Fundamental analysis is an approach to analyzing markets that focuses on underlying supply and demand factors. It considers things like weather conditions, acreage planted, government programs, and USDA reports to forecast price trends. The most impactful fundamental factors on grain prices are weather, which can significantly affect crop yields, and acreage planted, as supply is directly tied to number of acres. USDA reports also have major influence, especially monthly supply/demand and acreage reports.
Virtual Global Food Reserve Policy to Protect the Poor and Prevent Market Fa...Joachim von Braun
The document proposes a virtual global food reserve policy to address food crises. It consists of two parts: 1) a minimum physical grain reserve for humanitarian assistance, and 2) a virtual reserve and intervention mechanism backed by a financial fund. The virtual reserve would intervene in futures markets when prices rise above estimated price bands, executing silent short sales to lower speculative prices without realizing losses. This mechanism aims to stabilize prices through influencing expectations while minimizing market distortions.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the global seeds industry. It includes statistics on market size by region and crop type for seeds including grain, vegetable, oilseeds, horticulture, fruit and miscellaneous. It also discusses factors influencing the market such as the impact of biotechnology. The report profiles over 200 seed companies and provides historic data on seed production, trade and major players in the industry.
This document provides guidance on developing an effective grain marketing plan. It recommends dividing expected production into portions and assigning separate pricing objectives and strategies to each portion. The plan should identify price targets for pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest periods. Key factors to consider include personal risk tolerance, financial needs, seasonal price patterns, and current market outlook. An effective plan imposes marketing discipline and takes emotion out of pricing decisions.
Theme address by dr. v shanmugham , head research mcximccci
The document provides an overview of commodity fundamentals in 2019, discussing factors that influence supply and demand for various commodity segments including bullion, energy, metals, and agriculture. It also examines currency volatility and geopolitical issues like trade conflicts, sanctions, and drone usage that could impact commodities. The document is presented by Dr. V Shunmugam and provides a high-level summary of key considerations for commodity markets in the coming year.
Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustain...ijtsrd
There is an urgent need for the revitalization of the Nigerian Agricultural sector especially now the economic situation of the economy is nothing to write home about. The Agricultural sector of Nigeria was neglected for years owing to the discovery of crude oil in the 70s. Crude oil exportation gradually replaced Agricultural products exportation until Nigeria became a mono product exporting nation. The current fall in oil prices have led to the recent clamor for the diversification of the economy through agricultural export performance. Serveral policies have been implemented by the government both in state and federal levels in order to boost the agricultural sector but no significant change has been achieved. This indicates that the sector is faced with challenges which must be identified and nipped in the bud for the sector to flourish. Marketing of Agricultural products has been identified by various researchers globally and in Nigeria as the major problems of the Agricultural sector. Various scholars have discovered that if the right marketing practices is not put in place in the Agricultural sector of an economy, the sector would not flourish. Therefore the thrust of this conceptual study was to identify the problems associated with the marketing of Agricultural products with a view to proffering recommendations of the best marketing practices to adopt in order to boost the Agricultural sector of the economy for economic growth and sustainable development. Nwuba, Chibike Onyije "Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38503.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38503/marketing-of-agricultural-products-a-panacea-for-economic-growth-and-sustainable-development-in-nigeria/nwuba-chibike-onyije
Rao 5c policies for ameliorating instability in food securitySizwan Ahammed
This document discusses policies for ameliorating instability in food security. It covers various topics such as:
- Alleviating seasonal and cyclical food insecurity through production policies, food pricing and storage stabilization, and other tools.
- Two types of shocks that can cause food insecurity - temporary shocks and chronic shocks - and household coping strategies under stress.
- A multi-pronged approach involving supply measures, targeted production supports, public works programs, and targeted food subsidies to impact household food entitlements.
- Stabilization of food supplies through production policies like irrigation and storage, as well as food pricing and storage policies using price floors, ceilings, and public stockpiles
This document discusses agricultural policy and performance in the Philippines, and the implications of World Trade Organization agreements. It finds that Philippine agricultural growth and exports have significantly underperformed compared to other Asian countries since the 1980s. Price intervention policies, including an overvalued currency, have negatively impacted farm incomes and competitiveness. While some reforms have reduced distortions, issues around exchange rates and commodity policies remain. The document analyzes how WTO agreements may impact the Philippines' ability to intervene in agricultural markets.
041pub br233 051.812.955.17 folder to Tax ReturnSandro Suzart
This volume contains appendixes that provide data and methodology supporting the analysis in Volume 1 of the study "Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Brazil". Appendix A includes tables showing effective protection rates for different sectors in Brazil from 1967-1980, and subsidies for Brazilian manufactured exports. Appendix B contains data on domestic resource costs and export subsidies for Brazilian manufacturing groups. Appendix C presents methodology and data on measures of protection for Brazilian agriculture. The remaining appendixes contain additional data tables and figures supporting the analyses in Volume 1.
Virtual Global Food Reserve Policy to Protect the Poor and Prevent Market Fa...Joachim von Braun
The document proposes a virtual global food reserve policy to address food crises. It consists of two parts: 1) a minimum physical grain reserve for humanitarian assistance, and 2) a virtual reserve and intervention mechanism backed by a financial fund. The virtual reserve would intervene in futures markets when prices rise above estimated price bands, executing silent short sales to lower speculative prices without realizing losses. This mechanism aims to stabilize prices through influencing expectations while minimizing market distortions.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the global seeds industry. It includes statistics on market size by region and crop type for seeds including grain, vegetable, oilseeds, horticulture, fruit and miscellaneous. It also discusses factors influencing the market such as the impact of biotechnology. The report profiles over 200 seed companies and provides historic data on seed production, trade and major players in the industry.
This document provides guidance on developing an effective grain marketing plan. It recommends dividing expected production into portions and assigning separate pricing objectives and strategies to each portion. The plan should identify price targets for pre-harvest, harvest, and post-harvest periods. Key factors to consider include personal risk tolerance, financial needs, seasonal price patterns, and current market outlook. An effective plan imposes marketing discipline and takes emotion out of pricing decisions.
Theme address by dr. v shanmugham , head research mcximccci
The document provides an overview of commodity fundamentals in 2019, discussing factors that influence supply and demand for various commodity segments including bullion, energy, metals, and agriculture. It also examines currency volatility and geopolitical issues like trade conflicts, sanctions, and drone usage that could impact commodities. The document is presented by Dr. V Shunmugam and provides a high-level summary of key considerations for commodity markets in the coming year.
Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustain...ijtsrd
There is an urgent need for the revitalization of the Nigerian Agricultural sector especially now the economic situation of the economy is nothing to write home about. The Agricultural sector of Nigeria was neglected for years owing to the discovery of crude oil in the 70s. Crude oil exportation gradually replaced Agricultural products exportation until Nigeria became a mono product exporting nation. The current fall in oil prices have led to the recent clamor for the diversification of the economy through agricultural export performance. Serveral policies have been implemented by the government both in state and federal levels in order to boost the agricultural sector but no significant change has been achieved. This indicates that the sector is faced with challenges which must be identified and nipped in the bud for the sector to flourish. Marketing of Agricultural products has been identified by various researchers globally and in Nigeria as the major problems of the Agricultural sector. Various scholars have discovered that if the right marketing practices is not put in place in the Agricultural sector of an economy, the sector would not flourish. Therefore the thrust of this conceptual study was to identify the problems associated with the marketing of Agricultural products with a view to proffering recommendations of the best marketing practices to adopt in order to boost the Agricultural sector of the economy for economic growth and sustainable development. Nwuba, Chibike Onyije "Marketing of Agricultural Products, a Panacea for Economic Growth and Sustainable Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38503.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/marketing/38503/marketing-of-agricultural-products-a-panacea-for-economic-growth-and-sustainable-development-in-nigeria/nwuba-chibike-onyije
Rao 5c policies for ameliorating instability in food securitySizwan Ahammed
This document discusses policies for ameliorating instability in food security. It covers various topics such as:
- Alleviating seasonal and cyclical food insecurity through production policies, food pricing and storage stabilization, and other tools.
- Two types of shocks that can cause food insecurity - temporary shocks and chronic shocks - and household coping strategies under stress.
- A multi-pronged approach involving supply measures, targeted production supports, public works programs, and targeted food subsidies to impact household food entitlements.
- Stabilization of food supplies through production policies like irrigation and storage, as well as food pricing and storage policies using price floors, ceilings, and public stockpiles
This document discusses agricultural policy and performance in the Philippines, and the implications of World Trade Organization agreements. It finds that Philippine agricultural growth and exports have significantly underperformed compared to other Asian countries since the 1980s. Price intervention policies, including an overvalued currency, have negatively impacted farm incomes and competitiveness. While some reforms have reduced distortions, issues around exchange rates and commodity policies remain. The document analyzes how WTO agreements may impact the Philippines' ability to intervene in agricultural markets.
041pub br233 051.812.955.17 folder to Tax ReturnSandro Suzart
This volume contains appendixes that provide data and methodology supporting the analysis in Volume 1 of the study "Trade, Exchange Rate, and Agricultural Pricing Policies in Brazil". Appendix A includes tables showing effective protection rates for different sectors in Brazil from 1967-1980, and subsidies for Brazilian manufactured exports. Appendix B contains data on domestic resource costs and export subsidies for Brazilian manufacturing groups. Appendix C presents methodology and data on measures of protection for Brazilian agriculture. The remaining appendixes contain additional data tables and figures supporting the analyses in Volume 1.
The vertical farming market is expected to grow securely between 2020 and 2025. The analysis report on vertical farming provides insights into business strategies used by major players and how these strategies could impact future market conditions. It describes the global vertical farming industry, including production volumes, value, demand, and key regions. Major types of vertical farming include hydroponics and aeroponics, while major applications are vegetable cultivation and fruit planting.
Inflation refers to a persistent rise in the general price level over time that reduces the purchasing power of money. It occurs when there is too much money chasing too few goods. Inflation can be measured by calculating the rate of inflation, which is the percentage change in a price index from one year to the next. Price indices like the consumer price index, producer price index, and GNP deflator are used to measure inflation by weighting the prices of different commodities based on their economic importance. Inflation can be caused by an increase in demand, like growth in money supply or incomes, or a decrease in supply, like shortages in capital or raw materials. It takes different forms depending on the rate of price
The document discusses reducing food price variability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Two major events in 2008 highlighted the need for intervention in agricultural markets and risk management tools: 1) The global food crisis put agriculture at the top of policy agendas as food prices became more variable in Africa. 2) The financial crisis undermined faith in self-correcting markets. Vulnerability to price fluctuations affects the poor. The report analyzes different types of instruments to reduce price risk, including private market mechanisms, government policies, and safety nets. It also provides a framework to assess which instruments are most suitable for different country contexts in Sub-Saharan Africa based on market development.
African Agricultural Futures: Opportunities, Challenges & Priorities - Dr Siwa Msangi, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and AIFSC Project Coordinator for "Strategic Foresight for African Agriculture"
The document discusses the challenges facing global food policy. It identifies five ongoing food crises: high and volatile international food prices, starvation, childhood hunger and malnutrition, obesity and diet-related disease, and threats to long-term global food production capacity. When food prices spike, governments, media, and speculators often overreact in unhelpful ways. The document argues that the most important policy challenges are improving food systems outside of farms, achieving sustainable intensification, and addressing nutrition and health through food systems. Real food prices need not necessarily rise in the long run if various productivity improvements are achieved.
This study examined the effectiveness of agricultural protection policy and other macroeconomic variables on food supply, agricultural export, and farmers welfare in Nigeria, from 1980-2016 with a special interest in their relationship with the political economy. The specific objectives were to (i) estimate the degrees of agricultural protection, domestic agricultural food supply and economic welfare to farmers in Nigeria, (ii) determine the effectiveness of agricultural protection on food self-supply, agricultural export; and farmer-welfare. Data were obtained from secondary sources. Descriptive statistics and generalized method of moment (GMM) were used. Nigeria’s self-food supply was slightly above 50% while the rest of the consumption depended on importation. The welfare measure to farmers was relatively poor and not good enough to motivate them. There was a positive and significant relationship between export and agricultural protection. A significant and positive relationship also exists between farmer-welfare and protection in the sector.
Administered prices are prices that are set by the government rather than market forces. They are used to pursue objectives like providing basic necessities at affordable prices, curbing or encouraging consumption of certain items, containing inflation, and mobilizing government revenue. Administered prices are characterized by being fixed, statutory, and regulatory in nature, and are intended as corrective measures that are part of the government's pricing policy.
The document summarizes recent economic developments in Botswana in the 2nd quarter of 2008. Inflation has risen rapidly to 12.1% due to higher international food and fuel prices. Food price inflation reached 18.5% in May while fuel inflation was 42%. Apart from food and fuel, underlying inflation has remained low at 5.2%. Prospects are that inflation will continue rising to between 14-15% due to ongoing increases in fuel costs. Some policy measures have been introduced that could exacerbate inflation pressures, such as a new 40% tariff on imported milk and a computer tax intended to support musicians.
The primary purpose of this paper is comparing six common models, which were linear, quadratic, Cobb-Douglas, translog, logarithmic, and transcendental, to estimate the supply and demand functions for Saudi Arabian wheat. In addition to estimating the market equilibrium for price and quantity, that led to identifying consumer and producer surplus. Data cover 1990-2014 for all the variables that used to show the effect supply and demand of Wheat. After testing the models using Stepwise and Box-Cox, we came up with the fact that the linear and Cobb-Douglas methods were the best models to show the relationship between variables. On the supply side, we found using the linear model, that wheat price had a negative sign, which represents the impact of government policy number 335. However, in the Cobb-Douglas model, the wheat price had a positive sign. The elasticity coefficient of supply for the wheat price was inelastic. Moreover, the result also showed that all the elasticity coefficients in the supply and demand models were inelastic. The low-income elasticity of demand led the consumption of wheat to increase.
the role of agriculture in economic developmentmajesticmaths
This document discusses the role of agriculture in economic development. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP is declining, agricultural productivity has been increasing in some regions through higher yields. However, agricultural growth did not lead to as much economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa as hoped. The document examines factors driving changes in agriculture, the relationship between agricultural growth and poverty reduction, linkages between agriculture and other sectors, and inclusion/exclusion of small farms. It questions why, despite investments, agricultural development has not resulted in more success in reducing poverty.
The global grain products market was valued at around $265 billion in 2017. Asia Pacific was the largest region in the grain products market in 2017, accounting for under 57% market share.
Read Report
https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/grain-products-global-market-report-2018
The document discusses India's agricultural price policy. Key points:
- The policy aims to protect farmers and consumers by setting minimum support prices and managing buffer stocks. It seeks price stability and food security.
- Institutions like the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices and Food Corporation of India implement the policy through activities like MSP fixation and public distribution systems.
- The policy faces issues like limited coverage of crops, inadequate prices, and problems with the PDS system. Reforms aim to address these issues.
This is a demo version of Williams & Marshall Strategy's report on the isopropanol market in the Iberian countries. The report presents a strategic analysis of the isopropanol market in the region and a forecast for its development in the medium term. It provides a comprehensive overview of the market, its dynamics, structure, characteristics, main players, growth and demand drivers, etc. This is the most detailed and comprehensive report about the isopropanol market in the Iberian countries currently available!
This is a demo version of Williams & Marshall Strategy's report on the phenols market in the Iberian countries. The report presents a strategic analysis of the phenols market in the region and a forecast for its development in the medium term. It provides a comprehensive overview of the market, its dynamics, structure, characteristics, main players, growth and demand drivers, etc. This is the most detailed and comprehensive report about the phenols market in the Iberian countries currently available!
This document discusses challenges in improving the sweet potato value chain in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that sweet potatoes are bulky and perishable, limiting their transport and integration into markets. Production is also highly seasonal, causing price fluctuations. There is little commercial processing extending shelf life. Consumption declines as incomes rise due to urbanization and higher prices of sweet potatoes compared to grains. Improving the value chain involves strengthening all parts from input suppliers to farmers to traders and consumers, as well as supporting institutions and services that aid the chain's functioning. Significant challenges include the small size of sweet potato markets due to localized production and transport costs, as well as perceptions of sweet potatoes as a "poor man's food."
Government Investment and Food Price Volatility IndicatorsFAO
This document discusses indicator 2.a.1, which monitors progress on SDG target 2.a of increasing investment in agriculture. It presents the Agriculture Orientation Index (AOI) formula, which compares a government's spending on agriculture to the sector's GDP contribution. An AOI of 1 indicates neutrality, while above 1 signals higher than expected support and below 1 represents lower than expected support. The document provides examples of AOI calculations for Botswana and Guinea-Bissau for 2015. It also discusses the methodology, limitations, and trends over time for AOI as an indicator at global and regional levels based on FAO data collection.
Ten examples of stupid things people have done with social media and blog sites. Answering the question, "Why should we consider monitoring social media sites?"
The vertical farming market is expected to grow securely between 2020 and 2025. The analysis report on vertical farming provides insights into business strategies used by major players and how these strategies could impact future market conditions. It describes the global vertical farming industry, including production volumes, value, demand, and key regions. Major types of vertical farming include hydroponics and aeroponics, while major applications are vegetable cultivation and fruit planting.
Inflation refers to a persistent rise in the general price level over time that reduces the purchasing power of money. It occurs when there is too much money chasing too few goods. Inflation can be measured by calculating the rate of inflation, which is the percentage change in a price index from one year to the next. Price indices like the consumer price index, producer price index, and GNP deflator are used to measure inflation by weighting the prices of different commodities based on their economic importance. Inflation can be caused by an increase in demand, like growth in money supply or incomes, or a decrease in supply, like shortages in capital or raw materials. It takes different forms depending on the rate of price
The document discusses reducing food price variability in Sub-Saharan Africa. Two major events in 2008 highlighted the need for intervention in agricultural markets and risk management tools: 1) The global food crisis put agriculture at the top of policy agendas as food prices became more variable in Africa. 2) The financial crisis undermined faith in self-correcting markets. Vulnerability to price fluctuations affects the poor. The report analyzes different types of instruments to reduce price risk, including private market mechanisms, government policies, and safety nets. It also provides a framework to assess which instruments are most suitable for different country contexts in Sub-Saharan Africa based on market development.
African Agricultural Futures: Opportunities, Challenges & Priorities - Dr Siwa Msangi, Research Fellow, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and AIFSC Project Coordinator for "Strategic Foresight for African Agriculture"
The document discusses the challenges facing global food policy. It identifies five ongoing food crises: high and volatile international food prices, starvation, childhood hunger and malnutrition, obesity and diet-related disease, and threats to long-term global food production capacity. When food prices spike, governments, media, and speculators often overreact in unhelpful ways. The document argues that the most important policy challenges are improving food systems outside of farms, achieving sustainable intensification, and addressing nutrition and health through food systems. Real food prices need not necessarily rise in the long run if various productivity improvements are achieved.
This study examined the effectiveness of agricultural protection policy and other macroeconomic variables on food supply, agricultural export, and farmers welfare in Nigeria, from 1980-2016 with a special interest in their relationship with the political economy. The specific objectives were to (i) estimate the degrees of agricultural protection, domestic agricultural food supply and economic welfare to farmers in Nigeria, (ii) determine the effectiveness of agricultural protection on food self-supply, agricultural export; and farmer-welfare. Data were obtained from secondary sources. Descriptive statistics and generalized method of moment (GMM) were used. Nigeria’s self-food supply was slightly above 50% while the rest of the consumption depended on importation. The welfare measure to farmers was relatively poor and not good enough to motivate them. There was a positive and significant relationship between export and agricultural protection. A significant and positive relationship also exists between farmer-welfare and protection in the sector.
Administered prices are prices that are set by the government rather than market forces. They are used to pursue objectives like providing basic necessities at affordable prices, curbing or encouraging consumption of certain items, containing inflation, and mobilizing government revenue. Administered prices are characterized by being fixed, statutory, and regulatory in nature, and are intended as corrective measures that are part of the government's pricing policy.
The document summarizes recent economic developments in Botswana in the 2nd quarter of 2008. Inflation has risen rapidly to 12.1% due to higher international food and fuel prices. Food price inflation reached 18.5% in May while fuel inflation was 42%. Apart from food and fuel, underlying inflation has remained low at 5.2%. Prospects are that inflation will continue rising to between 14-15% due to ongoing increases in fuel costs. Some policy measures have been introduced that could exacerbate inflation pressures, such as a new 40% tariff on imported milk and a computer tax intended to support musicians.
The primary purpose of this paper is comparing six common models, which were linear, quadratic, Cobb-Douglas, translog, logarithmic, and transcendental, to estimate the supply and demand functions for Saudi Arabian wheat. In addition to estimating the market equilibrium for price and quantity, that led to identifying consumer and producer surplus. Data cover 1990-2014 for all the variables that used to show the effect supply and demand of Wheat. After testing the models using Stepwise and Box-Cox, we came up with the fact that the linear and Cobb-Douglas methods were the best models to show the relationship between variables. On the supply side, we found using the linear model, that wheat price had a negative sign, which represents the impact of government policy number 335. However, in the Cobb-Douglas model, the wheat price had a positive sign. The elasticity coefficient of supply for the wheat price was inelastic. Moreover, the result also showed that all the elasticity coefficients in the supply and demand models were inelastic. The low-income elasticity of demand led the consumption of wheat to increase.
the role of agriculture in economic developmentmajesticmaths
This document discusses the role of agriculture in economic development. It notes that while agriculture's share of GDP is declining, agricultural productivity has been increasing in some regions through higher yields. However, agricultural growth did not lead to as much economic development in Sub-Saharan Africa as hoped. The document examines factors driving changes in agriculture, the relationship between agricultural growth and poverty reduction, linkages between agriculture and other sectors, and inclusion/exclusion of small farms. It questions why, despite investments, agricultural development has not resulted in more success in reducing poverty.
The global grain products market was valued at around $265 billion in 2017. Asia Pacific was the largest region in the grain products market in 2017, accounting for under 57% market share.
Read Report
https://www.thebusinessresearchcompany.com/report/grain-products-global-market-report-2018
The document discusses India's agricultural price policy. Key points:
- The policy aims to protect farmers and consumers by setting minimum support prices and managing buffer stocks. It seeks price stability and food security.
- Institutions like the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices and Food Corporation of India implement the policy through activities like MSP fixation and public distribution systems.
- The policy faces issues like limited coverage of crops, inadequate prices, and problems with the PDS system. Reforms aim to address these issues.
This is a demo version of Williams & Marshall Strategy's report on the isopropanol market in the Iberian countries. The report presents a strategic analysis of the isopropanol market in the region and a forecast for its development in the medium term. It provides a comprehensive overview of the market, its dynamics, structure, characteristics, main players, growth and demand drivers, etc. This is the most detailed and comprehensive report about the isopropanol market in the Iberian countries currently available!
This is a demo version of Williams & Marshall Strategy's report on the phenols market in the Iberian countries. The report presents a strategic analysis of the phenols market in the region and a forecast for its development in the medium term. It provides a comprehensive overview of the market, its dynamics, structure, characteristics, main players, growth and demand drivers, etc. This is the most detailed and comprehensive report about the phenols market in the Iberian countries currently available!
This document discusses challenges in improving the sweet potato value chain in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that sweet potatoes are bulky and perishable, limiting their transport and integration into markets. Production is also highly seasonal, causing price fluctuations. There is little commercial processing extending shelf life. Consumption declines as incomes rise due to urbanization and higher prices of sweet potatoes compared to grains. Improving the value chain involves strengthening all parts from input suppliers to farmers to traders and consumers, as well as supporting institutions and services that aid the chain's functioning. Significant challenges include the small size of sweet potato markets due to localized production and transport costs, as well as perceptions of sweet potatoes as a "poor man's food."
Government Investment and Food Price Volatility IndicatorsFAO
This document discusses indicator 2.a.1, which monitors progress on SDG target 2.a of increasing investment in agriculture. It presents the Agriculture Orientation Index (AOI) formula, which compares a government's spending on agriculture to the sector's GDP contribution. An AOI of 1 indicates neutrality, while above 1 signals higher than expected support and below 1 represents lower than expected support. The document provides examples of AOI calculations for Botswana and Guinea-Bissau for 2015. It also discusses the methodology, limitations, and trends over time for AOI as an indicator at global and regional levels based on FAO data collection.
Ten examples of stupid things people have done with social media and blog sites. Answering the question, "Why should we consider monitoring social media sites?"
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La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
2012 Reenergize the Americas 5A: Luis PerezReenergize
This document discusses two key environmental topics: aviary and asbestos. It provides information on which bird species are protected under laws like the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the penalties for violating these acts. The document also defines asbestos, explains where it can be found, and why it poses health concerns if fibers are inhaled from damaged or friable asbestos-containing materials. Proper handling and identification of asbestos is important for construction and demolition work on older buildings and sites.
Este documento resume los principales desarrollos en el proceso de integración fiscal en la Eurozona durante el mes de agosto. Detalla varias medidas propuestas como la Unión Bancaria Europea, los project bonds, los eurobonos y los eurobills. Explica que la unión política y fiscal completa es deseable pero no alcanzable a corto plazo debido a las divergencias entre los países. La implementación de la deuda común a través de eurobonos tampoco parece posible en el corto plazo por las diferencias entre Alemania, que se opone,
This document compares the standard operating procedures (SOP) of a train marshalling yard between January 16-22 and January 23-29, 2013. It notes that the average SOP time decreased from 298 minutes to 339 minutes after a new marshalling pattern was implemented on January 23rd. The new pattern aims to maximize train reception across all tracks, speed up fueling times, and improve the utilization of empty carriages. The ideal SOP cycle under the new pattern is estimated to take 300 minutes on average.
Agricultural commodity marketing; marketing issues related to timeDaisy Ifeoma
This chapter will enable students to understand the different stages of agricultural commodity marketing. At the end of this chapter, students should have an understanding of how agricultural commodity exchanges operate, how the prices of commodities are determined and most importantly be able to argue in favour of /against the presence of hedgers and speculators in the futures market.
The document provides an overview and analysis of the global oilseed farming market from 2013 to 2021. It covers market segments like soybean and other oilseed farming. The market grew from $X billion in 2013 to $X billion in 2017 at a CAGR of X%, and is forecast to reach $XX billion by 2021 at a CAGR of XX%. Asia Pacific was the largest regional market in 2017 with X% share. Leading competitors in the industry include Burrus Seed farm, Gansu Dunhuang Seed Co Ltd, Hefei Fengle Seed Co Ltd, Land O’Lakes Inc., and Diester Industrie.
Mercer Capital's Value Focus: Agribusiness | Q2 2015 | Segment: Crops and Cro...Mercer Capital
Mercer Capital's Agribusiness Industry newsletter provides perspective on valuation issues. Each newsletter also includes a sector focus, commodity pricing, comparable public company metrics, and key indices of the top agribusinesses.
Financial planning and FINPACK analysis is necessary for farmers to analyze risks and plan profitable strategies in today's volatile agricultural environment. The FINPACK program provides a comprehensive whole farm financial planning and analysis system to help farmers answer three key questions: where they currently are financially, where they want to be, and how to get there. A FINPACK analysis uses tools like the income statement, cash flow statement, and balance sheet to evaluate the profitability, liquidity, and solvency of alternative whole farm plans over the long run. The farm analyst facilitates the FINPACK process by providing relevant farm data and comparing the financial impacts of different strategic plans.
The document summarizes several key US economic reports and indicators that influence financial markets:
- It outlines major reports on durable goods orders, consumer confidence, industrial production, jobless claims, trade, and prices that provide insights into manufacturing, employment, trade, and inflation trends.
- Other reports covered include factory orders, business inventories, retail sales, consumer sentiment, current accounts, and international surveys that track business and economic conditions.
- Collectively, these reports provide timely data on consumption, production, trade and inflation that investors use to assess the direction of the US and global economies.
This document provides an overview and analysis of the global fruit and nut farming market from 2013 to 2021. It discusses market segmentation, key growth drivers and restraints, competitive landscape, regional analysis, and historical and forecast market size and growth rates. The top segments in the market are orange groves and citrus groves. Asia Pacific is the largest regional market. Leading competitors include Paramount Farming, South Valley Farms, Agriland Farming Co Inc., Farmland Management Services, and Braden Farms.
This document discusses several key economic indicators that affect commodity prices, including:
- Consumer confidence index, consumer price index, employment reports, GDP, and retail sales which measure economic activity and consumer spending.
- FOMC meetings and interest rate announcements which can impact inflation and currency valuations.
- Trade balance, current account, and durable goods orders which provide insights into international trade trends.
- Housing starts and industrial production which track business investment and manufacturing activity.
These economic indicators are closely watched globally as they can signal changes in commodity demand and supply.
Corn is the largest agricultural commodity globally and in the US. It has a variety of uses including animal feed, ethanol production, human consumption, and polymers. Global demand for corn is rising due to population growth, increasing incomes in developing countries, and demand for meat and processed foods. The US and China are major producers and consumers of corn, and fluctuations in their crops and imports can impact global supply and prices. Exchange-traded fund CORN provides exposure to corn prices without the need to trade futures directly.
Factors determining strength or weakness of currency - Rupee vs Dollar - Deva...Devanayagam N
This presentation is about explaining the critical factors which influences the valuation of a currency - determining strength or weakness. Rupee vs Dollar fluctuation and reasons for it. International Financial Management. Devanayagam
The document discusses several key US economic reports that are closely watched by gold traders as they can significantly impact gold prices. These include non-farm payrolls, average work week, average hourly earnings, unemployment rate, jobless claims, GDP, and trade balance. Specifically, non-farm payrolls measuring employment and unemployment claims tracking new jobless benefits are seen as important indicators of consumer spending levels which fuel the US economy and gold demand.
This document discusses strategies for agricultural producers to succeed in a challenging economic environment with more moderate commodity prices and less volatility expected long-term. It recommends producers closely analyze variable and fixed costs, focus on reducing large controllable expenses, maintain strong financial positions, and work closely with lenders and experts. Renegotiating land rents, refinancing debt, and reducing family living expenses are identified as areas where bigger changes can be made to reduce costs by $50-100 per acre. Communicating openly with lenders and remembering that agriculture is cyclical provides a positive long-term outlook.
The document proposes strategies to boost agricultural productivity in India. It suggests establishing a National Agricultural Regulatory Board of India (NARBI) to regulate the agricultural supply chain from farmers to consumers. NARBI would set crop prices, purchase from farmers, and store and distribute crops. It also recommends encouraging export-oriented agriculture by leasing unused land for high-value specialty crops. The proposal aims to improve farmers' incomes, stabilize prices, and increase agricultural exports and national economic growth. However, it notes risks such as commercialization hurting farmers and challenges in implementation including political instability.
An economic system allocates a nation's resources among its citizens. There are two main types: planned economies where the government controls production and market economies where supply and demand determine production. Key aspects of market economies include private ownership, entrepreneurship, and the interaction of supply and demand. Economic indicators like GDP, inflation, and unemployment measure economic growth and stability.
The document discusses various economic measurements and factors that are used to evaluate the strength of a nation's economy, including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), standard of living, inflation rate, unemployment rate, productivity, and others. It provides examples and charts to illustrate trends in these measurements in the United States over recent decades, finding generally stable inflation, low unemployment, and increasing productivity and GDP.
At ABL Funds, we are here to help you achieve your investment goals You can choose from an extensive range of high quality mutual funds. Visit our website for more details at https://www.ablfunds.com/our-offerings/conventional-offerings/
Rao 4b factors in food security 2 trade and aidSizwan Ahammed
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AN ANALYSIS OF COWPEA MARKETING MARGIN IN NIGERIANatasha Grant
This document analyzes the marketing margins of cowpea in Nigeria. It summarizes a study that examined cowpea marketing routes across 12 major markets in Nigeria. The study involved surveys of 225 cowpea merchants, 175 selling agents, and 175 farmers. The results found that transportation and handling charges make up the largest components of cowpea's marketing margin at 51% and 10% respectively. Analysis of market pairs found the highest trader profit margins were between Gombe and Enugu (20%) and Kano and Lagos (17%). The complete marketing process takes 1-3 weeks. Overall, the study concluded that cowpea marketing in Nigeria is profitable for merchants, allowing incomes of 15-21% of total
Global dietary fiber sales market report 2021mahesh_mali
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
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There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Manishdon pdf
1. Fundamental Analysis
DEFINITION: Fundamental Analysis is an approach to analyzing market behavior that stresses the
study of underlying factors of supply and demand. It is done in the belief that such analysis will
enable one to profit by being able to anticipate price trends. A Fundamentalist is a market
observer-and/or participant who relies principally on Supply/demand considerations in price
forecasting.
Components of Fundamental Analysis:
Supply
• Weather
• Acres planted to a crop
• Government Programs
• USDA Reports
Demand
• USDA Reports
• Domestic usage - Feed & processing
• Value of the Dollar
• Actions of Other Countries
• Exports
• Transportation
GROUP EXERCISE:
Which Fundamental factors listed above have the most impact on the price of grain?
Weather
Weather can have a major impact on the price of any agricultural commodity. The Chicago
Board of Trade has three relevant publications that you can order by calling 1-800-843-2268.
• Weather and the Corn Market
• Weather and the Soybean Market
• Weather and the Wheat Market
These booklets discuss growth cycles; years in which weather had a significant impact on
prices; and weather spreads.
Have any of these publications that apply to the crops grown in your area available at your
meeting.
2. Acreage
Obviously, the number of acres planted can greatly impact the supply of a commodity. USDA
publishes planting intention reports for corn, soybeans and other spring seed crops on March
31st. The estimates of planted acreage in this report are based primarily on surveys
conducted during the first 2 weeks of March. Over 70,000 farm operators are surveyed. On
June 30th, USDA releases its annual acreage report.
Acreage report releases:
ü Winter Wheat Mid-January (Wheat & Rye Seeding)
ü Corn, Soybeans, March 31st (Prospective Planting)
Spring Wheat
ü Corn, Soybeans, June 30th (Acreage Supplement)
Spring Wheat
Government Programs
Marketing loan program
The Farm Service Agency (FSA) on behalf of the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC)
administers non-recourse marketing assistance loans for wheat, corn, grain sorghum,
barley, oats, soybeans, minor oilseeds, rice, and cotton. Market loan repayment and
loan deficiency payment provisions apply to each of these commodities. The purpose of
the loan program is to provide eligible producers with interim financing on their eligible
production.
Loan Deficiency Payment (LDP)
An LDP is defined as the difference between the county loan rate and the posted
county price. Producers who are eligible to obtain a loan, but who agree to forgo doing
so, are eligible to receive an LDP.
Example: Loan Rate $1.89
PCP $1.79
LDP $0.10
To collect an LDP, one must be a participant in the 1996 Farm Program and provide
production evidence in order to prove the grain existed within one year of the
respective crop's last date of eligibility. LDP's consist of four types: basic, field direct,
high moisture, and farm processor direct.
3. Export Enhancement Program (EEP)
First authorized in the 1985 Farm Bill, EEP provides bonuses to individual companies
which export commodities into markets where competition is subsidized - if the
company is able to deliver the commodity at or below market costs. Three main
objectives of the EEP are:
," Counter competitors' subsidies or unfair trade practices Develop, maintain, or
expand markets for U.S. commodities Provide minimal impact on non-subsidized
competitors
USDA & Board of Trade Reports
Daily Reports
Volume and Open Interest
Volume is the number of commodity contracts traded in a given time period.
Open interest is the cumulative number of contracts which have not been
liquidated. These reports are usually issued by the respective exchanges.
Receipts and Shipments
Issued by the Chicago Board of Trade, this report lists the arrival of commodities
at Chicago area elevators and processors. It provides a general idea of whether
potentially deliverable stocks are increasing or decreasing. Other exchanges
offer similar reports.
National Average Cash Prices
The USDA compiles one-day and five-day moving averages of various national
average cash prices for commodities eligible for loan programs. These prices
can be used to determine when the commodities in the loan program might be
released into the market. This information is released daily on the news wires.
4. Weekly
Export Inspections
This report is a compilation of specific commodity exports by the Census Bureau
and is usually released on the news wire. Traders can track the inspection
numbers relative to the projected USDA figures. In general, export numbers are
positively correlated to the market.
Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletins (Crop Progress - Monday 3prn CST)
As technology progresses, this report becomes more and more efficient and
accurate. It outlines the previous week's weather and crop conditions on a
state-by-state level. Both the National Weather Service and World Agriculture
Board research these conditions, which are important determinants of yield
potential.
Deliverable Stocks Report
Released each Tuesday, this report details the volume of exchange-traded
commodities registered in warehouses in Chicago, Toledo, Minneapolis, and St.
Louis. It lists registered as well as unregistered totals. Unregistered totals are
important because they can become registered overnight. Increasing deliverable
stocks may signify increasing supplies in the long run.
Loan Entries
The CCC of the USDA reports the weekly changes of commodities under loan.
This report can be quite important when a short or long crop exists. Traders
watch the number of bushels remaining and the number of free bushels
released. 1998 is a good example of stocks being held towards the end of the
program as a result of low prices.
National Oil Processing Association (NOPA) Weekly crush report
This report details the quantity of soybean bushels being crushed by NOPA
members. It represents the previous week's crush and enables traders to
compare actual NOPA numbers to the USDA's projections. Market prices will
usually reflect the rate of crushing and the availability of the commodity.
5. Export Sales Report
The USDA reports the volume of soybeans, soymeal, soyoil, corn, and wheat
sold for export to various destinations. The numbers are generally one week old
and update the total outstanding sales that have or have not been exported. This
may be the best report for estimating total demand.
Monthly
Monthly Supply Demand Reports
One of the most analyzed reports during the growing season, the supply and
demand report can significantly move the market in a single day. Furthermore,
this report is only a "snapshot" of current crop conditions and any of its
components could change considerably in the following report. The most
important items in the report include:
ü Planted acres - Number of acres believed to be planted domestically.
ü Yield - An estimate of bushels per acre of a specific commodity.
ü Beginning Stocks - Amount of carryover from the previous growing season.
ü Production - This number is generally the most important during the growing
season and represents the total number of bushels expected to be harvested
in each commodity.
ü Domestic Use - An estimate of the total number of bushels to be utilized
domestically.
ü Exports - Number of bushels expected to be exported to foreign countries.
ü Ending stocks - This number is represented by taking supply and subtracting
demand from it. The quantity left over is usually carried over to the next year
as carryover.
ü Stocks/Use Ratio - A high number generally represents slow demand and
larger carryover. The number is derived from dividing ending stocks by total
demand. Large stocks/use ratios over long periods of time have a major
negative impact on market prices.
Quarterly Grain Stocks
This report from the Crop Reporting Board of the USDA lists the total stored
stocks of grain; classified as on-farm and off-farm storage. It is released on the
first of January, April, June and September. The quarterly stocks report often
has the biggest impact on corn since most corn is fed and is therefore not
reflected in the weekly or monthly releases. The estimates are based on two
sets of surveys - one sent to producers across the United States in order to
derive the amount of on-farm grain stocks, and the other to commercial grain
storage facilities to estimate off-farm storage.
6. World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates (WASDE)
USDA releases monthly WASDE reports. These reports are similar to the USDA
monthly supply/demand reports.
Crop Production (NASS)
The crop production report is published monthly by National Agricultural
Statistics Service (NASS). This report estimates, by state, the acreage, yields
and production of various commodities.
Where to Find These Reports
Internet http://www.usda.gov/nass/ select today's reports or publications.
E-Mail To subscribe, send e-mail message to: usda-reports@usda.mannlib.cornell.edu.
Fax Autofax call: 202-720-2000
Mail To order call: 800-999-6779
GROUP EXERCISE
Break up into groups of 5 to 8 and list the 5 reports that have the most impact on the price of
grain grown in your area.
9. USDA-National Agricultural Statistics Service
Crop Progress / Crop Weather
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
General:
These terms and definitions should be used only as guidelines. Individual interpretations may vary from State to
State. Only those items included in the National Crop Progress release are discussed.
Definitions:
Top and Sub-Soil Moisture: (with top-soil defined as the top 6 inches):
ü Very Short - Soil moisture supplies are significantly less than what is required for normal plant development.
Growth has been stopped or nearly so and plants are showing visible signs of moisture stress. Under these
conditions, plants will quickly suffer irreparable damage.
ü Short - Soil dry. Seed germination and/or normal crop growth and development would be curtailed.
ü Adequate - Soil moist. Seed germination and/or crop growth and development would be normal or unhindered.
ü Surplus - Soil wet. Fields may be muddy and will generally be unable to absorb additional moisture. Young
developing crops may be yellowing from excess moisture.
Days Suitable for Fieldwork: A 'suitable' day is one where weather and field conditions allowed producers to work in
fields a major portion of that day.
General Crop Condition:
ü Very Poor - Extreme degree of loss to yield potential, complete or near crop failure. Pastures provide very little
or no feed considering the time of year. Supplemental feeding is required to maintain livestock condition.
ü Poor - Heavy degree of loss to yield potential which can be caused by excess soil moisture, drought, disease,
etc. Pastures are providing only marginal feed for the current time of year. Some supplemental feeding is
required to maintain livestock condition.
ü Fair - Less than normal crop condition. Yield loss is a possibility but the extent is unknown. Pastures are
providing generally adequate feed but still less than normal for the time of year.
ü Good - Yield prospects are normal. Moisture levels are adequate and disease, insect damage, and weed
pressures are minor. Pastures are providing adequate feed supplies for the current time of year.
Excellent - Yield prospects are above normal. Crops are experiencing little or no stress. Disease, insect damage,
and weed pressures are insignificant. Pastures are supplying feed in excess of what is normally expected at the
current time of year.
Crop Progress Percents: Progress percents relate to acres and should indicate the progress of field activities or
crop development. Generally, an acre should be considered in or beyond a phenological stage when 50 percent or
more of the plants in that acre are in or beyond that stage.
Planted: A crop is considered planted when the seeds are placed in the ground. For transplanted crops, the planting
period refers to the time of setting the plants in the field.
Harvested: A crop is considered harvested when the crop is cut, threshed, or otherwise gathered from the field.
10. Corn Phenological Stages:
ü Emerged - As soon as the plants are visible.
ü Silking - The emergence of silk like strands from the end of ears. Occurs approximately 10 days after the tassel
first begins to emerge from the sheath or 2-4 days after the tassel is emerged.
ü Dough - Normally half of the kernels are showing dent with some thick or dough-like substance in all kernels.
ü Dent - Occurs when all kernels are fully dented and the ear is firm and solid. There is no milk present in most
kernels.
ü Mature - Plant is considered safe from frost. Corn is about ready to harvest with shucks opening and there is no
green foliage present.
Soybean Phenological Stages:
ü Emerged - As soon as the plants are visible.
ü Blooming - A plant should be considered as blooming as soon as one bloom appears.
ü Setting Pods - Pods are developing on the lower nodes with some blooming still occurring on the upper nodes.
ü Dropping Leaves - Leaves near the bottom of the plant are yellow and dropping, while leaves at the very top may
still be green. Leaves are 30-50 percent yellow.
Sorghum Phenological Stages:
ü Headed - The head is present, visible, and fully emerged.
ü Coloring - The head is turning color from green to reddish brown or white. Leaves are also turning yellow or
brown.
ü Mature - Grains readily part from the head and are tough and not easily crushed by the thumbnail.
Barley, Oats, Wheat and Rice Phenological Stages:
ü Emerged - As soon as the plants are visible.
ü Headed - The head is present, visible, and fully emerged.