This program is a valuable, detailed insight into FSRU
technology and markets. It will benefit:
• National Utility Operators and Power Generation
Providers
• Oil & Gas Engineers
• Naval Architects, Design Engineers, Shipbuilders &
Shipyard Managers
• EPCs
• LNG Terminal & Vessel Operators
• LNG Technology and Equipment Providers
Poyry - How can small-scale LNG help grow the European gas market? - Point of...Pöyry
A large new market for natural gas is under rapid development whilst also reducing emissions. LNG is reaching markets previously inaccessible to pipeline gas; as a fuel for transport and for communities remote from the gas grid. A significant development is the use of LNG in marine transport, which currently uses heavy fuel oils.
The presentation gives an excellent overview of the LNG Bunkering infrastructure around the world. The data comes from public available sources and has been compiled and presented by DNV GL.
Please note that the presentation is dated January 2014.
This program is a valuable, detailed insight into FSRU
technology and markets. It will benefit:
• National Utility Operators and Power Generation
Providers
• Oil & Gas Engineers
• Naval Architects, Design Engineers, Shipbuilders &
Shipyard Managers
• EPCs
• LNG Terminal & Vessel Operators
• LNG Technology and Equipment Providers
Poyry - How can small-scale LNG help grow the European gas market? - Point of...Pöyry
A large new market for natural gas is under rapid development whilst also reducing emissions. LNG is reaching markets previously inaccessible to pipeline gas; as a fuel for transport and for communities remote from the gas grid. A significant development is the use of LNG in marine transport, which currently uses heavy fuel oils.
The presentation gives an excellent overview of the LNG Bunkering infrastructure around the world. The data comes from public available sources and has been compiled and presented by DNV GL.
Please note that the presentation is dated January 2014.
Great photos illustrate LNG fuel bunkering logistics in Sweden. Truck to ship LNG loading of Seagas, transport LNG, ship to ship Seagas LNG bunkering fuel to Viking Grace, and description of LNG bunkering process.
Introduction to Floating Storage & Regasification Unit (FSRU)petroEDGE
Over the next 2 or 3 decades it is predicted that gas usage will grow at a much faster rate than oil and become the dominant energy source. Up to some 40% of gas comes from Offshore Fields. The transport of gas in the form of LNG is growing very fast – particularly for longer distance export routes. New offshore opportunities for gas production are being developed with the new technologies of Floating LNG (FLNG).
Inshore or Offshore FSRU’s provide safe, strategic and good location for the receiving terminals for LNG and provide the conversion of the methane from the liquid phase back to the gaseous phase to direct consumer usage.
This 2 day training course covers Gas and LNG activities – their Supply Chain from Onshore and Offshore Gas Fields to Market, with FSRU’s providing the last step by converting the LNG back to usable methane gas for local supply and use. Case Studies and videos will be used to illustrate lessons learned from past successful projects. A DVD of the powerpoint presentation and numerous Industry videos will be distributed with the lecture materials.
An overview of the Stena-sphere: Stena AB, Stena Sessan AB, and Stena Metall AB. Presentation created for International Business course in my MBA program.
Great photos illustrate LNG fuel bunkering logistics in Sweden. Truck to ship LNG loading of Seagas, transport LNG, ship to ship Seagas LNG bunkering fuel to Viking Grace, and description of LNG bunkering process.
Introduction to Floating Storage & Regasification Unit (FSRU)petroEDGE
Over the next 2 or 3 decades it is predicted that gas usage will grow at a much faster rate than oil and become the dominant energy source. Up to some 40% of gas comes from Offshore Fields. The transport of gas in the form of LNG is growing very fast – particularly for longer distance export routes. New offshore opportunities for gas production are being developed with the new technologies of Floating LNG (FLNG).
Inshore or Offshore FSRU’s provide safe, strategic and good location for the receiving terminals for LNG and provide the conversion of the methane from the liquid phase back to the gaseous phase to direct consumer usage.
This 2 day training course covers Gas and LNG activities – their Supply Chain from Onshore and Offshore Gas Fields to Market, with FSRU’s providing the last step by converting the LNG back to usable methane gas for local supply and use. Case Studies and videos will be used to illustrate lessons learned from past successful projects. A DVD of the powerpoint presentation and numerous Industry videos will be distributed with the lecture materials.
An overview of the Stena-sphere: Stena AB, Stena Sessan AB, and Stena Metall AB. Presentation created for International Business course in my MBA program.
Climate change has made it possible for previously impassable regions of the Arctic to become accessible by ships. As such, some main routes have emerged: the Northern Passage, covering the Alaskan and Canadian coasts; the Northwest Passage, which passes the Norwegian and Russian coasts; and the Transpolar Sea Route (TSR), which is still underused. The Northern Sea Route (NSR) and the Arctic Bridge have also emerged as significant passages that shipping lines can access to transport goods.
Due to climate change the ice-belt is melting. It will change the environment and open up for a new route for sea trade. The Arctic is a very fragile environment and I discuss the possibility to use a counterbalance fee based on the expected increased cargo ships that will enter and pass the Arctic Ocean. The fee will be used for measures to preservation of the environment and to implement clean tech in ports and at those cargo ships that frequently will use this route.
Marine Service Noord epitomises piping – and lots of it. Since the establishment of the company in Westerbroek in 1988, Marine Service Noord successfully designed and built more than 700 mechanical installations, installing more than 2,350 kilometres of piping.
How safe is it?
What advantages will it bring?
What sectors are set to benefit from it?
How soon can I use it?
Can it be an alternative to Suez?
Our IHS Maritime and Trade analysts reveal all.
For maritime news and analysis, see www.ihsmaritime360.com
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit and TemplatesAurelien Domont, MBA
This Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit was created by ex-McKinsey, Deloitte and BCG Management Consultants, after more than 5,000 hours of work. It is considered the world's best & most comprehensive Digital Transformation and IT Strategy Toolkit. It includes all the Frameworks, Best Practices & Templates required to successfully undertake the Digital Transformation of your organization and define a robust IT Strategy.
Editable Toolkit to help you reuse our content: 700 Powerpoint slides | 35 Excel sheets | 84 minutes of Video training
This PowerPoint presentation is only a small preview of our Toolkits. For more details, visit www.domontconsulting.com
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
[Note: This is a partial preview. To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
Leading companies such as Nike, Toyota, and Siemens are prioritizing sustainable innovation in their business models, setting an example for others to follow. In this Sustainability training presentation, you will learn key concepts, principles, and practices of sustainability applicable across industries. This training aims to create awareness and educate employees, senior executives, consultants, and other key stakeholders, including investors, policymakers, and supply chain partners, on the importance and implementation of sustainability.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Develop a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental principles and concepts that form the foundation of sustainability within corporate environments.
2. Explore the sustainability implementation model, focusing on effective measures and reporting strategies to track and communicate sustainability efforts.
3. Identify and define best practices and critical success factors essential for achieving sustainability goals within organizations.
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and Key Concepts of Sustainability
2. Principles and Practices of Sustainability
3. Measures and Reporting in Sustainability
4. Sustainability Implementation & Best Practices
To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s Dholera
Maritime Transportation: A Prerequisite for Arctic Development
1. MARITIME TRANSPORTATION
A PREREQUISITE FOR ARCTIC
DEVELOPMENT
Alaskan Arctic Summit 2015
Anchorage, August 24
Felix H. Tschudi
Tschudi Shipping Company
Centre for High North logistics
2. Tschudi Northern Logistics –
Cross Border transport and Ship Agency
Kirkenes Industrial Logistics Area (KILA)
Port and real estate development
Tschudi Aggregates
Tschudi Arctic Transit
Northern Sea Route and Oil Transshipment
The Tschudi Group in the Arctic
Tschudi Bulk Terminal
5. The Kola Peninsula and Northern Norway
form an all-year ice free wedge into the
Arctic – a natural platform for serving
logistics in the Barents Sea and the
remaining Arctic
Several Arctics; geographical, climatical and
demographical conditions vary widely – one
size does not fit all!
6. INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT AS CATALYST:
Kirkenes Industrial Logistics Area - KILA.
1.000.000 m² area and 600 m deep water quays.
6
POTENTIAL USE:
Marine Transportation
and logistics including
offshore base activities.
Bulk handling facilities
NSR Transhipment Hub
8. 8
The Floating Quay: Exploring infinite arctic opportunities
visualized concepts for important Arctic segments
Illustrations: Snøhetta
Note that buildings in the visualised concepts are not included in the cost estimates of the concrete shell.
FQHA-120
120 x 35 x 9 m
TOURISM AND RESEARCH
Tourist portal and research facility
FQHA-80
80 x 25 x 7 m
FISHING INDUSTRY
Floating fish processing plant
9. 2010 - 4 passages 111 000 mt
2011 - 34 passages 821 000 mt
2012 - 46 passages 1 260 000 mt
2013 - 71 passages 1 350 000 mt
2014 - 53 passages
2015 – similar pattern but some
heavylift cargoes to Yamal LNG
Serving a wide variety of vessels
and cargoes generating savings in
time, cost and emissions; large
tankers, bulkcarriers, LNG, reefer
heavylift, multipurpose and offshore
.
Turns a Freight Disadvantage
into an Advantage
10. “China Begins Using Arctic Shipping Route That Could
'Change The Face Of World Trade‘
China is eyeing the Arctic for better access to resources.”
.
What does it imply in practice? It means that we for the first time
receive requests as the following:
3/ Furthermore, mv. Yong Sheng will be available to ship general Cargo from
Baltic ports or a European ports to FarEast via Arctic Ocean with LayCan 25th
Aug. to 5th Sep. 2015. Your company are welcome to book your Eastbound
general Cargo with Cosfim Oy. The ocean freight rate could be discussed
amicably
•Below pls find the info about shipping service by mv Yong Sheng.
·
•Flag: HONG KONG (CHINA) Build: 2002
Home port: HONG KONG
Possible LAYCAN: 25TH AUG. TO 5TH Sep. 2015
•Name: YONG SHENG
•Type: GENERAL CARG Summer DWT: 19150 t Gross Tonnage: 14357
THIS IS GREAT NEWS!
11. Transport of oil, gas,
minerals and equipment by:
• Specialised shuttle
multipurpose vessels
• Shuttle tankers
• Shuttle LNG carriers
• Shuttle bulkers
• Purpose built offshore vessels
• Seasonal liner services
NP
In the medium term – regional destinational shipping serving the
developments in Siberia and Alaska will be the most relevant
activities. Suitable transshipment infrastructure is a pre-requisite.
12. WHERE RIVERS MEET OCEAN THERE IS
NORMALLY A PORT
THIS PROBABLY REPRESENTS THE LARGEST
FUTURE POTENTIAL FOR TRANSPORTATION
ALONG THE NSR
17. Why?
Because Asian refineries buy European crude and there is a market in
Europe for Asian refined products
We have seen this cross trade along the NSR and under the right
market conditions it will continue.
The logistics principle remains the same; keep the specialized tonnage
in the ice and transship as close to the ice border as you can.
Oil and Oil Products
19. •100 000 tons of mackerel from Norway to the Far East
•100 000 tons of haddoc from Dutch Harbor, Alaska to the Continent
•17 days saved both directions. 34 days saved on a round voyage.
•Frozen fish going in both directions.
•Refrigerated storage in Nome in addition to Dutch Harbor???
Russian sanctions on import of fish creates a need for new
markets
Frozen Fish
21. Korea –Bering Strait - Alaska 11 days
Kirkenes - Bering Strait 10 days
The North Sea is the second largest off-shore market
in the world moving north towards the Barents Sea.
Russia starting in Kara Sea, Bay of Ob, moving towards
Laptev and Chukchi Sea. Not to forget Sakhalin and Okhotsk.
Alaska North Slope and Chukchi Sea.
The NSR will offer tremendous savings in moving equipment
between the Alaskan, Russian and Norwegian markets
Offshore Rigs and Supply vessels
22. SHIPPING SUMMARY
There will be an increase in traffic for sure:
LNG and Condensate
Oil and Oil products
Minerals and metals
Supplies, equipment and structures related to the oil, gas
and mining industries
Fish
We do not believe in big volume container business.
Significant development: The launch of the COSCO NSR Line
24. The Barents region – potential for
industrial value creation
Alaska is in the same situation
Associated or “stranded” gas can be
transported as CNG (Compressed Natural
Gas) directly from the offshore installations
to be used for low emission industrial
processing of regional rawmaterials
employing natural gas instead of coal eg.
Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) production
This requires the offshore oil and gas and
onshore mineral and metal producers to join
forces with processing industries.
Political will is a prerequisite for
incentivising the stakeholders into realising
these joint opportunities.
25. Some potential gas and mineral and
metal based processing potential
• Iron (Direct Reduced Iron)
• Carbon Black (high purity carbon
materials)
• Petrochemical industries
• Quarts to silicon - potential for Direct
Reduction to solar grade quality
• New refining and agglomeration methods
for quality upgrading
26. Kirkenes, 4th October 2012 26
Fe
Ni
Al
Fish
Energy
Raw materials
Future:Today:
Consumables
Vision
27. THOUGHTS ON EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND COOPERATION –
JOINT NECESSARY INFRASTRUCTURE
• The best safety measure against accidents is the Russian
mandatory ice breaker escort and regulatory
requirements.
• The Arctic Council agreement on developing a joint
framework for SAR is important as these countries are the
ones with an interest in developing the resources of the
region while keeping potential negative effects at a
minimum ie. sustainable development.
• The increased economic activity in the region will
improve the general preparedness to respond to potential
accidents due to higher availability of vessels, equipment
and people provided necessary coordination is
facilitated.
31. CO2
Alloying metals
Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo, Si, REE
Legering
Export
• Fishfarms on land
• Drying
• Freezing
• Electricity
CH4 Export
Natural
gas
Export
Direct reduced
iron (DRI)
LKAB pellets
EAF
Steel
minimill
Electricity
Export
CO2storage
PCC
Integrated gas-mineral processing
Export
jernmalm
Iron ore
Pellets plant
BO
G
Pilot processes
Fermentation
P3HB/ectoin
Solid carbon
C(s)
Carbon
Black Reaktor
Hydrogen
Quartz
Karbonater,
dolomitt, olivin
Olefins
Reduction to
trichlorosilan
e
Plastic;
composites
Export
Export
Epitaxial
solar cell
Slag form
ing
Steel slag
Export
GCC, PCC
Carbonate
processing
F2013-11 LNG bunker for marine vessels
F2011-12 Gassmaks Ofoten
F2009-16 Industriutvikling i Nord Norge 2030
F2013-21 CO2 binding with olivine
F2010-01 Gassmaks Nordland -
mulighetsstudie
F2011-09 P3HB bioplastic from methane
F2012-17 Conversion LKAB pellets plant to
natural gas
F2012-16 GeoGass project conclusions
F2013-10 Gas demand and branchpipe
landfall to Ofoten and Nordkalotten
F2013-13 Direct reduction of iron in fluid bed
F2013-25 Agglomeration mineral fines
F2013-27 Gas-Mineral Processing status
F2014-02 CO2 storage and utilisation
F2014-09 PUFFIN report; Narvik: where
Swedish ore meets Norwegian gas
F2014-13 Pilot Technology Processes
F2014-14 Integration of a DR-plant in Narvik
F2014-17 Reduction technology: specfication
of a Direct Reduction plant in Narvik
NORUT Narvik studies
F2014-xx PhD study by Reza Beheshti
F2015-xx PhD study by Chen Chen
Carbon
anode
F2014 Borealis Solar business plan
Waste
energy
Hot
briquetted
iron (HBI)
Gas Power stn?
El-kraft
Editor's Notes
There were substantial savings of time, fuel and also reduced pollution to air compared with a Suez or a Cape passage. .