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MMAARRKKEETTIINNGG 
PPrriicciinngg SSttrraatteeggiieess 
Prof. Bauer-Ramazani
OOvveerrvviieeww 
 Definition of price 
 Prices in BU113 companies 
 Factors that influence the pricing decision 
 Pricing objectives 
 Three major pricing strategies and their 
advantages and disadvantages 
 Pricing strategies over the product life cycle 
 Pricing tactics
Price -- Definition 
• the amount of money charged for a product or 
service 
• the sum of all the values that consumers 
exchange for the benefits of having or using 
the product or service 
• Examples of “price?” 
– Tuition, rent, fare, retainer, toll, salary/wage, dues
PPrriicceess ---- BBUU111133 CCoommppaanniieess 
• What objectives did the managers have in 
mind when they set their prices?
FFaaccttoorrss iinn SSeettttiinngg PPrriiccee
PPrriicciinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveess 
Volume 
Sales Maximization 
Market Share 
Profit-Maximization 
Meet 
Business 
Objectives 
Profitability 
Target Return Goals 
Other Pricing Objectives 
 Status Quo 
 Image 
 Social & Ethical Considerations
PPrriiccee SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr NNeeww PPrroodduuccttss 
PRICE PRICE PRICE 
Penetration Pricing 
Skimming Pricing 
Skimming  Penetration 
Low price  establish 
product in the market 
High price/Prestige 
pricing 
 appeal to early 
adopters; recover high 
R&D costs 
Lower price over time 
 Move inventory, stimulate 
D, extend product life
Marketing Strategy Over the Product Life Cycle 
INTRODUCTION GROWTH MATURITY DECLINE 
Marketing strategy Market development Increase market Defend market Maintain efficiency in 
emphasis share share exploiting product 
Pricing High price/unique Lower price Price at or below Set price to 
strategy product / cover over time competition remain profitable 
production costs or 
Promotion Mount sales Appeal to Emphasize Reinforce loyal 
Strategy promotion for mass market brand differences, customers; reduce 
product awareness benefits & loyalty promotion costs 
Place strategy Distribute through Build intensive Enlarge Be selective in 
selective outlets network of distribution distribution, trim 
outlets network unprofitable outlets 
reduce to 
Low price/gain liquidate 
market share
DDeetteerrmmiinniinngg PPrriicceess 
Break-even Analysis 
Price- 
Setting 
Tools 
Cost-Oriented - 
Variable/Fixed 
Economic—Supply/Demand
EEllaassttiicciittyy ooff DDeemmaanndd 
measure of the sensitivity of demand to changes in prices 
Inelastic Demand 
Electricity 
Q2 Q1 Quantity 
Price 
PP22 
PP11 
Elastic Demand 
Fast food 
Q1 
QQ22 Quantity 
Price 
PP22 
PP11 
not price sensitive - no real change in demand price sensitive - changes in demand
MMaarrkkeett--bbaasseedd PPrriicciinngg 
 Pricing Existing Products/Services - 3 options 
 Pricing below market prices  price wars 
 EX: airlines, store brand vs. manufacturer’s brand 
 Dumping 
 Pricing above prevailing market prices for 
similar products 
 EX: Sony  higher price = higher quality? 
 Pricing at or near market prices
PPrriicciinngg TTaaccttiiccss 
 Price Lining 
• Price points: Setting a limited number of prices for 
certain categories of products 
 Psychological Pricing 
• Odd-even 
 Discounting 
• Quantity discounts 
• Cash discounts (2/10 net 30) 
 Web programs: free!
ba Cost-basseedd PPrriicciinngg ((CCoosstt--PPlluuss)) 
1. Cover ccoossttss 
 Material 
 Labor 
 Capital resources 
 Marketing 
22.. MMaarrkk--uupp 
variable costs 
fixed costs 
 Targeted return for shareholders 
 CCoossttss + mmaarrkk--uupp == SSaalleess pprriiccee 
$$11..0000 ++ $$00..5500 == $$11..5500 ((5500%% mmaarrkkuupp))
Mark-uupp CCaallccuullaattiioonn –– EExxeerrcciissee 
1. Price per product 
2. Less the cost per product (what you paid 
the supplier, e.g. total cost paid / # of items 
purchased) 
% MARK - UP = Dollar Mark - Up 
Sales Price
BBrreeaakkeevveenn AAnnaallyyssiiss 
TC = TR
P Breakeven Pooiinntt FFoorrmmuullaa 
BREAKEVEN QUANTITY = Fixed Costs 
Price/unit – Variable cost/unit 
(Contribution Margin)
Review 
• 5 Factors that influence prices 
• Pricing objectives 
• Pricing strategies at different stages of the 
Product Life Cycle (advantages/disadvantages) 
• Methods of Determining Prices 
– Elasticity of demand 
– Mark-up 
– Breakeven Analysis

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Marketing Pricing Strategies

  • 2. OOvveerrvviieeww  Definition of price  Prices in BU113 companies  Factors that influence the pricing decision  Pricing objectives  Three major pricing strategies and their advantages and disadvantages  Pricing strategies over the product life cycle  Pricing tactics
  • 3. Price -- Definition • the amount of money charged for a product or service • the sum of all the values that consumers exchange for the benefits of having or using the product or service • Examples of “price?” – Tuition, rent, fare, retainer, toll, salary/wage, dues
  • 4. PPrriicceess ---- BBUU111133 CCoommppaanniieess • What objectives did the managers have in mind when they set their prices?
  • 6. PPrriicciinngg OObbjjeeccttiivveess Volume Sales Maximization Market Share Profit-Maximization Meet Business Objectives Profitability Target Return Goals Other Pricing Objectives  Status Quo  Image  Social & Ethical Considerations
  • 7. PPrriiccee SSttrraatteeggiieess ffoorr NNeeww PPrroodduuccttss PRICE PRICE PRICE Penetration Pricing Skimming Pricing Skimming  Penetration Low price  establish product in the market High price/Prestige pricing  appeal to early adopters; recover high R&D costs Lower price over time  Move inventory, stimulate D, extend product life
  • 8. Marketing Strategy Over the Product Life Cycle INTRODUCTION GROWTH MATURITY DECLINE Marketing strategy Market development Increase market Defend market Maintain efficiency in emphasis share share exploiting product Pricing High price/unique Lower price Price at or below Set price to strategy product / cover over time competition remain profitable production costs or Promotion Mount sales Appeal to Emphasize Reinforce loyal Strategy promotion for mass market brand differences, customers; reduce product awareness benefits & loyalty promotion costs Place strategy Distribute through Build intensive Enlarge Be selective in selective outlets network of distribution distribution, trim outlets network unprofitable outlets reduce to Low price/gain liquidate market share
  • 9. DDeetteerrmmiinniinngg PPrriicceess Break-even Analysis Price- Setting Tools Cost-Oriented - Variable/Fixed Economic—Supply/Demand
  • 10. EEllaassttiicciittyy ooff DDeemmaanndd measure of the sensitivity of demand to changes in prices Inelastic Demand Electricity Q2 Q1 Quantity Price PP22 PP11 Elastic Demand Fast food Q1 QQ22 Quantity Price PP22 PP11 not price sensitive - no real change in demand price sensitive - changes in demand
  • 11. MMaarrkkeett--bbaasseedd PPrriicciinngg Pricing Existing Products/Services - 3 options  Pricing below market prices  price wars  EX: airlines, store brand vs. manufacturer’s brand  Dumping  Pricing above prevailing market prices for similar products  EX: Sony  higher price = higher quality?  Pricing at or near market prices
  • 12. PPrriicciinngg TTaaccttiiccss Price Lining • Price points: Setting a limited number of prices for certain categories of products Psychological Pricing • Odd-even Discounting • Quantity discounts • Cash discounts (2/10 net 30)  Web programs: free!
  • 13. ba Cost-basseedd PPrriicciinngg ((CCoosstt--PPlluuss)) 1. Cover ccoossttss  Material  Labor  Capital resources  Marketing 22.. MMaarrkk--uupp variable costs fixed costs  Targeted return for shareholders  CCoossttss + mmaarrkk--uupp == SSaalleess pprriiccee $$11..0000 ++ $$00..5500 == $$11..5500 ((5500%% mmaarrkkuupp))
  • 14. Mark-uupp CCaallccuullaattiioonn –– EExxeerrcciissee 1. Price per product 2. Less the cost per product (what you paid the supplier, e.g. total cost paid / # of items purchased) % MARK - UP = Dollar Mark - Up Sales Price
  • 16. P Breakeven Pooiinntt FFoorrmmuullaa BREAKEVEN QUANTITY = Fixed Costs Price/unit – Variable cost/unit (Contribution Margin)
  • 17. Review • 5 Factors that influence prices • Pricing objectives • Pricing strategies at different stages of the Product Life Cycle (advantages/disadvantages) • Methods of Determining Prices – Elasticity of demand – Mark-up – Breakeven Analysis

Editor's Notes

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