Natural sources of radiation include cosmic radiation from space and terrestrial radiation from radionuclides in the earth's crust. The largest contribution to natural radiation exposure is from radon gas. Man-made sources include medical procedures like x-rays, fallout from nuclear weapons testing, occupational exposure in nuclear power facilities, and materials like tobacco that concentrate radionuclides. Standards for radiation protection are set by organizations like the ICRP to justify practices that incur exposure and keep doses as low as reasonably achievable, with limits on the maximum permissible dose to individuals.
Nuclear hazards from soil contamination can have significant health and environmental impacts. Radioactive materials from nuclear power plants and waste can spread through fallout and enter the food chain. Proper management and disposal of nuclear waste is important to isolate radioactive materials and prevent harmful exposure. In case of a nuclear accident, immediate evacuation from the area and avoiding direct contact with radiation is crucial until it can be contained and the contaminated site cleaned up.
This document provides information about nuclear pollution from an environmental studies project. It discusses the causes of nuclear pollution including nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power plants, and improper disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Two major nuclear accidents are summarized: the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, where a nuclear reactor exploded in Ukraine, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan caused by an earthquake and tsunami. The effects of nuclear pollution on health and the environment are outlined. Suggested preventative measures include proper disposal of nuclear waste and ensuring safety at nuclear power plants.
Nuclear pollution occurs when radioactive material is released into the environment through various human activities like nuclear power generation, weapons production, mining, and medical use. It can cause health issues ranging from mild skin irritation to cancer and death from exposure. The main sources of nuclear pollution are nuclear power plants, mining and milling of uranium ores, waste from nuclear weapons, and disposal of radioactive materials from medical and research facilities. Safety measures need to be strengthened to prevent nuclear pollution and reduce associated health risks. Moving away from nuclear power and toward more sustainable and renewable energy sources can also help address this issue over the long term.
Radioactive pollution is defined as the release of radioactive substances or particles into the environment from human activities like nuclear weapon testing, nuclear power plants, or accidents. It can cause serious health effects like cancer due to radiation exposure and remains toxic for centuries. Sources include natural processes like radioactive minerals as well as human activities involving nuclear materials, weapons, power plants, and medical isotopes. Effects range from acute radiation sickness to long-term mutations and increased cancer risks. Monitoring, safe waste disposal, and prevention of leaks and accidents are important for controlling radioactive pollution.
Radioactive waste comes from various sources and poses health and environmental risks if not properly disposed of. There are different types of radioactive waste - low, intermediate, and high level - which are classified based on their radiation levels. While radioactive waste has historically come from nuclear power and weapons programs, it also originates from medical, industrial, and research applications. Safe disposal methods aim to isolate radioactive materials from the environment for long periods of time until they are no longer hazardous. Common approaches involve underground storage in stable geological formations or deep ocean and polar ice disposal sites. Proper management requires regulation and oversight from specialized agencies to protect human and ecological health.
CHL308_Radioactive Waste And Its Disposal.pptHajiAdeel1
This document discusses radioactive waste and its disposal. It defines radioactive waste as waste that emits rays, waves or particles. It describes the types of radioactive waste including low, intermediate and high level waste. It outlines sources of radioactive waste such as nuclear power plants, medical facilities, and naturally occurring materials. The document then discusses the health risks of exposure to radioactive waste and various proposed methods for disposal, including deep geological repositories and ocean dumping. It notes the complex regulatory environment surrounding radioactive waste management and concludes that radioactive waste poses long-term challenges due to its persistence.
Radioactive waste comes from various sources and poses health and environmental risks if not properly disposed of. There are different types of radioactive waste - low, intermediate, and high level - which require different handling and disposal methods due to varying levels of radioactivity. Common disposal methods include deep geological repositories, sub-seabed burial, and space disposal. Proper management of radioactive waste is important to isolate it and prevent negative impacts on humans and the environment.
This document discusses radioactive wastes and their health and environmental effects. It defines key terms like radiation, ionizing radiation, and radionuclides. It describes different sources of radiation exposure including natural sources like radon and human-made sources like medical devices. It outlines the different types of radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. It also discusses the health effects of radiation exposure such as acute radiation syndrome from high doses and increased cancer risk from low doses.
Nuclear hazards from soil contamination can have significant health and environmental impacts. Radioactive materials from nuclear power plants and waste can spread through fallout and enter the food chain. Proper management and disposal of nuclear waste is important to isolate radioactive materials and prevent harmful exposure. In case of a nuclear accident, immediate evacuation from the area and avoiding direct contact with radiation is crucial until it can be contained and the contaminated site cleaned up.
This document provides information about nuclear pollution from an environmental studies project. It discusses the causes of nuclear pollution including nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power plants, and improper disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Two major nuclear accidents are summarized: the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, where a nuclear reactor exploded in Ukraine, and the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan caused by an earthquake and tsunami. The effects of nuclear pollution on health and the environment are outlined. Suggested preventative measures include proper disposal of nuclear waste and ensuring safety at nuclear power plants.
Nuclear pollution occurs when radioactive material is released into the environment through various human activities like nuclear power generation, weapons production, mining, and medical use. It can cause health issues ranging from mild skin irritation to cancer and death from exposure. The main sources of nuclear pollution are nuclear power plants, mining and milling of uranium ores, waste from nuclear weapons, and disposal of radioactive materials from medical and research facilities. Safety measures need to be strengthened to prevent nuclear pollution and reduce associated health risks. Moving away from nuclear power and toward more sustainable and renewable energy sources can also help address this issue over the long term.
Radioactive pollution is defined as the release of radioactive substances or particles into the environment from human activities like nuclear weapon testing, nuclear power plants, or accidents. It can cause serious health effects like cancer due to radiation exposure and remains toxic for centuries. Sources include natural processes like radioactive minerals as well as human activities involving nuclear materials, weapons, power plants, and medical isotopes. Effects range from acute radiation sickness to long-term mutations and increased cancer risks. Monitoring, safe waste disposal, and prevention of leaks and accidents are important for controlling radioactive pollution.
Radioactive waste comes from various sources and poses health and environmental risks if not properly disposed of. There are different types of radioactive waste - low, intermediate, and high level - which are classified based on their radiation levels. While radioactive waste has historically come from nuclear power and weapons programs, it also originates from medical, industrial, and research applications. Safe disposal methods aim to isolate radioactive materials from the environment for long periods of time until they are no longer hazardous. Common approaches involve underground storage in stable geological formations or deep ocean and polar ice disposal sites. Proper management requires regulation and oversight from specialized agencies to protect human and ecological health.
CHL308_Radioactive Waste And Its Disposal.pptHajiAdeel1
This document discusses radioactive waste and its disposal. It defines radioactive waste as waste that emits rays, waves or particles. It describes the types of radioactive waste including low, intermediate and high level waste. It outlines sources of radioactive waste such as nuclear power plants, medical facilities, and naturally occurring materials. The document then discusses the health risks of exposure to radioactive waste and various proposed methods for disposal, including deep geological repositories and ocean dumping. It notes the complex regulatory environment surrounding radioactive waste management and concludes that radioactive waste poses long-term challenges due to its persistence.
Radioactive waste comes from various sources and poses health and environmental risks if not properly disposed of. There are different types of radioactive waste - low, intermediate, and high level - which require different handling and disposal methods due to varying levels of radioactivity. Common disposal methods include deep geological repositories, sub-seabed burial, and space disposal. Proper management of radioactive waste is important to isolate it and prevent negative impacts on humans and the environment.
This document discusses radioactive wastes and their health and environmental effects. It defines key terms like radiation, ionizing radiation, and radionuclides. It describes different sources of radiation exposure including natural sources like radon and human-made sources like medical devices. It outlines the different types of radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays. It also discusses the health effects of radiation exposure such as acute radiation syndrome from high doses and increased cancer risk from low doses.
This document provides biographical information about Vivek Khandai, including his educational background and contact details. It also discusses various topics related to environmental radiation, including natural and artificial sources, hazards of nuclear radiation, nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings, effects of radiation exposure, and perspectives on radiation as both a risk and potential benefit in small doses.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive material is released into the environment through human activities such as nuclear power generation, nuclear weapons production and testing, mining, and medical procedures. It can cause health risks like burns, cancer, and death from exposure to radiation. Sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear power plants, mining and processing of radioactive ores, production and testing of nuclear weapons, medical and industrial uses of radioactive materials, fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, and accidents involving nuclear equipment. Safety measures need to be enforced to minimize radioactive pollution and reduce health risks.
This document discusses the pros and cons of nuclear power. It notes that nuclear power has prevented millions of deaths from air pollution compared to fossil fuels, but nuclear waste remains radioactive for extremely long periods. High-level nuclear waste storage is an unresolved issue. Incidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima show the risks of nuclear accidents and their health impacts. While nuclear power avoids some pollution, proper long-term management of its radioactive waste remains a challenge.
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Radiological Implications: a review of ICR...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses radioactive contamination from various sources such as nuclear weapons testing, nuclear reactors, and medical applications. It describes different types of radiation and contamination, including internal and external contamination. Effects of contamination are outlined for humans, plants, animals, and the environment. Various methods for measuring and controlling contamination in air, water, soil, and living things are also summarized.
This document discusses nuclear waste disposal and procedures for removing radioactive waste. It describes the three categories of nuclear waste - high, intermediate, and low-level waste - and explains that high-level waste produces 95% of radiation. Procedures for disposal include deep geological disposal of high-level waste and surface or near-surface disposal of intermediate and low-level waste. The document also discusses new methods for removing radioactivity, such as the Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 compound and sulfide sponges. Effectiveness of disposal procedures depends on continued development of faster and more effective radioactive waste removal techniques.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive materials are released into the environment through natural processes like radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's crust, interaction of cosmic rays in the atmosphere, and background radioactivity in seawater. Anthropogenic sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear weapons testing, nuclear waste disposal, operations of nuclear power plants, and improper storage and disposal of radioactive materials. The radioactive pollution can enter the food chain and pose health risks to organisms and humans through ingestion of contaminated food and water over time. Proper methods for disposing, storing, labeling and reusing radioactive waste, banning nuclear weapons tests, utilizing alternative energy sources, and individual precautions can help reduce radioactive pollution.
The document discusses nuclear hazards and radiation. It defines nuclear reactions like fusion and fission, and notes they can release energy. The main sources of nuclear radiation are natural sources like radon, and anthropogenic sources like nuclear power plants and accidents. Exposure to radiation above certain levels can cause health effects ranging from mild sickness to death. The Chernobyl disaster of 1986 in Ukraine resulted from a power surge and explosions, releasing radiation over Europe. It required large evacuations and has been linked to increased cancer rates. Shielding, distance and limiting exposure time can help control radioactive pollution risks.
Radioactive pollution can occur from various human activities involving radioactive materials like nuclear fuel production, nuclear power reactors, uranium mining, and nuclear weapons testing and disposal. It involves the emission of radioactive substances into the air, water, or land in the form of waste. There are three main types - continuous, accidental, and occasional pollution. Key sources are the production of nuclear weapons, decommissioning of nuclear weapons, mining of radioactive ores, and nuclear power plants. Exposure to radiation from pollution can cause a range of health effects from mild skin irritation to cancer and death, depending on the level and duration of exposure. Major nuclear disasters that caused widespread radioactive pollution include the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the C
Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on or in an object or a person. Radioactive materials released into the environment can cause air, water, surfaces, soil, plants, buildings, people, or animals to become contaminated.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive material is released into the environment, usually as a byproduct of nuclear power generation or other applications of nuclear technology. The main types of radioactive waste are low-level waste, intermediate-level waste, and high-level waste. Exposure to radiation can damage DNA and lead to health issues like cancer or death, with effects varying based on the level and duration of exposure. Thermal pollution is another type of pollution caused by the release of heated water, often from power plants and industrial facilities, which can raise water temperatures and lower oxygen levels, harming local wildlife. Strict safety measures and monitoring are needed to prevent radioactive and thermal pollution.
Radioactive pollution can occur from various human activities involving radioactive materials and can have harmful effects. Some key sources are nuclear power generation, nuclear fuel processing, uranium mining, and nuclear weapons testing. Exposure to radiation can cause both acute and long-term health effects like cancer and genetic damage. In India, leakage from nuclear power plants has contaminated water sources and studies found high uranium levels in children living near coal power plants, linked to birth defects and disabilities. Preventing leakage and properly disposing of nuclear waste is important to control radioactive pollution.
The above presentation describes the history,source,danger and effects,classification, and storage and disposal methods of radioactive waste. It also states the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear and radioactive waste
This document summarizes different types of radiation sources. It discusses natural background radiation from cosmic rays, terrestrial sources like uranium and thorium in soil, and internal radiation from radioactive materials inside the body. It also describes man-made sources of radiation used in medicine for diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment, as well as other applications in industry. The document provides context on radiation risk and exposure limits set based on natural background levels.
Radioactive pollution is defined as the emission of radioactive substances into the environment from human activities like nuclear processes, weapons production, mining, and medical and power generation waste. Sources include natural cosmic and terrestrial radiation as well as man-made activities. Exposure to radiation can damage DNA and lead to health issues like cancer depending on the duration and level of exposure. Preventive measures include limiting nuclear tests and waste, careful disposal, and treatment methods to reduce radioactivity in the environment.
Nuclear power plants harness energy from nuclear fission to generate electricity. Three key events in nuclear energy history were the development of atomic weapons during World War II, the world's worst nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in 1986, and the Three Mile Island accident in the US in 1979. Nuclear power produces very low carbon emissions but long-lived radioactive waste requires safe storage and isolation for thousands of years. The future of nuclear power remains debated as it can help meet energy demand while avoiding other pollutants, but risks from accidents, terrorism, or improper waste handling must be weighed.
Nuclear waste disposal and its geological importanceParth Pandya
The document discusses nuclear waste disposal and its geological importance. It describes the different types of nuclear waste - high, intermediate, and low level waste. It explains how waste is produced and stored. The key disposal methods discussed are deep geological disposal for high level waste, near-surface disposal for low level waste, and sulfide sponge and Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 which can remove radionuclides like strontium-90 and technetium from nuclear waste. Ocean dumping was also mentioned but is now banned in most countries.
Nuclear pollution occurs when radioactive materials are accidentally released into the environment. Radioactive materials emit ionizing radiation that can damage living things. Common causes of nuclear pollution include nuclear power plant accidents, nuclear weapons use, mining and processing of radioactive materials, and improper storage and disposal of nuclear waste. Effects of radiation exposure include genetic mutations, increased cancer rates, soil infertility, and damage to plants and wildlife. Solutions to prevent further nuclear pollution involve proper storage and disposal of nuclear waste, banning nuclear weapons tests, developing alternative energy sources, and taking safety precautions when handling radioactive materials.
This document discusses nuclear hazards and radioactive waste. It begins by defining nuclear elements and different types of radiation such as alpha, beta, and gamma particles. It then discusses nuclear power generation and major forms of nuclear fuels. The remainder of the document focuses on nuclear waste, including definitions and types of low-level, intermediate-level, and high-level waste. It describes storage, disposal, and transportation of nuclear waste, as well as international scales for nuclear events. Finally, it discusses some human health risks of radiation such as radiation sickness, cancer, and genetic mutations.
Radioactivity has many applications including:
1) Nuclear power generation, which produces heat from nuclear fission to boil water and drive steam turbines to produce electricity.
2) Nuclear medicine uses short-lived radioactive isotopes as tracers injected into patients to produce diagnostic images.
3) Dating techniques like carbon-14 dating determine the age of organic materials by measuring radioactive decay since death.
4) Other uses include sterilizing medical equipment, measuring flow rates, and detecting leaks. However, nuclear power also poses risks from radioactive waste and potential accidents.
This document provides biographical information about Vivek Khandai, including his educational background and contact details. It also discusses various topics related to environmental radiation, including natural and artificial sources, hazards of nuclear radiation, nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Hiroshima/Nagasaki bombings, effects of radiation exposure, and perspectives on radiation as both a risk and potential benefit in small doses.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive material is released into the environment through human activities such as nuclear power generation, nuclear weapons production and testing, mining, and medical procedures. It can cause health risks like burns, cancer, and death from exposure to radiation. Sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear power plants, mining and processing of radioactive ores, production and testing of nuclear weapons, medical and industrial uses of radioactive materials, fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, and accidents involving nuclear equipment. Safety measures need to be enforced to minimize radioactive pollution and reduce health risks.
This document discusses the pros and cons of nuclear power. It notes that nuclear power has prevented millions of deaths from air pollution compared to fossil fuels, but nuclear waste remains radioactive for extremely long periods. High-level nuclear waste storage is an unresolved issue. Incidents like Chernobyl and Fukushima show the risks of nuclear accidents and their health impacts. While nuclear power avoids some pollution, proper long-term management of its radioactive waste remains a challenge.
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Radiological Implications: a review of ICR...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This document discusses radioactive contamination from various sources such as nuclear weapons testing, nuclear reactors, and medical applications. It describes different types of radiation and contamination, including internal and external contamination. Effects of contamination are outlined for humans, plants, animals, and the environment. Various methods for measuring and controlling contamination in air, water, soil, and living things are also summarized.
This document discusses nuclear waste disposal and procedures for removing radioactive waste. It describes the three categories of nuclear waste - high, intermediate, and low-level waste - and explains that high-level waste produces 95% of radiation. Procedures for disposal include deep geological disposal of high-level waste and surface or near-surface disposal of intermediate and low-level waste. The document also discusses new methods for removing radioactivity, such as the Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 compound and sulfide sponges. Effectiveness of disposal procedures depends on continued development of faster and more effective radioactive waste removal techniques.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive materials are released into the environment through natural processes like radioactive decay of elements in the Earth's crust, interaction of cosmic rays in the atmosphere, and background radioactivity in seawater. Anthropogenic sources of radioactive pollution include nuclear weapons testing, nuclear waste disposal, operations of nuclear power plants, and improper storage and disposal of radioactive materials. The radioactive pollution can enter the food chain and pose health risks to organisms and humans through ingestion of contaminated food and water over time. Proper methods for disposing, storing, labeling and reusing radioactive waste, banning nuclear weapons tests, utilizing alternative energy sources, and individual precautions can help reduce radioactive pollution.
The document discusses nuclear hazards and radiation. It defines nuclear reactions like fusion and fission, and notes they can release energy. The main sources of nuclear radiation are natural sources like radon, and anthropogenic sources like nuclear power plants and accidents. Exposure to radiation above certain levels can cause health effects ranging from mild sickness to death. The Chernobyl disaster of 1986 in Ukraine resulted from a power surge and explosions, releasing radiation over Europe. It required large evacuations and has been linked to increased cancer rates. Shielding, distance and limiting exposure time can help control radioactive pollution risks.
Radioactive pollution can occur from various human activities involving radioactive materials like nuclear fuel production, nuclear power reactors, uranium mining, and nuclear weapons testing and disposal. It involves the emission of radioactive substances into the air, water, or land in the form of waste. There are three main types - continuous, accidental, and occasional pollution. Key sources are the production of nuclear weapons, decommissioning of nuclear weapons, mining of radioactive ores, and nuclear power plants. Exposure to radiation from pollution can cause a range of health effects from mild skin irritation to cancer and death, depending on the level and duration of exposure. Major nuclear disasters that caused widespread radioactive pollution include the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the C
Radioactive contamination occurs when radioactive material is deposited on or in an object or a person. Radioactive materials released into the environment can cause air, water, surfaces, soil, plants, buildings, people, or animals to become contaminated.
Radioactive pollution occurs when radioactive material is released into the environment, usually as a byproduct of nuclear power generation or other applications of nuclear technology. The main types of radioactive waste are low-level waste, intermediate-level waste, and high-level waste. Exposure to radiation can damage DNA and lead to health issues like cancer or death, with effects varying based on the level and duration of exposure. Thermal pollution is another type of pollution caused by the release of heated water, often from power plants and industrial facilities, which can raise water temperatures and lower oxygen levels, harming local wildlife. Strict safety measures and monitoring are needed to prevent radioactive and thermal pollution.
Radioactive pollution can occur from various human activities involving radioactive materials and can have harmful effects. Some key sources are nuclear power generation, nuclear fuel processing, uranium mining, and nuclear weapons testing. Exposure to radiation can cause both acute and long-term health effects like cancer and genetic damage. In India, leakage from nuclear power plants has contaminated water sources and studies found high uranium levels in children living near coal power plants, linked to birth defects and disabilities. Preventing leakage and properly disposing of nuclear waste is important to control radioactive pollution.
The above presentation describes the history,source,danger and effects,classification, and storage and disposal methods of radioactive waste. It also states the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear and radioactive waste
This document summarizes different types of radiation sources. It discusses natural background radiation from cosmic rays, terrestrial sources like uranium and thorium in soil, and internal radiation from radioactive materials inside the body. It also describes man-made sources of radiation used in medicine for diagnostic imaging and cancer treatment, as well as other applications in industry. The document provides context on radiation risk and exposure limits set based on natural background levels.
Radioactive pollution is defined as the emission of radioactive substances into the environment from human activities like nuclear processes, weapons production, mining, and medical and power generation waste. Sources include natural cosmic and terrestrial radiation as well as man-made activities. Exposure to radiation can damage DNA and lead to health issues like cancer depending on the duration and level of exposure. Preventive measures include limiting nuclear tests and waste, careful disposal, and treatment methods to reduce radioactivity in the environment.
Nuclear power plants harness energy from nuclear fission to generate electricity. Three key events in nuclear energy history were the development of atomic weapons during World War II, the world's worst nuclear disaster at Chernobyl in 1986, and the Three Mile Island accident in the US in 1979. Nuclear power produces very low carbon emissions but long-lived radioactive waste requires safe storage and isolation for thousands of years. The future of nuclear power remains debated as it can help meet energy demand while avoiding other pollutants, but risks from accidents, terrorism, or improper waste handling must be weighed.
Nuclear waste disposal and its geological importanceParth Pandya
The document discusses nuclear waste disposal and its geological importance. It describes the different types of nuclear waste - high, intermediate, and low level waste. It explains how waste is produced and stored. The key disposal methods discussed are deep geological disposal for high level waste, near-surface disposal for low level waste, and sulfide sponge and Notre Dame Thorium Borate-1 which can remove radionuclides like strontium-90 and technetium from nuclear waste. Ocean dumping was also mentioned but is now banned in most countries.
Nuclear pollution occurs when radioactive materials are accidentally released into the environment. Radioactive materials emit ionizing radiation that can damage living things. Common causes of nuclear pollution include nuclear power plant accidents, nuclear weapons use, mining and processing of radioactive materials, and improper storage and disposal of nuclear waste. Effects of radiation exposure include genetic mutations, increased cancer rates, soil infertility, and damage to plants and wildlife. Solutions to prevent further nuclear pollution involve proper storage and disposal of nuclear waste, banning nuclear weapons tests, developing alternative energy sources, and taking safety precautions when handling radioactive materials.
This document discusses nuclear hazards and radioactive waste. It begins by defining nuclear elements and different types of radiation such as alpha, beta, and gamma particles. It then discusses nuclear power generation and major forms of nuclear fuels. The remainder of the document focuses on nuclear waste, including definitions and types of low-level, intermediate-level, and high-level waste. It describes storage, disposal, and transportation of nuclear waste, as well as international scales for nuclear events. Finally, it discusses some human health risks of radiation such as radiation sickness, cancer, and genetic mutations.
Radioactivity has many applications including:
1) Nuclear power generation, which produces heat from nuclear fission to boil water and drive steam turbines to produce electricity.
2) Nuclear medicine uses short-lived radioactive isotopes as tracers injected into patients to produce diagnostic images.
3) Dating techniques like carbon-14 dating determine the age of organic materials by measuring radioactive decay since death.
4) Other uses include sterilizing medical equipment, measuring flow rates, and detecting leaks. However, nuclear power also poses risks from radioactive waste and potential accidents.
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Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
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Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
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Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
4. 1- Cosmic Radiation
• These are highly energetic radiations
bombarding the earth from outer
space. The primary cosmic incident on
the earth consists of mixture of
protons (87%), alpha particles (11%),
and a trace of heavier nuclei (1%) and
electron (1%). The energies of these
particles range between 108- 1020 eV
(origin ununderstood).
• The annual cosmic ray dose at sea
level is between26 and 27 mrems. The
dose rate increases with altitude.
4
5. 2- Terrestrial Radiation
• Terrestrial radiation
• There are approximately 340 naturally occurring nuclides
found on the earth, of these, about 70 are radioactive.
Natural radio nuclides are divided into two groups,
depending upon their origin:
• Primordial radio nuclides are those that have been since
earth was formed, The most common primordial nuclides
are 238U (T1/2 = 1.4 × 109 yrs), 235U (T1/2 = 7.8 × 108 yrs),
232Th (T1/2 = 1.4 × 10 10 yrs), 87Rb (T1/2 = 4.8 × 1010 yrs)
and 40K (T1/2 = 1.3 × 10 9 yrs). Some of these radio nuclides
have greater biological significance.
• Cosmogenic radio nuclides are those which are
continuously being produced by the action of cosmic rays.
C 14 (T1/2 = 5730 yrs.) is formed primarily by interaction of
thermalized neutrons with nitrogen in the atmosphere .
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6. A- External Terrestrial Exposure
• External exposure to terrestrial radioactivity originates with the y
-rays emitted following the decay of uranium, thorium, and their
daughter products. (Fig. Lamarsh 9.7)
• These radionuclides are widely, but unevenly, distributed about
the world. In the United States, for instance, there are three
broad areas of differing terrestrial gamma ray levels. The
Colorado Plateau lies atop geological formations rich in uranium
and radium.; as a result, this region tends to have a much higher
radiation level (90 mrem/yr).
• There are also locations in the world, particularly in Brazil and
India, where the presence of thorium-bearing monozite sands
leads to radiation levels that are especially high (up to 3mR/hr).
The population averaged annual external terrestrial dose in the
United States is 26 mrems.
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8. B- Internal Terrestrial Exposure
• The principal source of internal Terrestrial radiation
exposure is from primordial 40K. This nuclide decays
both by –ve ß-decay to 40Ca and by +decay to 40Ar.
There is about 0.0157g of 40K from a total of 130g of
potassium in an average person weighing 70kg. The
total activity of the 40K in the body is therefore
approximately 0.11µCi.
• The heavy primordial nuclides and their daughters
enter the body by ingetion of drinking water or food
stuffs. Heavy radionuclides also enter the body as
the result of inhalation of 222Rn (T1/2 = 3.8 days)
and its daughter products especially 210Pb (T1/2 = 21
yrs).
• 222Rn is the immediate daughter of the decay of
226Ra and it is therefore produced in radium bearing
rocks, soil and construction materials.
8
9. http://physics.isu.edu/radinf/natural.htm
The common radionuclides in food are (40K), (226Ra) and (238U) and the associated progeny. Here is
a table of some of the common foods and their levels of 40K and 226Ra.
Food
40K
pCi/kg
226Ra
pCi/kg
Banana 3,520 1
Brazil Nuts 5,600 1,000-7,000
Carrot 3,400 0.6-2
White Potatoes 3,400 1-2.5
Red Meat 3,000 0.5
Lima Bean
raw
4,640 2-5
Drinking water --- 0-0.17
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10. 3- Man-made radiation sources
(that result in an exposure to members of the public):
• Medical Exposures
• Fallout
• Nuclear Power
• Building materials
• Air Travel
• Televisions
• Tobacco
• Other Man-made Sources
(mnemonic MFNBATTO)
10
12. http://www.hpa.org.uk/Topics/Radiation/UnderstandingRadiation/UnderstandingRadiationTopics/Dos
eComparisonsForIonisingRadiation/
Source of Exposure Dose
Dental X-ray 0.005 mSv
135g bag of Brazil nuts 0.005 mSv
Chest X-ray 0.02 mSv
Transatlantic flight 0.07 mSv
Nuclear power station worker average annual
occupational exposure 0.18 mSv
UK annual average radon dose 1.3 mSv
CT scan of the head 1.4 mSv
UK average annual radiation dose 2.7 mSv
USA average annual radiation dose 6.2 mSv
CT scan of the chest 6.6 mSv
Average annual radon dose to people in
Cornwall 7.8 mSv
Whole body CT scan 10 mSv
Annual exposure limit for nuclear industry
employees 20 mSv
Level at which changes in blood cells can be
readily observed 100 mSv
Acute radiation effects including nausea and a
reduction in white blood cell count 1000 mSv
Dose of radiation which would kill about half of
those receiving it in a month 5000 mSv
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13. Medical exposures
By far, the most significant source of man-made
radiation exposure to the public is from
medical
procedures, such as:
1. Medical & dental diagnostic radiology
2. Clinical nuclear medicine
3. Radiation therapy
4. Occupational exposure of medical & dental
personnel
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14. Fallout
• Fallout from a nuclear weapon consists of fission fragments
and neutron activation products in weapon debris that
become attached to dust and water particles in the
atmosphere.
• The larger of these particles soon come to earth near the
site of the detonation.
• The smaller ones may remain aloft in the upper
atmosphere for five years or more. In time, they become
distributed more or less uniformly around the world, and
contribute to the general level of environmental radiation.
• The long-term exposure from fallout is mostly internal,
from fission products ingested.
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15. Fallout
• Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a
nuclear explosion, so called because it "falls
out" of the atmosphere after the explosion. It
commonly refers to the radioactive dust
created when a nuclear weapon explodes.
This radioactive dust, consisting of hot
particles, is a kind of radioactive
contamination. It can lead to the
contamination of ground and the animal food
chain.
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16. Nuclear Power
• The increasing use of nuclear power will lead to a small, but increasing, radiation
dose to the general public. This dose is due not only to radiation released from
power plants themselves, but also from uranium mines, mills and fabrication
plants, and fuel-reprocessing facilities. In any case, the population-averaged dose
in the United States was less than 1 mrem/year in 1980.
• The occupational dose to workers in the commercial nuclear industry is computed
from industry data submitted to and published by the US Nuclear Regulatory
Commission.
• http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-
Health/Nuclear-Radiation-and-Health-Effects/
• The average annual radiation dose to employees at uranium mines (in addition to
natural background) is around 2 mSv (ranging up to 10 mSv). Natural background
radiation is about 2 mSv. In most mines, keeping doses to such low levels is
achieved with straightforward ventilation techniques coupled with rigorously
enforced procedures for hygiene.
• Occupational doses in the US nuclear energy industry – conversion, enrichment,
fuel fabrication and reactor operation – average less than 3 mSv/yr.
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17. Building materials
• The building material used for house building influences the radiation
dose of human beings due to natural radioactive substances. The radiation
within buildings made of bricks or concrete is higher than in buildings
made of wood or some type of pre-assembled units since this building
material contains less natural radioactive substances.
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18. Air travels
• People travelling in aircraft may be exposed to more
ionising radiation because the earth’s atmosphere
provides less protection from cosmic radiation at the
typical altitudes of commercial aircraft. Exposure also
increases the further that the flight path is away
from the equator. Therefore, the radiation dose will
vary between different flights depending on origin,
destination, route, flight level pattern and solar
activity at the time. Aircrew and frequent flyers get
the most additional exposure because of the extra
time they spend at high altitudes.
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19. Air Travel
– At high altitudes cosmic rays dose is much higher
• Aircrafts at altitudes 9–15 km receive higher dose
• High energy particulate dose rate can be measured by CR-
39 made windows
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21. Television
• Some television sets and computer screens contain a cathode
ray tube (CRT), which bounces electrons off the screen to
create an image. The interaction between the electrons and
the screen can potentially create low-level x-rays. CRT displays
using vacuum tube high voltage rectifiers or regulators also
generate x-rays.
• http://www.fda.gov/Radiation-EmittingProducts/
• With the adoption of Federal regulation, the individual dose rate has
fallen over the past decade, and the average annual dose to the
gonads of viewers is now between 0.2 and 1 .5 mrems. (see Table 9.11)
• The flat panel TVs incorporating Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) or Plasma
displays are not capable of emitting x-radiation. As such these products
and are not subject to the FDA standard and do not pose a public health
hazard.
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22. Tobacco
• 222Rn diffuses from the earth to the atmosphere, where it decays into
210Pb, which subsequently falls to the earth attached to dust or moisture
particles. If these particles fall onto leafy vegetables or pasture grasses,
the 210Pb may enter directly into the food chain.
• If the particles fall onto broadleaf tobacco plants, the 210Pb and its
daughter 210Po may be incorporated into commercial smoking materials.
Measurements show that there are on the order of 10 to 20 pCi of both
210Pb and 210Po in an average pack of cigarettes.
• The annual local dose to this tissue for an average cigarette smoker ( 1 .5
packs per day) is estimated to be as high as 8 rems (80 mSv) and
proportionately higher for heavy smokers. Many researchers believe that
this radiation is the origin of the high incidence of lung cancer among
smokers.
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24. 24
OBJECTIVES OF RADIATION PROTECTION
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PREVENTION of deterministic
effect
LIMITING the probability of
stochastic effect
25. Lamarsh-9.8 Standard of Radiation
Protection
In 1928 , in response to the growing recognition
of the hazard of radiation, the second
congress of Radiology establish the
International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP) to set standards of
permissible exposure to radiation.
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26. Standard of Radiation Protection
• ICRP (International Commission of
Radiological protection)
• NCRP (National Council on Radiation
protection & Measurements)
• FRC (Federal Radiation Council)
• EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)
• RPGs (Radiation Protection Guides)
• MPD (Maximum Permissible Dose)
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27. Ground Rules For Radiation Exposure
1. Any exposure to radiation may be harmful,
however if any compensatory benefit is realized,
then deliberate exposure will must be justified.
2. All exposure to radiation should be kept “ as low as
reasonably achievable” (ALARA).
3. Radiation doses to individuals should not exceed
certain recommended values which are known as
maximum permissible doses (MPDs).
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28. Assumptions of Standards Setting Bodies
a) There is a linear dose-effect relationship for all
radiation effects from zero to high dose levels (in
the ranges of several hundred rads)
b) There is no threshold radiation dose above which
an effect may occur, but below which it does not.
c) Low doses delivered to an organ are additive, no
matter at what rate or at what intervals they may
be delivered.
d) There is no biological recovery from radiation
effects at low doses.
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