are less directive and more conversational
SES and school performance
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XCTqnDq3ho
13 - 22
The Transition From Adolescence to Adulthood
HOW DO WE DETERMINE WHEN WE BECOME ADULTS?
Markers of becoming an adult
Holding a full-time job
Economic independence
Taking responsibility for oneself
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Emh8hH3xPc
22
ACE’s
(Adverse Childhood Experiences)
Adverse Childhood Experiences have been linked to
risky health behaviors,
chronic health conditions,
low life potential, and
early death.
As the number of ACEs increases, so does the risk for these
outcomes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95ovIJ3dsNk
There are 10 types of childhood trauma measured in the ACE
Study.
Five are personal — physical abuse, verbal abuse, sexual abuse,
physical neglect, and emotional neglect.
Five are related to other family members: a parent who’s an
alcoholic, a mother who’s a victim of domestic violence, a
family member in jail, a family member diagnosed with a
mental illness, and the disappearance of a parent through
divorce, death or abandonment.
Prior to your 18th birthday:
Did a parent or other adult in the household often or very
often… Swear at you, insult you, put you down, or humiliate
you? or Act in a way that made you afraid that you might be
physically hurt?
No___If Yes, enter 1 __
Did a parent or other adult in the household often or very
often… Push, grab, slap, or throw something at you? or Ever hit
you so hard that you had marks or were injured?
Did an adult or person at least 5 years older than you ever…
Touch or fondle you or have you touch their body in a sexual
way? or Attempt or actually have oral, anal, or vaginal
intercourse with you?
Did you often or very often feel that … No one in your family

loved you or thought you were important or special? or Your
family didn’t look out for each other, feel close to each other,
or support each other?
Did you often or very often feel that … You didn’t have enough
to eat, had to wear dirty clothes, and had no one to protect you?
or Your parents were too drunk or high to take care of you or
take you to the doctor if you needed it?
Were your parents ever separated or divorced?
Was your mother or stepmother:
Often or very often pushed, grabbed, slapped, or had something
thrown at her? or Sometimes, often, or very often kicked, bitten,
hit with a fist, or hit with something hard? or Ever repeatedly
hit over at least a few minutes or threatened with a gun or
knife?
Did you live with anyone who was a problem drinker or
alcoholic, or who used street drugs?
Was a household member depressed or mentally ill, or did a
household member attempt suicide? No___If
Yes, enter 1 __
Did a household member go to prison?
Now add up your “Yes” answers: _ This is your ACE Score
The first research results were published in 1998, followed by
57 other publications through 2011. They showed that:

childhood trauma was very common, even in employed white
middle-class, college-educated people with great health
insurance;
there was a direct link between childhood trauma and adult
onset of chronic disease, as well as depression, suicide, being
violent and a victim of violence;
more types of trauma increased the risk of health, social and
emotional problems.
people usually experience more than one type of trauma – rarely
is it only sex abuse or only verbal abuse.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95ovIJ3dsNk
Divorce
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SnNFW3IIvcc
Divorce May Increase the Risk for Mental Health Problems
Divorce May Increase Behavior Problems
Divorce May Affect Academic Performance

Children With Divorced Parents Are More Likely to Take Risks
Problems That May Extend Into Adulthood
Addiction
According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health
(NSDUH), 19.7 million American adults (aged 12 and older)
battled a substance use disorder in 2017.
Almost 74% of adults suffering from a substance use disorder in
2017 struggled with an alcohol use disorder.
About 38% of adults in 2017 battled an illicit drug use disorder.
That same year, 1 out of every 8 adults struggled with
both alcohol and drug use disorders simultaneously.
In 2017, 8.5 million American adults suffered from both a
mental health disorder and a substance use disorder, or co-
occurring disorders.
Drug abuse and addiction cost American society more than $740
billion annually in lost workplace productivity, healthcare
expenses, and crime-related costs.
addiction
Young adults aged 18-25:
About 5.1 million young adults age 18 to 25 battled a substance
use disorder in 2017, which equates to 14.8% of this population
and about 1 in 7 people.
About 3.4 million young adults age 18 to 25 had an alcohol use
disorder in 2017, or about 10% of young adults.
About 2.5 million young adults had an illicit drug use disorder
in 2017, or about 7.3% of this population.
Heroin use among young adults between 18 and 25 years old
doubled in the past decade.

Addiction
In 2017, about 9.4% of men and 5.2% of women age 12 and
older had a substance use disorder.
Men may be more likely to abuse illicit drugs than women, but
women may be just as prone to addiction as men when they do
abuse them.
Almost twice as many people who are unemployed struggle with
addiction than those who are full-time workers, CNN
Money Around 17% of the unemployed and 9% of the employed
population struggle with a substance use disorder.9
Of the 2.3 million people in American prisons and jails, more
than 65% meet the criteria for addiction.
Around 75% of individuals in a state prison or local jail who
suffer from a mental illness also struggle with substance abuse,
and the opposite is also true.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kMaZ3zwJBEk
Mental Health
1 in 5 U.S. adults experience mental illness each year
1 in 25 U.S. adults experience serious mental illness each year
1 in 6 U.S. youth aged 6-17 experience a mental health disorder
each year
Suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death among people aged
10-34
Mental Health
You Are Not Alone

19.1% of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2018 (47.6
million people). This represents 1 in 5 adults.
4.6% of U.S. adults experienced serious mental illness in 2018
(11.4 million people). This represents 1 in 25 adults.
16.5% of U.S. youth aged 6-17 experienced a mental health
disorder in 2016 (7.7 million people)
3.7% of U.S. adults experienced a co-occurring substance use
disorder and mental illness in 2018 (9.2 million people)
Mental health
The Ripple Effect Of Mental Illness
People with depression have a 40% higher risk of developing
cardiovascular and metabolic diseases than the general
population. People with serious mental illness are nearly twice
as likely to develop these conditions.
19.3% of U.S. adults with mental illness also experienced a
substance use disorder in 2018 (9.2 million individuals)
The rate of unemployment is higher among U.S. adults who
have mental illness (5.8%) compared to those who do not
(3.6%)
High school students with significant symptoms of depression
are more than twice as likely to drop out compared to their
peers

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