Manipulation of blood within athletics
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This document discusses the manipulation of blood and blood components, commonly known as "blood doping", to artificially enhance oxygen transportation and delivery in athletes. Blood doping involves techniques like autologous blood transfusions and recombinant human erythropoietin to increase red blood cell counts and oxygen transport capacity. While it can improve endurance and performance in aerobic sports, blood doping also carries health risks like heart attacks, strokes, and blood-borne infections. The document examines who uses blood doping, the potential benefits and harms, and concludes that it is still utilized today despite anti-doping regulations.
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Blood doping involves boosting the number of red blood cells through blood transfusions, injections of erythropoietin (EPO), or injections of synthetic oxygen carriers in order to improve athletic performance. It allows more oxygen to be transported to working muscles, increasing endurance. However, it poses health risks like heart attack, stroke, and infections. While blood transfusions and EPO injections have no medical uses, synthetic oxygen carriers are sometimes used in emergencies when blood transfusions are not possible.
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Introduction: The objective of our study was to establish to what extent isotonic drinks infl uence the results of athletes running in a half marathon (21 km). Material and Methods: The study included 40 persons who ran in a marathon. According to their fi tness level we divided them into 2 groups of 20 runners each: the trained group (athletes who run more than 30 km per week) and the non-trained group (athletes who run less than 30 km per week). We chose 10 persons from each group who consumed isotonic drinks and 10 who drank only water. During the race, the runners had to drink the same volume of liquid. In the fi rst part of our study, we asked the participants to complete a questionnaire with 29 questions that included asking about their training level, whether they are knowledgeable about dehydration or if they had already experienced its symptoms. In the second part of the study, we took urine samples and performed body composition tests before and after the race. We measured changes in body weight, Total Body Water Percentage (TBW%) and urine specifi c weight. From
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Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. Blood doping involves transfusing additional red blood cells to boost oxygen-carrying capacity and endurance. While it can enhance performance, blood doping poses health risks like kidney damage and infections. It is considered cheating and banned by major sporting organizations. Detection methods aim to identify unnaturally high red blood cell levels, though some new techniques may circumvent these tests.
Ils
Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. Blood doping involves transfusing additional red blood cells to boost oxygen-carrying capacity and endurance. While it can enhance performance, blood doping poses health risks like kidney damage and infections. It is considered cheating and banned by major sporting organizations. Detection methods aim to identify unusually high red blood cell levels or doping drug traces, though new techniques like high-altitude sleep chambers complicate regulation efforts.
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Performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) have been used by athletes for centuries to improve performance. Early documented uses included swimmers in the 1860s taking drugs to speed up races. The first athlete to be disqualified for PED use was Hans-Gunnar Nilsson in 1968 after testing positive for cocaine and alcohol. Common PEDs used by athletes include anabolic steroids, human growth hormone, and creatine. However, using PEDs can have serious negative health effects and athletes caught using them often face bans and loss of titles and medals. Governing bodies continue developing better detection methods through urine and blood tests to curb PED use in sports.
Ils
Blood doping involves withdrawing and freezing a person's blood, then reinfusing it before an athletic event to increase their red blood cell count and oxygen-carrying capacity. While this can enhance performance, it may also cause health issues like kidney damage, jaundice, blood clots, or infections. Athletes are testing for blood doping by checking hemoglobin levels and testing urine for drugs that induce red blood cell production. Some cross-country skiers were disqualified from the 2002 Olympics for blood doping.
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- Escape rhythms in complete heart block can be junctional (40-60 bpm) or ventricular (<40 bpm) based on whether the QRS is narrow or wide.
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Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout the body. Blood doping involves transfusing additional red blood cells to boost oxygen-carrying capacity and endurance. While it can enhance performance, blood doping poses health risks like kidney damage and infections. It is considered cheating and banned by major sporting organizations. Detection methods aim to identify unusually high red blood cell levels or doping drug traces, though new techniques like high-altitude sleep chambers complicate regulation efforts.
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This document summarizes cardiovascular adaptation in athletes. It discusses the increasing number and diversity of athletes, evolving tools to characterize cardiovascular changes, and the need to differentiate normal adaptation from disease. The physiology of exercise and cardiac remodeling is explained, including how isotonic and isometric stresses impact different sports. Adaptations in the left and right heart are described. Temporal factors and regression of changes with detraining are also covered.
Doping
Doping refers to the use of banned substances to improve athletic performance. Steroids are commonly used to build muscle and increase strength but can have significant health risks like heart disease. There are two types of doping - performance enhancing substances like steroids, stimulants, and blood doping, and physical methods like blood doping and gene doping. Doping aims to increase endurance, strength, and recovery time but can have negative effects like high blood pressure, heart attacks, and stress on the heart. World Anti-Doping Agency and National Anti-Doping Agency work to prevent doping through testing and enforcing anti-doping rules. Famous athletes caught doping include Diego Maradona and Prithvi
Management of hypertension and treatment options
Hypertension, or high blood pressure, affects nearly a billion people globally and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lifestyle modifications like following a healthy diet low in salt and high in fruits and vegetables, engaging in regular exercise, managing stress, avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol can help control blood pressure. If lifestyle changes are not enough, medication like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and ARBs may be prescribed. Guidelines recommend initially treating hypertension with a diuretic, calcium channel blocker, ACE inhibitor or ARB, with thiazide diuretics being most effective. The goal is to reduce blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg to lower health risks.
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Manipulation of blood within athletics
- 1. Manipulation of Blood/Blood Components Lane Ours, Jeremiah Cruz, Trent Patrick, Vaughn Tew
- 2. What is the Manipulation of Blood/Blood Components • Definition: Reintroduction of blood/blood products to artificially enhance oxygen transportation/delivery. Therefore, increasing oxygen transport capacity of skeletal muscles. • This form of ”substance abuse” has been shown to be the most powerful tool for improving athletic performance in aerobic sports. • Commonly Referred to as "Blood Doping" • Most Common methods of Blood Doping: - Autologous Blood Transfusion: collection of blood from a single patient and retransfusion back to the same patient when required. - Recombinant Human Erythropoietin: biopharmaceutical drug given to patients to treat low hemoglobin levels.
- 3. General Usage Patterns • The most popular group who are interested/ have historically used blood doping: - Distance runners (800m & up) - Swimmers in distance races - Cyclists - Participants in Triathlon - Rowing • Uses: • Athlete's typically use Blood Doping to: -Increase RBC count -Increases transport of Oxygen in the blood to muscles - More Oxygen transport has been shown to increase performance
- 4. General Effects • Benefits: - Increases Oxygen Transport in blood to muscles - Increases Sport Performance - Endurance Performance enhanced through longer distance/ intensity levels • Adverse Effects: Short-term: - Allergic Reactions - Fever - Rashes/Hives - Mild flu-like symptoms Long-term: Increases risk of: - Heart attack - Stroke - Blood clotting -HIV, Hepatitis B & C
- 5. Who can Blood Doping Benefit? •Benefits - Increased O2 uptake to working muscles - Increased aerobic capacity - Increased endurance and stamina - Increase in erythropoietin •Athletes - primarily endurance related sports - most prevalent in track and field - endurance vs. non-endurance athletes •Usage - Elite athletes = most benefit - Anemics - No correlation between race and predispositions Click to add text
- 6. Who can Blood Doping Harm? • Blood doping can be dangerous to those with high blood pressure or a family history of high blood pressure • Because blood doping thickens the blood, a person with high blood pressure will notice that their symptoms increase if they attempted blood doping
- 7. Research Concluded • Conclusion • Blood doping is still being used today to help athletes gain an edge in their sports by increasing performance and stamina • The USADA has placed sanctions against athletes who have violated WADA’s anti blood doping law which have taken place as recently as 2019 • Elite distance athletes- primary users • Future of Blood Doping • Athlete Biological Passport • Strengthening international anti-drug agencies
- 8. References: • Ambardekar, N. (2021, August 11). Blood doping: Types, risks, and tests. WebMD. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://www.webmd.com/fitness-exercise/blood-doping. • Blood doping. World Anti-Doping Agency. (2015, January 15). Retrieved November 2, 2021, from https://www.wada- ama.org/en/questions-answers/blood-doping. • Faiss R;Saugy J;Zollinger A;Robinson N;Schuetz F;Saugy M;Garnier PY; (2020, February 25). Prevalence estimate of blood doping in elite track and field athletes during two major international events. Frontiers in physiology. Retrieved November 2, 2021, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32161553/. • Jelkmann, W. (2016, June). Features of blood doping. Retrieved October 30, 2021, from https://www.germanjournalsportsmedicine.com/archive/archive-2016/issue-11/features-of-blood-doping/. • Lundby, C., Saltin, B., & Robach, P. (2012, March). The evolving science of detection of 'blood doping'. British journal of pharmacology. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22225538/. • Perishable. (2021, September 29). Sanctions - anti-doping violations. U.S. Anti-Doping Agency (USADA). Retrieved October 31, 2021, from https://www.usada.org/news/sanctions/. • Plumb, J. O. M., Otto, J. M., & Grocott, M. P. W. (2016, February 29). 'blood doping' from Armstrong to prehabilitation: Manipulation of blood to improve performance in athletes and physiological reserve in patients. Extreme physiology & medicine. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4770708/. • Solheim, S., Bejder, J., Breenfeldt Andersen, A., Mørkeberg, J., & Nordsborg, N. (2019, July 8). Autologous blood transfusion enhances exercise performance-strength of the evidence and physiological mechanisms. Sports medicine - open. Retrieved October 28, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6614299/.