Mandela started writing his own biography in prison in 1975. In the 1960s and 1970s, the South African government forced Africans to live in segregated townships. Some prisoners were taken from prison to perform manual labor at the beach. Zindzi Mandela, Nelson Mandela's daughter, visited her imprisoned father for the first time in 12 years after Steve Biko created the Black Consciousness Movement in 1972 to advocate for racial equality and justice in South Africa.