Shipping in the Arctic: My Arctic your Arctic
M.K Afenyo, PhD
Introduction
News about the Arctic
What is the Arctic?
Picture courtesy: https://nsidc.org/sites/nsidc.org/files/images//arctic_map.gif
Regions around the north pole
Second largest area by size (13,985,000 km²)
Area above the Arctic circle (66° 34’ N)
Any area in high latitudes where average daily temperature does not rise above 10 degree
Canada in the Arctic
Second largest Arctic country
200,000 Canadians live in the Arctic
New Arctic Framework under development
comprehensive Arctic infrastructure
strong Arctic people and communities
strong, sustainable and diversified Arctic economies
Arctic science and Indigenous knowledge
protecting the environment and preserving Arctic biodiversity
the Arctic in a global context
Canada in the Arctic
Applies to
Yukon
Northwest Territories
Nunavut
Inuit Nunangat
the Nunatsiavut region in Labrador
the territory of Nunavik in Quebec
northern Manitoba, including Churchill
Arctic shipping
Taken place since 1978 in the ice-covered western regions of the Northern Sea Route (between the port of Dudinka on the Yenisei River and Murmansk).
“We need to save the Arctic not because of the polar bears, and not because it is the most beautiful place in the world, but because our very survival depends upon it” --Lewis Gordon Pugh
YearActivity4th Century B.CUse of Arctic shipping by the indigenous people for food supplies and settlement981Discovery of Greenland1490John Cabot makes a voyage through the NWP1610Hudson expedition by the Henry1903Roald Amundsen completes the NWP route1935NSR opens up for Russia traffic1994UN convention on the Law of the sea1996Formation of the Arctic council2010Russia Constructs its double hull ice-breaker2012Opening of the Arctic intensified2013China builds first ice breaker in house2017The polar code comes into force
The good
Resource deposits: oil, gas and other minerals
Increase shipping saving time and money
Opening up the northern communities
Graphics courtesy: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/energy-and-mineral-riches-of-the-arctic/
The good
Nordic Orion NWP voyage from Europe to Asia instead of Panama Canal
Saved 4 days(~4000km) and $200,000
From Shanghai to Rotterdam
Russia currently ahead
5 Arctic ice breakers & 3 nuclear powered ones
Canada now building 1 ice breaker a fleet of 8 patrol boats
RouteDistancePanama Canal25,588 kilometresSuez Canal19,550 kmNorthern Sea Route15,793 kmNorthwest Passage16,100 kmTranspolar Route13,630 km
Ship growth in NWP
2007
9 ships
………….
2012
30 ships
The bad
Shorter lengths of ice free months
Extremely harsh conditions
Risk of accident during oil and gas exploration and production
Accidental release during shipping
The Bad
Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/energy-and-mineral-riches-of-the-arctic/
The ugly
11Vessel/Spill Accident TypeSpillYearATLANTIC EMPRESS and AEGEAN CAPTAINCollision287,000 tonnes of oil1979 ABT SUMMERExp.
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Increased shipping in the Arctic is being driven by natural resource development, tourism, and scientific research. Sea ice is declining rapidly and new shipping routes are opening up, but Arctic infrastructure and governance have not kept pace. Key policy options to improve Arctic shipping governance and safety include strengthening existing voluntary Arctic shipping guidelines at the IMO, implementing the recommendations of the Arctic Council's Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment, improving Arctic search and rescue capabilities, and expanding infrastructure and environmental monitoring in the Arctic.
This document provides an overview of key findings from a capstone project on challenges and opportunities for oil and gas investment in the Arctic. It outlines three scenarios for Arctic development - best case, worst case, and medium case - depending on Shell's exploration success. It also summarizes national developments and interests in the Arctic for countries like Russia, the US, Canada, and Norway. Environmental issues and regulations governing Arctic drilling are discussed. Finally, it outlines the potential for increased shipping routes through the Arctic as sea ice recedes.
A presentation delivered to Friends of the Earth by The FREdome Visionary Trust about Operation OASIS - a project to reclaim arid lands for agroforestry - enabling the large-scale natural conversion of carbon emissions into diminishing carbon resources, such as food and fuel.
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Every day, thousands of ships across the world cross the seas to trade. Although trading cargo at sea is more cost-effective than land and air, it is also riskier due to shipping accidents and rough weather.
Ambassador Corell The Arctic, A Legal Perspectivewarrenedge
The document provides an overview of the legal regime in the Arctic. It notes some disputes over maritime boundaries and jurisdiction. It argues there is a need for regulation of navigation, search and rescue, fisheries, oil and gas extraction, and environmental protection. It sees an opportunity for Arctic states to cooperate and demonstrate statesmanship in addressing shared challenges in the region.
Report of the expert workshop on 11 12 september 2008Dr Lendy Spires
- The document summarizes key insights from an expert workshop on policy options for addressing rapid changes in the Arctic marine environment.
- Participants agreed that current research and monitoring efforts are inadequate and lack coordination. International cooperation is needed.
- Existing Arctic governance is fragmented and does not adequately address challenges like increasing shipping, resource extraction, and effects on indigenous communities.
- Options for improved governance include strengthening existing frameworks like the Arctic Council or adopting a new comprehensive international agreement.
Due to climate change the ice-belt is melting. It will change the environment and open up for a new route for sea trade. The Arctic is a very fragile environment and I discuss the possibility to use a counterbalance fee based on the expected increased cargo ships that will enter and pass the Arctic Ocean. The fee will be used for measures to preservation of the environment and to implement clean tech in ports and at those cargo ships that frequently will use this route.
Policy options for arfctic environment governance shippingDr Lendy Spires
Increased shipping in the Arctic is being driven by natural resource development, tourism, and scientific research. Sea ice is declining rapidly and new shipping routes are opening up, but Arctic infrastructure and governance have not kept pace. Key policy options to improve Arctic shipping governance and safety include strengthening existing voluntary Arctic shipping guidelines at the IMO, implementing the recommendations of the Arctic Council's Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment, improving Arctic search and rescue capabilities, and expanding infrastructure and environmental monitoring in the Arctic.
This document provides an overview of key findings from a capstone project on challenges and opportunities for oil and gas investment in the Arctic. It outlines three scenarios for Arctic development - best case, worst case, and medium case - depending on Shell's exploration success. It also summarizes national developments and interests in the Arctic for countries like Russia, the US, Canada, and Norway. Environmental issues and regulations governing Arctic drilling are discussed. Finally, it outlines the potential for increased shipping routes through the Arctic as sea ice recedes.
A presentation delivered to Friends of the Earth by The FREdome Visionary Trust about Operation OASIS - a project to reclaim arid lands for agroforestry - enabling the large-scale natural conversion of carbon emissions into diminishing carbon resources, such as food and fuel.
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Shipping Safety: The Perils Faced by Sea VesselsJon_Robinson
Every day, thousands of ships across the world cross the seas to trade. Although trading cargo at sea is more cost-effective than land and air, it is also riskier due to shipping accidents and rough weather.
Ambassador Corell The Arctic, A Legal Perspectivewarrenedge
The document provides an overview of the legal regime in the Arctic. It notes some disputes over maritime boundaries and jurisdiction. It argues there is a need for regulation of navigation, search and rescue, fisheries, oil and gas extraction, and environmental protection. It sees an opportunity for Arctic states to cooperate and demonstrate statesmanship in addressing shared challenges in the region.
Report of the expert workshop on 11 12 september 2008Dr Lendy Spires
- The document summarizes key insights from an expert workshop on policy options for addressing rapid changes in the Arctic marine environment.
- Participants agreed that current research and monitoring efforts are inadequate and lack coordination. International cooperation is needed.
- Existing Arctic governance is fragmented and does not adequately address challenges like increasing shipping, resource extraction, and effects on indigenous communities.
- Options for improved governance include strengthening existing frameworks like the Arctic Council or adopting a new comprehensive international agreement.
Due to climate change the ice-belt is melting. It will change the environment and open up for a new route for sea trade. The Arctic is a very fragile environment and I discuss the possibility to use a counterbalance fee based on the expected increased cargo ships that will enter and pass the Arctic Ocean. The fee will be used for measures to preservation of the environment and to implement clean tech in ports and at those cargo ships that frequently will use this route.
This document discusses emissions from shipping and potential solutions. It notes that shipping accounts for over 1 billion metric tons of CO2 emissions annually and will exceed 2 billion tons by 2015. It also emits 20 million tons of SOx and 37 million tons of NOx each year. Installing scrubbers could reduce SOx by 99% and NOx and particulate matter by 85% for a cost of $50 billion, while switching to distillate fuels would cost $250 billion and take 20 years to implement fully. The document argues that scrubbers are a more cost effective near term solution to reducing shipping emissions compared to using distillate fuels.
The Arctic is not the northernmost equivalent of the next frontier, waiting to be conquered by those desperate for resources. Governments and businesses need to address five key challenges in order to achieve sustainable economic development in the region.
Clifton Hasegawa wrote a letter to Commissioner Maria Damanaki of the European Commission regarding her remarks on Arctic futures and global partnership for the Arctic. Hasegawa advocates for a cautious approach to oil exploration in the Arctic that considers environmental impacts. He is concerned that increased deepwater drilling could disturb undersea plates and slopes, potentially contributing to climate change through seismic activity. The impacts of such drilling could have far-reaching consequences around the world given the connections between tectonic plates and volcanic activity.
This document discusses declining oil and gas development in the Arctic and opportunities to improve governance and pollution control. It summarizes that:
1) While the Arctic is rich in hydrocarbon resources, recent low oil prices and technical challenges have curbed interest in Arctic drilling. However, a rise in prices could spark renewed interest and unacceptable pollution risks.
2) Current international frameworks for Arctic governance may be inadequate to handle pollution if offshore drilling returns, as protocols developed for lower latitudes are insufficient given the Arctic's unique conditions.
3) The document analyzes pollution abatement techniques required by Arctic nations and identifies opportunities to strengthen regulations to protect the Arctic environment if interest in drilling resumes.
This document discusses oil spills and their effects on the environment. It provides background on major oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez and Deepwater Horizon incidents. Oil spills can have devastating short and long-term impacts on ecosystems by killing wildlife, damaging habitats, and disrupting the food chain. They also harm the economy through lost industries like fishing and tourism. The document outlines different cleanup methods and their drawbacks. While response efforts have improved, more needs to be done to prevent spills and minimize environmental damage through better regulations and preparedness.
The case study examines the economic benefits and environmental costs of coastal development around the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. It identifies issues like pollution, climate change, overfishing, and shipping that threaten the reef. The reef provides significant economic benefits through tourism, which is valued at over $1 billion per year and supports activities like fishing. However, various stakeholders have conflicting interests, as shown in the conflict matrix. The reef also has high environmental and ecological value due to its biodiversity.
The document discusses several topics related to ports, offshore wind energy, and sustainability:
1) The Ports of Amsterdam and IJmuiden have joined forces under AYOP to develop the area for offshore wind business and other offshore industries like oil/gas. AYOP also functions as a cable hub.
2) Onshore power supply (OPS) was discussed at a seminar. OPS can improve port sustainability by eliminating ship emissions while in port. Batteries may provide an alternative to traditional OPS infrastructure by supplying power at lower cost.
3) Energy storage could reduce fuel consumption in equipment like RTG cranes by 70% and payback in under two years. Integrated solar
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The document discusses mechanisms used by an oil and gas company in Yemen to implement partnership projects with local communities affected by its operations. It summarizes the company's efforts to establish a marine exclusion zone for security reasons around its oil terminal, which restricted local fishing. To compensate, the company proposed and evaluated alternatives to enhance fishing outside the zone, including artificial reefs and fish aggregation devices, but the fishing community opposed simple shipping container reefs that provided little local collaboration.
1. The document discusses strengths and weaknesses in maritime risk assessments. It notes that while risk assessments provide structure, they involve simplifications and limited data that affect accuracy.
2. Early risk management involved regulations like bans on winter sailing and strict ship loading rules, showing risk assessment is not new but has evolved.
3. Human factors are significant in accidents but difficult to assess, and models have limitations in estimating probabilities and consequences given changing conditions.
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The document discusses various sources of waste discharge from offshore oil and gas activities and their potential impacts. It covers waste from drilling activities like drilling muds and cuttings, produced water, emissions from production and processing. Seismic surveys are also mentioned as a source of underwater noise that can harm marine life. The objectives are to protect the environment, ecosystems, and endangered species while preventing toxic discharge into the oceans from offshore oil and gas operations.
The document discusses various topics related to coasts, estuaries, and environmental issues. It provides information on different types of estuaries, the importance of estuaries and coastal zones. It also discusses issues like climate change, pollution, toxins, oil spills, marine debris, and different types of beaches. The document contains numerous links to additional resources on these topics.
Autonomous Marine Systems, A Driver of Growth in the Blue EconomyGregory Yovanof
Currently, an industrial revolution is unfolding under the seas. Rapid progress in the development of autonomous systems, robotics, maritime surveillance, satellite systems, AI, and data science are opening up whole new sectors of ocean use and research.
The document discusses how the Arctic is warming rapidly due to climate change, with air and ocean temperatures rising and sea ice, snow cover, and glaciers melting. This warming is amplifying other effects like changes to the global ocean circulation system and increased sea level rise from Greenland ice sheet melting. It also notes that while Arctic ecosystems currently absorb carbon, this will likely change as warming causes more carbon release from lands and oceans. The document argues against oil and gas exploration in Norway's Lofoten islands, noting the area's globally significant wildlife and that nature there is worth more economically than the oil. It says current oil spill response plans are insufficient for the Arctic and accidents are inevitable. The document calls for protecting priority nature areas
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This document provides an overview of marine protected area (MPA) networks around the world and in the UK. International case studies of MPA networks in West Hawaii, Australia, the Chagos Islands, and South Africa demonstrate a range of MPA types and functions. The development of the UK MPA network is still ongoing, with sites being identified and key organizations like the new Marine Management Organization and agencies in England and Scotland working to establish the network and management plans.
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Week 4
Will Fence owns a 70-acre large timber and Christmas tree farm. The Christmas farm gets busy in August and September when Will identifies and flags the trees suitable for Christmas season. Starting in October, the flagged trees will be cut, baled, and trucked to the storage yard where they will stay until shipped. The storage yard is situated in an area that offers shade and protection from the wind to maintain the freshness of the tree. The trees are stacked with the tops locked together to keep the sun and wind away from them.
Will has just purchased an additional 40 acres and will need to expand his storage yard by 40,000 square feet. The budget for this expansion is $55,000. Will has hired your team to design a process to contract resources to expand the storage yard.
Cover the following as requested by Will:
· Description of the contract resource procurement process (from start to closure).
· Explanation of how the contract resources procurement process that was described will assist Will in negotiating the best purchase.
· Explanation to Will why the team believes the process is efficient and achieves the results desired.
· Identification of any risks associated with procuring these resources and explanation of the role of risk management in this process.
· Explanation of how the process may be improved upon.
· Other recommendations the team may have for Will to consider.
Graphing Supply and Demand
Supply and demand are so important for both consumers and producers
because both of these concepts work together to determine the overall price
of an item, as well as the total quantity sold in a market. To see how this
works, we can show both on a graph such as you see in the header image
above.
Remember that demand is a relationship between price and the quantity that
consumers are willing and able to pay. This is an inverse, or negative,
relationship, in which the variable's price and quantity move in opposite
directions. This would be depicted as a downward sloping curve on a graph.
Similarly, supply is a relationship between the price of an item and the
quantity that producers are willing to supply. This is a direct, or positive,
relationship, in which the variable's price and quantity move in the same
direction. This would be depicted as an u.
Sheet1Pro Forma Income StatementYear 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Visi.docxbjohn46
Sheet1Pro Forma Income StatementYear 1Year 2Year 3Year 4Year 5Visits4,8825,1265,3825,6525,934Revenue Per Visit$450$450$450$450$450Gross RevenuePatient Reveue Gross Patient RevenueDeductions from Patient RevenueContractual Total Deductions from Revenue Net Patient Revenue$0$0$0$0$0Operating ExpensesSalaries and WagesEmployee BenefitsUtilitiesRepair/MaintenanceHousekeepingTelephone Service Depreciation MalpracticeMiscellaneous/OtherVariable Medical Supply CostsOther Non-Personnel Costs Total Operating ExpensesExcess of Rev over Exp. From Operations$0$0$0$0$0Cummulative Income$0$0$0$0$0Net Cash from Excess Rev (excl Depreciation)$0$0$0$0$0Cummulative Income Net Cash$0$0$0$0$0
Sheet2
Sheet3
Write an essay of about 750 to 1000 words, or 3 to 4 pages (double-
spaced), in response to the ALL the prompts below (4 Paragraphs) .
The relevant texts for Essay are the assigned:
* Sorensen, A Brief History of the Paradox, pp. 184- 185 on McTaggart
and pp. 173-176 on Augustine’s theory of time as subjective.
* David Lewis, “The Paradoxes of Time Travel”.
— Do not use any other outside sources! This is not a report on what
others have written about McTaggart or Lewis or time travel. This is
an exercise in thinking-by-writing!
Consider our discussions of, on one hand, McTaggart’s seemingly
paradoxical argument that time is “unreal” and, on the other hand,
Lewis’ account of the seemingly paradoxical possibility of time travel.
Write an essay in which you explore the potential “paradoxes” of time
we considered in McTaggart’s argument that “time is unreal” and in
Lewis’ account of time travel as “possible” in a “strange” possible world
(unlike our own).
Specifically, structure your narrative in response to the following
themes.
Paragraph 1: Explain the distinction between the “A series” and the “B
series” of time, as McTaggart introduced these terms. Why did
McTaggart think A time is more fundamental than B time? Why did he
think A time is impossible?
Paragraph 2: Explain Lewis’ distinction between “external time” and
“personal time”. How does Lewis’ distinction compare with
McTaggart’s distinction above?
Paragraph 3: Explain how, for Lewis, time travel is possible, even if
strange. What is a “person”, for Lewis? What then is “personal
identity”? How would the structure of a person over time, as Lewis
characterizes this form of personal identity, entail that a person could
travel either forward into the future or back into the past and encounter
“himself”/”herself”/”theirself” in a past or a future time?
Paragraph 4: Briefly: Do you find time travel, per Lewis, intuitively
possible? You may, if you like, consider the popular film “Back to the
Future” (1986), or you may consider how our imagination in science
fiction scenarios may address the possibility of time travel.
A U G U S T I N E ’S P R A G M A T I C P A R A D OX E S 173
became more alarming as philosophers became increasingly
persua.
Sheet1PMGT 576 Assignment Rubric – Unit 8 Assignment20Is the Lean .docxbjohn46
Sheet1PMGT 576 Assignment Rubric – Unit 8 Assignment20Is the Lean Canvas complete? Do each of the canvas sections demonstrate a clear understanding of the question or item posed? 20Do each of the canvas sections provide a clear, concise, and reasonable approach or description in addressing each one?20Does the canvas demonstrate creativity and innovation in addressing each of the sections?25The text is grammatically correct and there are no spelling or punctuation errors. 15Total100
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 1/10
Name:_________________________
Instructor: ___________ Section: ___
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
One of the tenets of cell theory is that all cells come from pre-existing cells. All individual
organisms begins with one cell, and yet in multicellular organisms the number of cells in the
adult may be in the trillions. This requires cells to repeatedly divide during the life of an
organism.
The average adult human body is made up of about 37 trillion cells. Of these, approximately 50
billion are fat cells and 2 billion are heart muscle cells. By the time you finish reading this
sentence, 50 million of your cells will have died and been replaced by others. Human cells are
estimated to divide nearly 2 trillion times every day. Amazingly, humans contain at least 10
times as many bacteria cells as human cells. The 100 trillion bacterial cells are much smaller
than human cells and have a faster generation time.
Mitosis and meiosis are two processes that produce new cells through cell division, which occurs
as a part of the cell cycle. The new “daughter” cells produced by these processes are quite
different because they have different purposes. These differences occur because the processes
have several key differences as outlined in the video lecture. You will be doing several lab
activities examining mitosis and meiosis and what can happen if problems occur during these
cell division processes.
Why are we doing this lab?
1. To gain a better understanding of the mitotic and meiotic processes of cell division that
occur in humans and all other animals.
2. To examine how issues in mitosis and meiosis can lead to diseases and disorders in
humans.
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 2/10
Background: Phases of mitosis
For each phase, draw and label:
a. Chromatin or chromosomes
b. Centrosomes
c. Microtubules/spindle
d. Cell membrane
CBIO Lab: Mitosis and Meiosis p. 3/10
Activity 1: Mitosis under the microscope
1. Use Google images of mitosis (Google “mitosis of onion root tip”) to identify cells in
interphase and all phases of mitosis.
Cells in…Interphase will have chromatin, not distinct chromosomes
Prophase will have distinctly visible chromosomes
Metaphase will have chromosomes lined up along the equator of the cell
Anaphase will have chromosomes separating at the centromeres
Telophase will have chromosomes decondensing into chromatin and a .
Sheet1Presentation by Tony StudentSlide NumberSlide TitleSlide Tex.docxbjohn46
Sheet1Presentation by Tony StudentSlide NumberSlide TitleSlide TextNarrativeComments1Social Media in the WorkplaceTitle Slide2Introduction“Twitter is not a technology, it’s a conversation – and it’s happening with or without you.” – Charlene Li, author
Over 306 million active Twitter users send 500 million Tweets daily *Hello, my name it Tony Student, I currently work as an Information Security Manager at a financial services firm in the Washington DC Metro area and am responsible for securing a multi-trillion dollar financial platform. Part of my responsibilities is to provide training and awareness on topics that deal with Information Security including the use of Social Media in the Workplace.
Social media is a powerful platform which helps connect people. According to Charlene Li, author of Groundswell, “Twitter is not a technology, it’s a conversation – and it’s happening with or without you.”
Consider the fact that every minute of every day roughly 5,800 tweets are posted to the Twitterverse. This amounts to over 500 million tweets daily! That statistic definitely echoes the sentiment of Charlene Li and is an important thing to consider when it comes to business. Social media can become a positive part of promoting a company's brand and allows a business to provide supreme customer service.3AgendaSocial Media Primer
Five Leading Practices on Social Media
Best Buy Case Study
Closing Remarks
Questions and AnswersFor today's agenda we are going to cover the following topics:
Social Media Primer - Which will provide insight into what social media is and its purpose
Five Leading Practices on Social Media - Tips on the appropriate use of Social Media
Best Buy Case Study - An example of how one big box retailer sets the tone and expectation on social media for business use
Closing Remarks - Final thoughts one how transformative social media can be for business
Questions and Answers - To be able to provide some time to answer those burning questions that you didn't realize you had until you saw this material.4Social Media PrimerAn online medium for social collaboration *
It’s all about the content
Pictures
Videos
Music
Social Media can enable business
Platforms include LinkedIN, Twitter, Facebook, etc.
According to the English Oxford Living Dictionary, Social Media are "Websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking."
In other words, social media in an online medium for social collaboration. All said and done, it's all about the content that people and companies produce and publish to the masses. The platform is an enabler for businesses to create accessibility for consumers to producers of a product or idea.
Examples of social media platforms that you may already be familiar with include, LinkedIN, a professional social networking site; Twitter, a microblogging site, and Facebook which originally started out as a place for college folks to collaborate and quickly turned .
Sheet1Pretax IncomeYang, Ziyun make sure to add back income t.docxbjohn46
Sheet1Pretax Income
Yang, Ziyun: make sure to add back income tax paid through Nov. See account 999 Nov balance.
Subject to State Taxes- 0State Tax- 0Subject to Fed Taxes
Yang, Ziyun: State Taxes can be deducted from Fed taxable income
- 0Progressive ratefirst 50,000 @15%7,500next 25,000 @ 25%6,250remainder @ 34%(25,500)Fed Tax(11,750)Federal Surtax
Yang, Ziyun: 5% on income over $100,000, surtax not to exceed $11,750
- 0
Yang, Ziyun: Updated in V2
Total Fed Tax(11,750)Total Income Tax(11,750)Less: Income Taxes Paid
Yang, Ziyun: Paid taxes through Nov. See account 999 Nov balance.
72,000Tax accrual
Yang, Ziyun: debit exp, credit payable
(83,750)
Sheet2
Sheet3
Research question
Human factors for changes in natural geology
Ivan Tai
Humans as major geological and geomorphological agents in the Anthropocene: the significance of artificial ground in Great Britain
Since the first prehistoric people started to dig for stone to make implements, rather than pick up loose material, humans have modified the landscape through excavation of rock and soil, generation of waste and creation of artificial ground. In Great Britain over the past 200 years, people have excavated, moved and built up the equivalent of at least six times the volume of Ben Nevis.
Simon J. Price
, Jonathan R. Ford
, Anthony H. Cooper
and Catherine Neal
Published:13 March 2011
2
Why I choose this research question?
Because human The natural changes are very large, from climate change to changes in topographical attitudes.
InstructionNarrative and InstructionsRockford Corporation is a wholesale plumbing supply distributor. The corporation was organized in 1981, under the laws of the State of Illinois, with an authorized capitalization of 100,000 sharesof no-par common stock with a stated value of $16 per share. The common stock is sold over thethe counter in the local area. You have been hired as of Thursday, December 25, 2018, to replace thecontroller, who has resigned. As controller, you are responsible for the corporation's accountingrecrods, preparation of the financial statements, safeguarding the corporate assets, and providingmanagement with financial information to set prices and to monitor and control operations. Rockford Corporation closes its books annually on December 31 but prepares financial statementsquarterly. Adjusting entries are posted to the general ledger only at year-end; at the end of the first, second, and third quarter the adjustments are entered only on a work sheet, not in the generalledger. Therefore, the adjusting entries to be recorded on December 31 are annual adjustments that you must journalize and the post to the general ledger accounts before preparing the financial statements.Rockford Corporation maintains a perpetual inventory system and takes a physical count each yearto adjust the inventory carrying amount. Purchases are recorded at the gross amount (discountstaken are recognized at the date of payment) of.
Sheet1PMGT 576 Assignment Rubric – Unit 7 Assignment20Are all of t.docxbjohn46
This document outlines an assignment for a team to develop a presentation using Kotter's 8-step change management model to help a company called Harrisburg Textile transform into a more agile and lean organization. The document provides background information on Harrisburg Textile, including details on its history, current issues it faces, and the rationale for choosing Kotter's model over other change frameworks. It also includes templates for the team to fill in for each step of Kotter's model in their presentation, describing the key elements, how it would be implemented at Harrisburg Textile, and why it is important.
Sheet1Plan APlan BPro Forma Income Statement AccountsEBIT700100013.docxbjohn46
Sheet1Plan APlan BPro Forma Income Statement AccountsEBIT7001000130070010001300InterestEBT (EBIT - Interest)Tax Net IncomeTotal Shares OutstandingEPS
.
Sheet1Phase of Business Financal Management needsDebt FinancingEq.docxbjohn46
Sheet1Phase of Business/ Financal Management needsDebt FinancingEquity FinancingGift FinancingFinancing for StartupsConsumer Banks, Commercial Banks, SBA insured loans, Economic development agencies, Incubators, Accelerators, Leasing companies, Personal credit cardsFriends, family, Angels, Venture capital, direct public offering, CrowdfundingPersonal: Cash, pick up the tab, free use, free work, unpaid labor, overpayment, favored status/sweetheart deal forgiveness, deferralFinancing for GrowthCommercial banks, SBA, Private placement loans, Economic development agency, supplliers, leasing company, personal credit cardself generated funds, venture capital, direct public offering, merger, acquisitionInstitutional: SBIR, STTR grant, state grant, incubator, accelerator, dontated capital, tax abatement
Personal: Cash, pick up the tab, free use, free work, unpaid labor, overpayment, favored status/sweetheart deal forgiveness, deferralFinancing for Operationsfactor receivables, business cc, commercial bank, sba, private placement loans, suppliers, leasing companiesself generated funds, venture capital, direct public offeringInstitutional: SBIR, STTR grant, state grant, incubator, accelerator, dontated capital, tax abatement
Personal: Cash, pick up the tab, free use, free work, unpaid labor, overpayment, favored status/sweetheart deal forgiveness, deferralFinancing for Exitconsumer banks, Commercial Banks, SBA, private placement loans, economic development agencies, sba investment companies, suppliers, leasing companies, lines of creditself generate funds, venture capital, direct public offeringInstitutional: SBIR, STTR grant, state grant, incubator, accelerator, dontated capital, tax abatement
Personal: Cash, pick up the tab, free use, free work, unpaid labor, overpayment, favored status/sweetheart deal forgiveness, deferral
1
Email Communication Responses – No. 1 Employment Law Compliance Plan
Email Communication Responses – No. 1 Employment Law Compliance Plan
From:
To: “CEO Smith” [email protected][email protected]
Date: November 28, 2016
Re: Employment Law Compliance Plan
Mr. Smith:
With reference to the email sent to Nov.1, these are and will be the measures to take regarding your request
With the purpose of improving the operation of the company, it is necessary to review and update the policies of the company, as well as everything related to labor laws. This will provide the necessary means to comply with what is established by law and in turn with the company staff. If everything related to these issues is kept up to date, errors are less likely to be made when corrective measures are taken, just as it is of the utmost importance that all the members of the directive know in depth the laws that protect the workforce in all aspects. It is necessary to carry out the appropriate training as soon as possible. Remember that as a team, meeting these requirements is completely necessary.
Every decision taken, entails a res.
This reflection document discusses the use of portfolio assessment rubrics to evaluate students. The teacher notes that students were previously assessed only on theoretical knowledge, not practical skills. To address this, the teacher plans to modify the portfolio to include practical skills assessment. Research on portfolio assessment highlighted its benefits over traditional testing. Classroom observations of other teachers provided ideas on instructional strategies to incorporate. The portfolio modification and use of rubrics improved student assessment scores, showing the effectiveness of this approach.
Sheet1Participant#Verbal Label Condition (Smashed or Hit)Age Condi.docxbjohn46
Sheet1Participant#Verbal Label Condition (Smashed or Hit)Age Condition (Under 60 years or Over 60 years)Speed (mph)Broken Glass? (Y or N)GenderAgeRaceEthnicityEV2HitOver 6040YMale74WhiteCuban-AmericanTV3HitOver 6055YFemale65From multiple racesFrom multiple Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino groupsEV3SmashedUnder 6070NFemale22From multiple racesI am not Spanish, Hispanic, or LatinoJT1SmashedUnder 6050YMale18AsianI am not Spanish, Hispanic or LatinoDB3SmashedOver 6025NFemale63Black or African-AmericanI am not Spanish, Hispanic or LatinoDB4SmashedUnder 6050YFemale31Black or African-AmericanI am not Spanish, Hispanic or LatinoJT2HitUnder 6045YFemale19Black or African-AmericanI am not Spanish, Hispanic or LatinoDB2HitOver 6065YMale62WhiteI am not Spanish, Hispanic or LatinoDB1HitUnder 6060NMale31Black or African-AmericanI am not Spanish, Hispanic, LatinoDJC4SmashedUnder 6024NFemale24AsianI am not Spanish, Hispanic, or LatinoDJC1HitOver 6060NFemale67WhiteI am not Spanish, Hispanic, or LatinoDJC2HitUnder 6045NFemale23WhiteI am not Spanish, Hispanic, or LatinoDJC3SmashedOver 6062YMale62WhiteI am not Spanish, Hispanic, or LatinoLM4HitOver 6070NFemale62From multiple racesI am not Spanish, Hispanic, or LatinoLM3SmashedOver 6040NFemale61WhiteI am not Spanish, Hispanic, or LatinoPH1SmashedUnder 6060NFemale27WhiteI am not Spanish, Hispanic, or LatinoLM4SmashedUnder 6080NFemale31Some other raceSome other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupPH4HitOver 6080NFemale71Some other race (Hispanic)Some other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupPH2SmashedOver 6050NFemale60Some other race (Hispanic)Puerto RicanPH3HitUnder 6025NFemale28Some other race (Hispanic)Puerto RicanLM2HitUnder 6060NFemale35From multiple racesPuerto RicanTV2SmashedUnder 6040NFemale36Some other race (Hispanic)Puerto RicanTV1HitUnder 6050NFemale40From multiple racesSome other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupDA2HitOver 6050NMale62Some other race (Hispanic)Some other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupDA1SmashedOver 6055NFemale65Some other race (Latino)Some other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupDA4HitUnder 6030YMale21Some other race (Latino)Some other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupDA3SmashedUnder 6035NMale19Some other race (Latino)Some other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupEV4HitOver 6040YFemale61WhiteSome other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupTV4SmashedOver 6055YFemale60WhiteSome other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupJT4SmashedOver 6050NMale66From multiple racesSome other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupJT13HitOver 6060YMale62Black or African-AmericanSome other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupJT14SmashedUnder 6070YMale30Black or African-AmericanSome other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupJT12HitUnder 6060YMale37Some other race (Hispanic)Some other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupJT11SmashedOver 6090NFemale67Black or African-AmericanSome other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupJT3HitOver 6080NFemale62Some other race (Hispanic)Some other Spanish, Hispanic, Latino groupEV1SmashedUnder 6025NFemale21WhiteN/A
Final Course Assignment.
Sheet1No.Strengths (3)Weaknesses (2)Recommendations (2)Evidence (used once only)Theory1Functional orientation
- evidence
- tangible product adv (features, performances, benefits)Inconsistent Messages
(say, do, confirm)It is recommended that supermarket A is to include the term 'wsl' in adv so as to .. Result of implementing consequences theory (journals on this theory)Strength 12Symbolic/experiential orientation
- cartoons, facial expressions, colours, pictures, animations
- emotional
- price ('8' - lucky/prosperity, '9' - longevity)ConsequencesStrength 23Category-dominance orientation (strengths only)
- brand name/logo of adv (evidence)
- e.g. FairPrice advertisement, Rolex, key sponsorsTrustworthinessStrength 34TOMASymbolic/experiential orientationSymbolic/experiential orientationWeakness 15Hierarchy EffectFunctional orientationFunctional orientationWeakness 26CPMAttributes
- what attracts ann advertisement
- features, product image, design, benefitsAttributesAttributesLaddering ProcessConsequences
- adv/benefits of using advertised products/services
- must believe/buy/agree your benefits & advConsequencesConsequencesValues
- quality
- experience post-purchase
- warranties, (money-back) guarantees, 3rd party endorsement, testimonial evidences, awards won, year of history, reputationValues
- critical weakness is that it lacks of…. Deemed to be a signofocant weakness… failed to apply Value Theory (journals)
- if the whole industry does not offer ____, do not take it as a weakness
- no need for comparisonValuesUnique Selling Proposition (USP)
- Superiority
- Unique
- Distinctive
*trademarks, patents, awards wonBrand Image (Transformational Advertising)
- brand logo
- fashion, prestegious productsResonance
- reflect audience life experience
- testimonial evidences
- before & after imagesResonance
- celebrity not good, lacks worthinessResonance
- change endorser (Jack Neo/Tiger Woods)Emotional
- colours, pictures, images, font size, choice of words, testimonial evidencesEmotional Pre-emptive
- message of superiority
- 'No. 1 top seller brand', 'Voted by many'
- country of originCelebrity Endorser
- TEARS model (credibility & attractiveness)
- trustworthiness, Expertise
- physical attractiveness, respect, similarity (to target audience)
- Brian WongCelebrity Endorser
- Jack NeoCelebrity Endorser
- It is recommended that XXX should engage XXX to endorse in the brand to increase attraciveness, expertise… Celebrity Endorser Theory (journal)Typical-person EndorserTypical-person EndorserTypical-person Endorser
- in order to increase attractiveness, recommended that XXX should engage a typical-person endorser (journal)Humour
- cartoons, facial expressions, vocabHumour
- cartoons, facial expressions, vocab*page 197 - theories
10
100PLUS ACTIVE
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
100PLUS ACTIVE
1. Executive Summary
Within marketing, there is a need to conduct promotions of products through .
Sheet1Moisture content analysis final resultsGroupValue of m3 (g)A.docxbjohn46
Sheet1Moisture content analysis final resultsGroupValue of m3 (g)A21.459B25 kPa34.35950 kPa18.771C19.282D17.816E23.651F26.148GTBCH28.664
LEEDS BECKETT UNIVERSITY
CIVIL ENGINEERING
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING: APPLICATION & THEORY (BEng)
Laboratory Experiment:
Undrained triaxial compression test (without pore water pressure measurement) BS
1377: Part 7: 1990.
Object of Experiment:
To determine the undrained shear strength of a soil using the triaxial compression test.
Theory/Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a cell, which is filled with water under pressure; the
specimen is loaded vertically, via a proving ring to measure load.
Triaxial Cell
The vertical load on the specimen is increased until failure occurs, the vertical strain
being recorded at the same time using a dial gauge. The test is repeated on different
specimens from the same soil, using different values of cell pressure.
254
Stresses on specimen in Triaxial Cell
Cell Pressure Deviator Stress =P/A 1=3+P/A
1 = major principal stress
3 = minor principal stress
Therefore, P/A = (1-3) =Deviator stress
The deviator stress is the load on the specimen, P, divided by the cross sectional area
of the specimen. However, as the sample is compressed during the test, the cross
sectional area will increase. Therefore, in calculating the deviator stress an allowance
for the change in area must be considered.
For the calculation of deviator stress, it is assumed that the volume of the specimen
remains constant and that the sample will deform as a cylinder, e.g.
100%
o
X
Strain
L
1 3
P
Deviator stress
A
where P = vertical load, which is measured by a proving ring (kN)
A = Area calculated using the following method;
( ) )o o o oVolume V A L AL A L X
255
1
o o
o
V A
or A or A
L X
Method:
1. Extrude the sample from the tube and trim to size - soil sample of 38mm
diameter and 76mm long.
2. Sleeve the sample with the rubber membrane.
3. Put the sample on the pedestal at the bottom of the cell and seal with the
rubber ring. Place the loading cap on top of the sample and seal with rubber
ring, before securing top drainage tube.
4. Mount the cell over the sample and fill as per the
Flooding Triaxial Cell checklist.
5. Set-up the test with the Clisp Studio assistant, and complete the
Pressurising Triaxial Cell checklist before running the test stages.
6. When test stages are complete, end the test via Clip Studio and complete the
Draining Triaxial Cell checklist.
Results and Calculations:
• Sketch the failure mode of each sample.
• Calculate the moisture content of the soil as per Appendix A.
• Calculate the results as follows:
(i) For each sample tested:
• Find the failure strain (either the final value or.
A survey was conducted of 150 residents in Springdale, asking about their shopping habits and attitudes toward three local shopping areas: Springdale Mall, Downtown, and West Mall. The survey collected data on respondents' demographics and shopping behaviors. Point estimates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the average attitudes toward each shopping area based on interval scale questions. Confidence intervals were also determined for population proportions related to respondent sex and marital status. Sample sizes needed to estimate mean attitudes within 0.05 margins of error at 95% confidence were calculated.
Sheet1Learning Solultions Name:Version NumberMedium/Type:Lesson/ScenarioTaskOrderEventfunctionality descriptionGraphicsTextAnimationName the taskprovide name of screen/window/tab that is either new or needs to be modifieddescribe level of functionality needed - fully functional, view only, part functional part view only, etc.File names of screenprint JPEGs, gifs, tifs, and pngs.Text that must be programmed inDescribe internal movements or animations requiredLogin1Logon screenEntered text needs to move to the next screenlogin_dialog.jpgEnter your user name and password. For this exercise, use the name "student" and the password "learn".An arrow point to the login box.
What is the final product's medium (e.g., .SWF, .PPT, .PPS. Video, .WAV)
Think of sub-section as lesson or scenarios within the larger learning solution.
Sheet2
Sheet3
ALL STAR CAFÉ
NOVEMBER 2018
SALES PROFITS AND OPERATIONS
ACTION PLAN
MISSION STATEMENT: TO PROVIDE THE FRESHEST HIGH-QUALITY FOODS AND BEVERAGE PRODUCTS,
SERVED BY A FULLY TRAINED AND KNOWLEDGEABLE WELL TAKEN CARE OF STAFF PRODUCING,
OUTSTANDING PROFITS FOR OUR OWNERS
1) PERFECT EXECUTION OF OUR COMPANY’S MISSION STATEMENT AND CORE VALUES
BREAKDOWN
A. FRESHEST HIGHEST QUALITY PRODUCT INSURE PROPER RECEIVING, DATING, ROTATION OF
THE PRODUCT, PROPER INVENTORY LEVELS, INSURE ACCURATE ORDERS FOR LEVELS AS
WELL AS PREPARED PRODUCT
B. HIRE, TRAIN AND DEVELOP A KNOWLEDGEABLE STAFF THAT IS PAID APPROPRIATELY AND
GIVEN INCENTIVES TO MAINTAIN OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE. CONDUCT REGULAR EMPLOYEE
REVIEWS AND KEEP ISSUES OF COMMUNICATION OPEN
C. INSURE OPTIMAL PROFITS BY ENSURING THE BEST INDUSTRY PRICING MAKING SURE THAT
MARGINS ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE INDUSTRY.
2) ENSURING MANAGEMENT AND STAFF ADHERE TO POLICIES, PROCEDURES AND PROTOL
MANAGEMENT, STAFF AND SHIFT MEETINGS.
● BREAKDOWN- HAVE EMPLOYEE HANDBOOK AVAILABLE
● HAVE REGULAR STAFF AND MGMT MEETINGS
● SET POLICIES THAT ARE NOT CURRENTLY ENFORCED, DOCUMENTED.
3) RESPONSIBLE PARTY IS MAINTAINING A CLEAR ORGANIZED FACILITY
● USE OF CHECKLISTS
● STAFF UNDERSTAND EQUIPMENT
● STAFF UNDERSTANDS THEIR RESPONSIBILITIES
4) EFFECTIVE OVERSIGHT OF STAF IN CONSTRUCTION WITH MOMT TEAM AND HOW TO IDENTIFY
KEY PERSONNEL.
● REGULAR STAFF EVALUATION
● REGULAR STAFF PEP TALKS
REGULAR STAFF TRAINING SESSIONS
5) MONITORING THE DAILY+WEEKLY+MONTHLY FINANCIAL CONTROL SYSTEMS INCLUDING FLASH
REPORTS, INVENTORIES, EVALUATION, RECEIVING OF PRODUCT, MONITORING OF INVOICING,
S.P.M.H+ PRODUCTIVITY
A. UPDATE P.O.S, ASAP
B. BREAKDOWN OF REPORTS
C. ACCURATE REPORTING OF ALL MONITORED COSTS
6) OVERALL DEVELOPING AND CULTIVATING AN ENVIRONMENT AND CULTURE OF HIGH ENERGY
AND GUEST FIRST ORIENTED ATTITUDE THAT MOTIVATES AND PROMOTES TEAMWORK.
A. MANAGEMENT LEADS
B. STAFF ACCOLADES
C. ENERGY IS CONTAGIOUS!
7) ABILITY OF PERSONEL TO EVALUATE, ORGANIZA AND PRIORITIZE ACTIVITIES AND
RESPONSIBILITIES, INCLUDING LABOUR MANAGEMENT, EM.
Sheet1LMH10090H80M70L605040302010NumberRisk NameFull Risk CostRisk ProbabilityFactored Risk costRisk Impact to ProjectRisk Mitigation PlanPoint of ContactExpected Risk Retire date1$20,00020%$4,000L2$03$04$05$06$07$08$09$010$0$0$0
10
1
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
7
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Case Study:
Edward Bernays
Public Relations Pioneer
Who was Edward Bernays?
Born in Vienna in 1891, distant nephew of Sigmund Freud
His approach to public relations was to use symbols and the mass media to engineer consent
He claimed the public was essentially reactive
But the rise of the middle class meant that there was no longer the ruling class and the uneducated masses who followed dumbly . . .
What did he believe?
This emerging new social strata needed to be controlled and led.
He believed in a completely hierarchical view of society: the intelligent few have been charged with the responsibility of contemplating and influencing the tide of history and of dealing with the masses.
How did he deal with the masses?
Used sociology, psychology and economics and applied them to the messages and methods
He saw the PR expert as an applied social scientist educated to use an understanding of these three fields to influence and direct public attitudes (in a democratic society!)
How did he deal with the masses?
“The conscious and intelligent manipulation of the organized habits and opinions of the masses is an important element in a democratic society. Those who manipulate this unseen mechanism of society constitute an invisible government which is the true ruling power of our country.”
Edward Bernays
What is PR?
“Of course, you know, we don’t deal in images, we deal in reality.”
For Bernays, PR was about creating and projecting credible renditions of reality itself.
He called news any overt act which stands out of the routine.
A PR expert carries out an overt act to interrupt the routine to bring out a response.
PR is the science of creating circumstances which do not appear to be staged.
Edward Bernays
“The public relations counsel sometimes uses current stereotypes, sometimes combats them and sometimes created new ones. In using them, he very often brings to the public a stereotype they already know, to which he adds new ideas, this fortifies his own and gives a greater carrying power.”
Edward Bernays
He fully believed that to manipulate the public, one must know its public as well as know who influences that public
PR experts, as molders of public opinion, must be ongoing monitors of social attitudes.
Edward Bernays
Part of this influencing involved using the implied authority, i.e. the social power of certain groups or leaders
E.g. “Damaged Goods” – he promoted a play about syphillis by securing members of high society and doctors as advocates
To encourage people to eat more bacon, he launched a campaign in which a doctor promoted the benefits of a hearty breakfast
Lucky Strikes
In 1929, Bernays was hired by the tobacco company that made Lucky S.
How Barcodes Can Be Leveraged Within Odoo 17Celine George
In this presentation, we will explore how barcodes can be leveraged within Odoo 17 to streamline our manufacturing processes. We will cover the configuration steps, how to utilize barcodes in different manufacturing scenarios, and the overall benefits of implementing this technology.
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This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Shipping in the Arctic My Arctic your ArcticM.K Afenyo, PhD.docx
1. Shipping in the Arctic: My Arctic your Arctic
M.K Afenyo, PhD
Introduction
News about the Arctic
What is the Arctic?
Picture courtesy:
https://nsidc.org/sites/nsidc.org/files/images//arctic_map.gif
Regions around the north pole
Second largest area by size (13,985,000 km²)
Area above the Arctic circle (66° 34’ N)
Any area in high latitudes where average daily temperature does
not rise above 10 degree
Canada in the Arctic
2. Second largest Arctic country
200,000 Canadians live in the Arctic
New Arctic Framework under development
comprehensive Arctic infrastructure
strong Arctic people and communities
strong, sustainable and diversified Arctic economies
Arctic science and Indigenous knowledge
protecting the environment and preserving Arctic biodiversity
the Arctic in a global context
Canada in the Arctic
Applies to
Yukon
Northwest Territories
Nunavut
Inuit Nunangat
the Nunatsiavut region in Labrador
the territory of Nunavik in Quebec
northern Manitoba, including Churchill
Arctic shipping
Taken place since 1978 in the ice-covered western regions of
the Northern Sea Route (between the port of Dudinka on the
Yenisei River and Murmansk).
“We need to save the Arctic not because of the polar bears, and
not because it is the most beautiful place in the world, but
3. because our very survival depends upon it” --Lewis Gordon
Pugh
YearActivity4th Century B.CUse of Arctic shipping by the
indigenous people for food supplies and
settlement981Discovery of Greenland1490John Cabot makes a
voyage through the NWP1610Hudson expedition by the
Henry1903Roald Amundsen completes the NWP route1935NSR
opens up for Russia traffic1994UN convention on the Law of
the sea1996Formation of the Arctic council2010Russia
Constructs its double hull ice-breaker2012Opening of the Arctic
intensified2013China builds first ice breaker in house2017The
polar code comes into force
The good
Resource deposits: oil, gas and other minerals
Increase shipping saving time and money
Opening up the northern communities
Graphics courtesy: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/energy-
and-mineral-riches-of-the-arctic/
The good
Nordic Orion NWP voyage from Europe to Asia instead of
Panama Canal
Saved 4 days(~4000km) and $200,000
From Shanghai to Rotterdam
4. Russia currently ahead
5 Arctic ice breakers & 3 nuclear powered ones
Canada now building 1 ice breaker a fleet of 8 patrol boats
RouteDistancePanama Canal25,588 kilometresSuez Canal19,550
kmNorthern Sea Route15,793 kmNorthwest Passage16,100
kmTranspolar Route13,630 km
Ship growth in NWP
2007
9 ships
………….
2012
30 ships
The bad
Shorter lengths of ice free months
Extremely harsh conditions
Risk of accident during oil and gas exploration and production
Accidental release during shipping
The Bad
Source: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/energy-and-mineral-
riches-of-the-arctic/
5. The ugly
11Vessel/Spill Accident TypeSpillYearATLANTIC EMPRESS
and AEGEAN CAPTAINCollision287,000 tonnes of
oil1979 ABT SUMMERExplosionSlick covering 80
sq.km1991CASTILLO DE BELLVERFire50-60,000 tonnes of
oil1983AMOCO CADIZGrounding223,000 tonnes of
oil1978EXXON VALDEZGrounding37,000 tonnes of oil1989BP
Oil SpillBlowout680,000 tonnes of oil2010
Courtesy: US Coast Guard
Over $50bn spent on BP oil Spill
(after Afenyo et al., 2016)
Oil spill history
Ugly
12
Accidental releases of oil have negative consequences on the
marine environment.
Need to prepare for emergency control and mitigation of oil
spills.
Countermeasures can only be implemented effectively if the fate
and transport is better understood.
Environmental risk assessment: requires fate and transport
models.
Meanwhile the Arctic is an uncertain terrain with many
6. unknowns
Harsh: very low temperatures
Timely response is a challenge
Darkness
Seasonal variations
The problem of dealing with the ugly
13
Evaporation
Resurfacing of larger oil droplet
Dissolution of water soluble components of oil
8. AIR
WATER
SEDIMENTS
Drift with current
Fixed oil droplet, mobile or being encapsulated in growing ice
Absorption by snow
Oil Pool under snow
Multi-year ice
Lead
Encapsulated oil
Evaporation
9. Dissolution and mousse formation
Oil on meltwater in pools in spring
Oil migration up brine channel
First-year ice
Oil pool
Complex
Ice makes it more complicated
(after Afenyo et al.,2015)
Oil ice interaction
Oil spill processes in open water
Modeling oil spill in ice is difficult
Lack of data in the Arctic
comprehensive ecological risk assessment framework needed
Limited knowledge
14
Environment Risk
Ecology (marine) Risk
Socio-economic Risk
Information on such risks are required to make decisions
11. Oil could be spilled due to
Ship accidents
Offshore oil installations
Illegal oil discharge
Pipeline rapture
Leak from sunken world war ships
Source modelling for oil spills is challenging as each spill
scenario is unique.
The release scenarios may evolve with time and conditions
16
Oil spill due to ship damage*
*Source: http://www.bunkerist.com/en/?p=40692
Dispersion modeling
Dispersion modeling access how much distance a crude could
travel in a given time.
While modeling dispersion, we need to consider all possible
dimensions to this process in terms of oil
17
Source: Afenyo, M., Khan, F., Veitch, B., & Yang, M. (2017).
A probabilistic ecological risk model for Arctic marine oil
spills. Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 5(2),
1494-1503.
Dispersion of oil after a leakage from a vessel
12. Partition modeling
The released oil is transported through
Air
Ice
Water
Sediment
18
*Source: Afenyo, M., Khan, F., Veitch, B., & Yang, M. (2016).
Dynamic fugacity model for accidental oil release during Arctic
shipping. Marine pollution bulletin, 111(1-2), 347-353.
Oil transport in air, ice, water and sediments*
Exposure Modeling
Exposure modeling involves assessment of the oil concentration
and its existence in media of contact.
In marine species, pollutant existence could be due to;
Inhalation
Ingestion of contaminated water and food
Absorption of hydrocarbon
19
Output of ecological model
Risk Quotient is defined as
RQ = PEC/PNEC
13. Where, Predicted Exposure Concentration (PEC) is measured
through fugacity modelling.
And the Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) is obtained
from ecotoxicological studies. PNEC represents ecosystem
response.
A value of RQ > 1 shows condition requiring attention
20
*Source: Afenyo, M., Khan, F., Veitch, B., & Yang, M. (2017).
A probabilistic ecological risk model for Arctic marine oil
spills. Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 5(2),
1494-1503.
Concentration of pollutant (oil) in water*
How will ships be insured going into the Arctic?
Material ship is made of
Experience of crew
Single hull or double hull
Piracy
Length of Voyage
Speed of vessel
Age vessel
Days expected at sea
Graphical based socio-economic model
14. Socio-economic Impact factors
Family separation
Lack of thrust
Stress
Loss of income
Loss of tourists
Movement of people in and out of the affected community
Effect on culture
Effect on hunting
Psychological effect on populace
Weakened social connection
15. Land Claim Agreement
NORDREG
Scenarios matrix & output for socio-economic
modelScenarioSeasonType of oilRecovery methodType of
ship1SummerLightNonesmall2SummerLightNoneLarge3Summer
HeavyNonesmall4SummerHeavyNoneLarge5SummerHeavyDisp
ersantSmall6SummerHeavyDispersantLarge7SummerHeavyInsit
u-burningsmall8SummerHeavyInsitu-burningLarge
Socio-economic impact of scenarios
1 3 13 15 17 19 21 23 88187431 104326960
101022550 108101430 104119470 108126610
105353850 108125960
Sceanarios
Impact ($)
Significance of the output of the SE model
For decision making by governments
Use by insurance companies
16. Other environmental agencies
What is the Arctic policy of Canada?
"The simple fact is that Arctic strategies throughout my lifetime
have rarely matched or addressed the magnitude of the basic
gaps between what exists in the Arctic and what other
Canadians take for granted. Closing these gaps is what
northerners, across the Arctic, wanted to speak to me about as
an urgent priority."
-Mary Simon, Interim report on the Shared Arctic Leadership
Model
New Arctic Policy Framework
coordinated effort by all levels of government,
Indigenous groups,
industry and other stakeholders
to identify problems and solutions and make great use of the
opportunities in the Arctic.
Comprehensive Arctic infrastructure
Lack of infrastructure in the Canadian Arctic
Internet access is based on satellite and is very expensive
Inaccessible year round
17. Climate change caused damage to infrastructure in the Arctic
What needs to be done for this region?
Strong Arctic people and communities
Unemployment is higher than Canadian average and can go as
high as 50% in some places
High rate of crowd living
High rate of violence
Assess to health care is a challenge
No university physically in the arctic (not the case for other
arctic countries)
What key actions could increase well-being within arctic
communities?
Strong, sustainable and diversified Arctic economies
18. Canadian Arctic is mineral rich
What can be done to advance
sustainable economic development,
diversify the Arctic economy,
build capacity/expertise and increase the participation of Arctic
residents in local economies,
grow small-to-medium Arctic businesses and enhance
partnerships?
Arctic science and Indigenous knowledge
The new Canadian High Arctic Research Station campus in
Cambridge Bay (Nunavut),
the Churchill Marine Observatory (Manitoba)
Institut nordique du Québec,
19. Genice (https://www.genice.ca/)
How can Canada respond more effectively to
local knowledge needs,
collaborate with territorial and provincial institutions and better
integrate Indigenous knowledge into decision-making?
increase the capacity of Arctic residents to participate in Arctic
research initiatives,
Protecting the environment and conserving Arctic biodiversity
Oil spills
Protecting the flora and fauna
Coast guard responsible for any emergency response
How can Indigenous and local experience/knowledge be
incorporated into action on climate change and biodiversity?
20. The Arctic in a global context
Engage the world through the arctic council
Make the indigenous nations part of this engagement
What domestic interests and priorities should the government of
Canada pursue internationally?
What do you see as the main challenges and opportunities for
Canada's arctic foreign and defense policy in the next 10-20
years?
Progress
Source: https://ca.news.yahoo.com/food-security-top-mind-
inuit-100000741.html
Make your input
There are three ways to participate:
Send a letter to:
Arctic Policy Framework Secretariat
15 rue Eddy, 14th floor
Gatineau QC K1A 0H4
21. Send an email to: [email protected].
Send a tweet using the hashtag #ArcticTogether.
References
Afenyo,M., Khan,F., Veitch,B., Ng,A.K.Y., Sajid,Z., Fahd,F.
2019. An explorative object-oriented Bayesian network model
for oil spill response in the Arctic Ocean. Safety in Extreme
Environments.
Afenyo, M., Ng, A.K.Y., and Jiang, C., 2018. Climate change
and Arctic shipping: A method for assessing the impacts of oil
spills in the Arctic. Transportation Research Part D,476-490
(Article in press).
Afenyo, M., Khan, F. and Ng, A.K.Y. (2020): ‘Assessing the
risk of potential oil spills in the Arctic due to shipping’. In: Ng,
A.K.Y., Monios, J. and Jiang, C. (Eds.): Maritime Transport and
Regional Sustainability. Elsevier, Cambridge, MA, Chapter 11
(in press).
Afenyo, M., Lin, Y. and Ng, A.K.Y., Jiang, C. (2020): ‘The
opportunities and challenges of developing the Arctic area and
shipping in the Arctic’. In: Lasserre, F., and Faury, O. (Eds.):
Arctic shipping: Climate change, commercial traffic and port
development. Elsevier, Cambridge, MA, Chapter 12.
Lin, Y., Afenyo, M. and Ng, A.K.Y. (forthcoming): ‘Climate
change, a double-edged sword: The case of Churchill on the
northwest passage’. In: Ng, A.K.Y., Monios, J. and Jiang, C.
(Eds.): Maritime Transport and Regional Sustainability.
Elsevier, Cambridge, MA, Chapter 13 (in press).
Afenyo, M., Khan, F., Veitch, B., & Yang, M. (2017). A
probabilistic ecological risk model for Arctic marine oil
spills. Journal of environmental chemical engineering, 5(2),
1494-1503.
Afenyo, M., Khan, F., Veitch, B., & Yang, M. (2016). Dynamic
fugacity model for accidental oil release during Arctic
22. shipping. Marine pollution bulletin, 111(1-2), 347-353
Afenyo, M., Khan, F., & Veitch, B., 2016. A state-of-the-art
review of fate and transport of oil spills in open and ice-covered
water. Ocean Engineering. 119:233-248.
https://www.rcaanc-
cirnac.gc.ca/eng/1503687877293/1537887905065
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SCM2210 TRANSPORTATION Principles
INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECT PLANNING
Dr. Adolf K.Y. Ng
Professor, Dept. of Supply Chain Management
Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba
Source: HMC
23. Contents
The Study Approach
Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
Conclusion
2
The Study Approach
24. A very recently completed project (officially opened by Stephen
Harper, the Prime Minister of Canada, in November 2013)
A historical analysis on the idea, and the project’s planning and
development (initiated in 2008, and undertaken in 2009-2013)
Mainly looking from the institutional perspectives (how
institutional and political factors have shaped the planning and
development of the project)
The CCW project prompted (forced) a number of ‘paradigm
shifts’ in infrastructure planning by the Manitoba Provincial
Government (MPG), which were unpredecented in Manitoba
3
Contents
The Study Approach
Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
Conclusion
4
25. About Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
Winnipeg is the centre of Canada
5
6
Among the Manufacturing Sector:
Food processing; Agribusiness Manufacturing; Heavy Vehicles;
Building Products
Source: MPG
About Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
12/8/18
7
26. About Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
Source: centreport.ca
8
About Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
The Trans-Canada Highway (TCH)
(Source: Transport Canada)
About Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
9
Source: maps.google.com
27. Contents
The Study Approach
Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
Conclusion
10
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The traditional industrial district of Winnipeg was concentrated
in the Northwestern part
Since the 1970s, there had been discussions on relieving
congestion and improve mobility for Inkster Blvd. and
Provincial Highway 221 (PR221) which were, by then, the only
access to the Perimeter Highway (PTH101)
This was not surprising, as the idea of establishing CentrePort
Canada (‘CentrePort’) was only initiated by the MPG in 2008,
after the idea of the CCW project began to take root.
The question: why suddenly a change of heart by MPG?
28. 11
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The original ideas became obsolete since the mid-2000s…
The Asia-Pacific Gateway and Corridor Initiative (APGCI)
(initiated by the Martin Government through the Pacific
Gateway Act, Bill C-68, October 2005; further promoted by the
Harper Government in 2007)
It was the very first time that the concept has been transformed
from a ‘regional’ (mainly British Columbia and Alberta) to a
‘national initiative’
12
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
Potential Impacts on Manitoba:
It offers a valuable opportunity to Manitoba to ‘get connected’
with the world through international trade (to transform from an
inland, regional region to an international inland hub in Canada,
or even North America)
29. How can Manitoba, and not (just) other provinces, gain from
-provincial
competition
This was not helped by the ‘single-location’ strategy undertaken
by MPG and other Canadian provincial governments
13
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
What did the MPG decide/need to do?
The establishment of ‘CentrePort’ (an inland port)
The rapid installation of infrastructures to connect CentrePort
with the major transport networks in Canada (especially the
TCH and Provincial Trunk Highway 75 (PTH75) connecting to
the US), so as to (1) reduce transport and logistics costs; and
thus (2) enhance the competitiveness of CentrePort
14
15
30. The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
Inkster Blvd. and PR221 improvement would unlikely achieve
such objectives…
CentrePort
Winnipeg
Airport
Inkster Blvd.
PR221
CCW
Rail Tracks
Grade Separation
with Rail
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
There were other (secondary) considerations:
The proximity of the Winnipeg airport (as an aviation hub)
Social and environmental issues (like reducing air pollution and
traffic flows along the Saskatchewan Avenue)
The need to construct (more) road-rail grade separations in the
original plan (higher costs for the original plan)
31. 16
17
Source: centreport.ca
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
A revised proposal would look more appealing to the Federal
Government for funding
The first ‘paradigm shift’: proposed actions (as reflected in the
funding proposal), and later the functional design, were built
upon (sometimes more hypothetical) economic (e.g., forecasts
in regional economic development, figures international trade,
etc.) rather than (empirical) engineering indicators (e.g., traffic
flows, mobility, etc.))
Although the Federal Government was not completely happy
with the proposal (mainly due to the lack of a strategy to
inscribe rail into the project), but they decided to support the
project due to the MPG’s ‘trade-based’ strategy, and willingness
32. to commit resources on the APGCI.
18
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The Federal Government paid nearly 50% of the C$212.4
million
> Build Canada Fund (C$68.35 million, administered
by Infrastructure Canada)
> Asia-Pacific Gateway Fund (C$33.25 million,
administered by Transport Canada)
The second ‘paradigm shift’: after the CCW project, MPG starts
to develop ‘shovel-ready’ proposals dedicated for funding
application from the Federal Government.
It implied that the direction of infrastructure planning in
Manitoba gradually moved upwards towards ‘national
objectives’ (note: the CCW itself was actually a ‘provincial’
project)
19
Contents
33. The Study Approach
Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
Conclusion
20
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
However, the Federal Government’s funding on the CCW
project would only last for 5 years (in other words, the MPG
would bear all the financial consequences for any delays)
Traditionally, all infrastructure projects in Manitoba were
planned and constructed via the Design-Bid-Build (DBB)
approach (which usually lasted for 6-7 years)
cost of the latter stages, like construction (‘build’), was often
much higher than the ‘design’ stage), was usually higher
The political pressure to get it done as quickly as possible due
to regional competition (must build ‘faster than Regina (SK),
Calgary (AB), etc.’)
21
34. The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
The third ‘paradigm shift’: the design-build (DB) approach.
The contractors were responsible to design and build the
infrastructure, based on their past experiences, techniques and
know-how.
For instance, quoting Hugh Munro Construction Ltd. (one of the
contractors of the CCW project): “the project involved the
design and build of grade separations for the CCW
transportation corridor.” (source: hmcl.ca)
22
Source: HMC
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
Given the lack of precedence, the use of DB approach caused
substantial uncertainties on how to proceed, especially in view
of such a tight deadline (5 years).
The interactions between institutions (the Federal Govt. and the
MPG) had created ‘institutional uncertainties’.
35. Institutions were established to reduce uncertainties and chaos
through the creation of ‘normalities’ and ‘procedures’ (rather
than innovation). In facing uncertainties that an institution
(MPG) had to solve, how did they deal with it?
23
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
So, what did the MPG (through the Manitoba Infrastructure and
Transportation (MIT) do?
The MIT communicated with Alberta, of which during that time
they were also involved in a DB project, namely the Stony Plain
Road/Anthony Henday Drive Interchange Project
For instance, the MIT actually developed the DB contract for
their project contractors based on a public private partnership
(PPP) contract from Alberta.
The primary approach of solving institutional uncertainties by
institutions was to find alternative ‘certainties’ so as to blanket
such uncertainties.
24
36. The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
The consequences (the positive side):
The ‘design and bidding’ stage became much quicker (only took
about 12 months from call for proposals to signing contracts
with contractors). Most of the time was used on construction.
The project was indeed completed within 5 years (and opened in
November 2013)
25
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
The deficiencies and challenges:
Quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) became much
more difficult to maintain.
The dilemma from MPG/MIT: how should they impose control
(like closed down the construction at some points), but faced
the risks of delays, and possible claims from contractors later?
26
37. The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
The deficiencies and challenges:
Clear priorities were placed on the ‘tangible’ items, i.e., the
physical construction, while the ‘soft’ side of the project had
been seriously lagging behind.
In some ways, the MPG retracted from its traditional role as the
focal point of the infrastructure project, sometimes leaving
contractors a bit ‘lost’ on the planning and construction process.
For instance, at the time when the CCW was opened (and
vehicles started to flow), some documents/permits (like the
RTAC and LCV permitted route status) had not been obtained.
ents happen?
27
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
A matter of political risk calculation?
“Compared to allowing a million-dollar project to be completed
but could not be used, ignoring those ‘silly’ safety standards
and paper works were trivial.”
“Would you allow such ‘silly’ things to trump against the long-
term competitiveness of CentrePort and Manitoba?”
38. One thing for sure: the planning approach by the MPG became
much more ‘single-target-oriented’, duly forced by institutional
and political pressure.
28
Contents
The Study Approach
Canada, Manitoba, Winnipeg and CentrePort
The CCW Project: The Origins and Idea
The CCW Project: Planning and Construction
Conclusion
29
Conclusion
To a large extent, the CCW project was politically- and
institutionally-driven
39. Inter-institutional dynamics had created ‘institutional
uncertainties’, which caused a number of ‘paradigm shifts’ in
infrastructure planning in Manitoba
The primary approach was to find alternative ‘certainties’ so as
to blanket such uncertainties.
There were signs that the MPG retracted from the traditional
role as the focal point of the project, and became more ‘single-
target-oriented’ in the planning approach.
30
Conclusion
It has certainly created a new alternative for infrastructure
planning in Manitoba (and likely to increase in the future)
Is it the appropriate approach? How to address the challenges
and deficiencies?
To what extent is the ‘upward direction’ (towards national
initiative) beneficial for Manitoba?
31
41. Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba
Policy and Management
Lecture Outline
Tradition and New Circumstances
De/Re-centralization
Public Private Partnership
Institutional Reform
Tradition and New Circumstances
What is ‘Port Policy’?
The Role of Government in Ports
Tradition and New Circumstances
Why port policy matters?
Traditionally, government policies often reflected
such a keen interest in port operation, management
and development
National
Regional/Local
(Supra-national was non-existent)
Tradition and New Circumstances
Importance of Ports:
‘Strategic asset’ of a country/region
42. Many ports were rooted from serving military purpose
e.g. Le Havre, Tianjin
Income Source/‘Cash-Cows’ for the city/
surrounding region
e.g. Venice, Hamburg
Tradition and New Circumstances
Importance of Ports:
Base for infiltrating into raw material sources/colonies
e.g. Hong Kong, Accra, New York
Ports were actually important components in
complementing maritime power
Tradition and New Circumstances
As a big employer, there were a lot of people working
in ports, thus often giving a strong interest group
within the society
Source of Conflict:
Tradition and New Circumstances
Characteristics of Traditional Port Policies:
Strong Public Sector Influence, in both operation
and regulatory functions
Little Consideration to Efficiency & Service Quality
> Manual Cargo Loading/Unloading
> Lack of Port Competition
> Natural Hinterland
> Non-Hub-&-Spoke: large no. of port calls
Heavy Subsidies to Ports (notably in European ports)
Tradition and New Circumstances
43. Changing Circumstances and Port Policy:
Containerisation
Hub-and-Spoke and Logistical Supply Chain
Intensification of Port Competition
Globalization and Regional Integration
Terrorism and Security Issues
Tradition and New Circumstances
New Demands for Ports:
Efficiency became much more important
Fewer ports being called: competition intensified
Logistical supply chain: changing relation between
port and city/surrounding region
Globalization and Regional Integration: Is national
or regional/local policies alone enough?
Tradition and New Circumstances
Traditional equipment/system became outdated
Bureaucracy and Administrative Inefficiency
Disinvestment on Port Infra/Superstructure
Many ports had become bottlenecks…
Tradition and New Circumstances
Damietta
“The White Elephant”
in Port Development
44. (1970s – 1980s)
Mis-investment on Port Infra/Superstructure
Tradition and New Circumstances
Can port itself ensure its own competitiveness?
The Betuwe Route &
Port of Rotterdam
Tradition and New Circumstances
Does traditional port management philosophy
violate new principles?
- EU’s principle of Free and Fair Competition
- The Issue of State Aids to Ports
Tradition and New Circumstances
EU Legislative Proposals which can affect Ports:
Maritime Safety (ports of refuge)Protection of Critical
InfrastructureProtection of Maritime Passenger RightsAir
QualityWater (Marine/River) QualityWaste (dredging)Railway
LiberalisationReview Customs Code
Tradition and New Circumstances
The consequence:
The existing operating and management system of
port is not effective enough to tackle new situation
New port policies and reforms are required…
Tradition and New Circumstances
45. Increasing participation from other levels of government
(national, regional/local and supra-national)
Participation of private sector in port operation and
management
Institutional Reform
Tradition and New Circumstances
De/Re-Centralization
De/Recentralization
Unlike shipping (which was mainly national) , port
policy was traditionally largely diverse of which
it was carried out by different levels of government
National Government: South Korea, China
Regional/Municipal Government: The Netherlands, US
Construction and Management of
Container Terminals in South Korea
De/RecentralizationUntil
1989Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF)1990
– 2003Korea Container Terminal Authority (KCTA)
(Since 1997: private sector operated terminals)2004 –
dateBusan Port Authority (BPA)
Private sector operates terminals
46. Port Policy in the United States
De/Recentralization
Traditional Decentralized System of the US
(at least before the New Deal of the 1930s)
Free Enterprises
State/Regional/Local Control
Laissez-faire
De/Recentralization
Port Preference Clause of the US Constitution
(Article 1, Section 9, Clause 6)
No tax/duties shall be laid on articles (cargoes) exported
from any state
No preference should be given by any regulation/revenue to
the ports of one state over those of another
Vessels shall not be bounded to/from one state be obliged to
enter, clear/pay duties in another
De/Recentralization
47. Implications:
Federal government should not carrying out
policies/investments
favouring particular port(s)
The exercise of government policy affecting ports was legally
mandated to be free from competitive/discriminatory bias
Traditionally laissez-faire approach in port policies
Highly decentralized and cautious port policies
(to avoid being accused of “federal favouritism”)
De/Recentralization
Dredging of Channels:
Federal Government:
> Only finance major water channels with no clear access to
particular port(s) (technically constructed and maintained
by the US Army Corps of Engineers)
Local Government:
> Berths and immediate water channels surrounding the port
State/Regional/Local Government(s):
> Port’s land infrastructure
> Superstructure usually provided by private sectors
De/Recentralization
A National Port Plan never exists…
48. According to the Report Port Development in the US, written
by Schenker (Chairman of the Panel on the Future Port
Requirements of the US) in 1976, it concluded that a national
port plan was ‘politically unrealistic and economically
unacceptable
in a free, competitive society functioning under the constraints
of the marketplace…’
Port affairs, including investments, financing and subsidies
were all State/Regional/Local affairs
De/Recentralization
The “Yes” Camp:
Destructive Competition and wasting taxpayers’ money, as all
ports would invest their own facilities and create excessive
capacitiesCan local authorities make the right decisions on
issues affecting national interests?
The “No” Camp:
Adaptability and Innovation to new demands of shipping lines
and shippersNational authorities often don’t understand
local/regional needs
With changing circumstances, should the federal government
play a more prominent role (like national port plan)?
De/Recentralization
De/Recentralization
To deal with Increased Port Security, should the Federal
Government controls who operate Ports & Terminals in the US?
De/Recentralization
49. Public Private Partnership (PPP)
Public Private Partnership
Private Sector Practices or Private Participation?
What type of port activities should public/private
sector be involved in?
How should public-private partnership (PPP) be arranged?
Major Container Terminal Operators in European and
Mediterranean Container Ports, Early 2006 (Source: Ocean
Shipping Consultants)
Public Private PartnershipAPMTRotterdam, Bremerhaven,
Zeebrugge, Dunkirk, Aarhus, Algeciras, Gioia Tauro,
Constantza, East Port Said, TangiersEurogate Hamburg,
Bremerhaven, Gioia Tauro, La Spezia, Livorno, Ravenna,
Cagliari, Lisbon, Rijeka, Ust Luga, TangiersHPHFelixstowe,
Thamesport, Rotterdam, Gdynia, Barcelona,
AlexandriaDPWSouthampton, Tilbury, Shellhaven, Antwerp, Le
Havre, Marseilles, Constantza, YarimcaPSAAntwerp,
Zeebrugge, Flushing, Genoa, Venice, Mersin
50. Dedicated Terminals of Major Container Carriers in European
and Mediterranean Container Ports, Early 2006 (Source: Ocean
Shipping Consultants)
Public Private PartnershipMaersk (APMT)Rotterdam,
Bremerhaven, Zeebrugge, Dunkirk, Arhus, Algeciras, Gioia
Tauro, Constantza, East Port Said,
TangiersEvergreenTarantoCOSCOAntwerp, Naples, East Port
SaidCMA-CGMAntwerp, Zeebrugge, Le Havre, Marseilles,
Tangiers, MarsaxlokkMSCAntwerp, Bremerhaven, Marseilles,
Las Palmas, Valencia, Tangiers, Genoa, La Spezia, Naples,
Venice, Ambarli
What are the options?
What are the strategies & tools?
What are the implications?
Public Private Partnership
Major Options…
51. Service Port
Tool Port
Landlord Port
Fully Privatized Port
Public Private Partnership
Service Port: The Port Authority provides/manages all
services to vessels and cargoes, owns and operates every
single port asset and fulfils all regulatory functions.
Examples: Aden (Yemen),
Public Private Partnership
Tool Port: The Port Authority owns the infrastructure,
superstructure and heavy equipment, rents it to operators
and retains all regulatory functions. However, commercial
operation is given to private operators, usually through
outsourcing or management contracts.
Examples: Le Havre
Public Private Partnership
Landlord (Partially Privatized) Port: The Port Authority
owns basic infrastructure, land and access and protection
assets, and leases them out to operators, mostly on a long
term concession basis, while retaining most, if not all,
regulatory functions. Private operators are usually expected
to finance their own superstructure and heavy equipment.
Examples: Rotterdam, Antwerp, Shanghai, Shenzhen,
52. Public Private Partnership
Fully Privatized Port: The Public Sector does not play any
role in the operation of the port nor ownership of any port-
related assets (most notably land).
Examples: Felixstowe, Hong Kong
Public Private Partnership
Public Private PartnershipOperating StructurePA Owns
InfrastructurePA Owns SuperstructurePA Provides Commercial
100% Public
Involvement
0% Public
Involvement
Service
Port
54. although public sector usually retains ownership
Most assets transferred to the private company
Public Private Partnership
Definition of Privatization: the transfer of ownership
of assets from the public to the private sector or the
application of private capital to fund investments in port
facilities, equipment and systems (UNCTD, 1998)
Public Private Partnership
Partial Privatization
Comprehensive Privatization
Superstructure and infrastructure transferred to the
private company (or invested by the company). The company
often also operates the terminal (and reliable for its own
profits/earnings)
Public sector keeps land and public functions (like quay wall)
Public sector, in many cases, also owns the terminal
The sale of entire port to a private company
If the company decides to sell the port to developer with
no interest in port development/management, it can imply
the end of the port
Public Private Partnership
Fully Public
Outsourcing and
Management Contract
Concession
Arrangement
Build, Own,
55. Operate (BOO)
Divestiture (by
Licensing or Sale)
Fully Private
Liberalization/
Corporatization
Partial
Privatization
Comprehensive
Privatization
The Tools for Private Participation
Modernization/
Commercialization
Public Private Partnership
Outsourcing & Management Contracts:
The government transferred some of its port
activities to private companies
Time period: 3 to 5 years (in some cases, longer)
Operator never owns the terminal (or even super-
and infrastructure)
Contract renewal usually possible, depending on
circumstances and negotiations
Public Private Partnership
56. Concession Arrangements:
Build, Operate, Transfer (BOT)
Build, Own, Operate, Transfer (BOOT)
Time period: 20 – 50 years
After this agreed period, operator is obliged
to return the terminal to the public sector
Public Private Partnership
Build, Own, Operate (BOO)
Full Privatization (of Terminal):
Terminal owned by the operator
No obligations to return the terminal (and its
facilities) to the public sector
Public Private Partnership
Criticisms of the Port Reform Pendulum:
Focused on enhancing port efficiency
Largely neglect the impacts of port competition
Public sector = only public duties?
How about the commercial tasks about ‘ports’
(apart from ‘terminals’)?
Public Private Partnership
Public Private Partnership
Public Private Partnership
57. Institutional Reform
Port authorities share basic public functions but re-assess their
traditional “authority” role in view of common
challenges:Mediating role of port authorities between
commercial interest, local stakeholders and
governmentNetworking capabilities of port authoritiesPort
authorities as active players in the supply chain
Institutional reform takes place in many ports – greater
autonomy and more independence from (central / local)
government
Commercialization and corporatisation of port authorities
Institutional Reform
Rotterdam Municipal
Port Management
(RMPM) before 2004
Institutional Reform
Management Board
Corporate Finance
Management Board
Information & Communication Tech.
Strategy & Communication
Commercial Affairs
Infrastructure & Environment
Facilities
Rotterdam Port Authority
58. Port of
Rotterdam
N.V. (PoR)
after 2004
Institutional Reform
Non-Executive Board
CEO
Directorate
Commercial Affairs (CCO)
Directorate
Finance & ICT (CFO)
Internal Audit
Human Resources
Corporate Affairs
Corporate Communication
Corporate Development
Harbour Master’s Division
Directorate
Port Infrastructure & Maritime Affairs (COO)
59. Maasvlakte II Project
Executive Board
The reformed institution usually has a dual responsibility:
Public Functions
(traditional and new ones like security)
Commercial Functions
(e.g. promotion, marketing, strategic planning)
Institutional Reform
THANK YOU
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
19961997199819992000200120022003
Year
Growth (in %)
AntwerpBremerhavenFelixstoweHamburg
Le HavreRotterdamSouthampton
60. 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
19961997199819992000200120022003
Year
Growth (in %)
NingboQingdaoShanghaiTianjinBusanDalian
SCM2210: Transportation Principles
1) Using any relevant real-world examples (e.g., port, airport,
highway, etc.), describe and discuss the major factors that can
lead to ‘paradigm shifts’ in the planning of transportation
infrastructure projects. (10 marks)
2) Also, using any relevant real-world example(s), critically
discuss the roles of institutions in influencing the direction of
planning and development of transportation infrastructure
projects. (10 marks)