Capacity constraints in companies include limitations on time, labor, equipment, and facilities. Demand patterns can be predictable cycles or random fluctuations and vary by market segment. Charting demand over time allows companies to understand typical patterns. Strategies to match demand and capacity include shifting demand to non-peak times through incentives, prioritizing loyal customers, and adjusting prices. Companies can also flex capacity by stretching resources, cross-training employees, renting/sharing assets, and outsourcing during peaks or performing maintenance during valleys.

1. MANAGING
DEMAND AND
CAPACITY

2. UNDERSTANDING
CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS
AND DEMAND PATTERNS
Capacity
constraints
Time, labor,
equipment and
facilities
Optimal versus
maximal use of
capacity
Demand patterns
Charting demand
patterns
Predictable cycles
Random demand
fluctuations
Demand patterns
by market segment

3. CHART
DEMAND/CAPACITY
VARIATIONS

4. DEMAND PATTERNS
Marketers need to understand the pattern or way the
demands behave, with respect to time, place and person.
Then the relevant strategies can be developed.
Sketching Demand Patterns : Companies need to keep a
track record or log book, where all the demands are recorded
on daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal, and yearly basis, and a
graphical chart, sketch or a report can be made. After a few
years, a set of patterns can be accurately predicted.
Foreseeable / Predictable Cycles : Then some easily
predicted or foreseeable cycle can be made. On that basis
services can be planned. Ex. Health check-ups in hospitals

5. Random Demand Variations : Some other service demands
are not easily predictable, or they occur randomly, even if the
cause can be ascertained. Say health care or insurance when
a flood or earthquake occurs.
Demand Patterns by Market Segments : Another more
specialised database keeping is done for different demand
pattern of customers of different segments. E.g., for a group
of family the bonus time is holiday time, whereas for another
group this is insurance premium pay time

6. CAPACITY
CONSTRAINTS
Capacity of a company is defined as the ability to meet the
demand and the extent to which it can do it. For production
of goods this can be expanded or contracted easily. But for
services it is difficult, as four critical factors are involved.
This are done with utmost care, planning, cost effective
measures. These are : • Time, Labour, • Equipment Facility

7. Time • Time is limited and mostly specialised professionals have this
constraints, they can’t take up more than the time permits and have to be idle
if there are none.This can be tackled by business houses by opening shop for
extended hours when the demand is more and vice versa. Say doctors can
have more consulting hours when there is demand. The service providers
must be willing to accept the change in situation.
Labour • Labour or workers are another area of constraint. Beyond the full
work load it’s hard to cater to more. On the other hand temporary employment
is not available sufficiently in skilled category. • This can be tackled by out
sourcing the workers to a contractors who has a large work force with him. •
He can adjust between several companies, but again the difference in the skill
is a bottleneck.
Equipment • Like machinery, transport etc. are needed more in no. when
there’s a bigger demand. For a limited period a company can’t buy extra
equipment or machinery. • But these can be managed by careful planning –
like having sufficient equipment for the minimum level in a cycle say a year
with down/maintenance time, and out sourcing the additional demand by
accurate prediction as far as possible.
Facility • These are mostly the infrastructure like premises, building, hotel
rooms, restaurant tables, class rooms, etc., which can’t be increased easily or
quickly. • But to some extent they can be enhanced, like two shifts in the class
rooms, adding a few tables and rearranging them in a restaurant, adding more
compartments in a train, more flights for air travel, etc

8. STRATEGIES FOR
SHIFTING DEMAND
TO MATCH CAPACITY
Demand too high
Use signage to
communicate busy days
and times.
Offer incentives to
customers for usage
during non-peak times.
Take care of loyal or
“regular” customers first.
Advertise peak usage
times and benefits of
non-peak use.
Charge full price for the
service--no discounts
Demand too low
•Use sales and
advertising to increase
business from current
market segments.
•Modify the service
offering to appeal to new
market segments.
•Offer discounts or price
reductions.
•Modify hours of
operation.
•Bring the service to the
customer.

9. STRATEGIES FOR
FLEXING CAPACITY
TO MATCH DEMAND
Demand too high
Stretch time, labor, facilities and
equipment.
Cross-train employees.
Hire part-time employees.
Request overtime work from
employees.
Rent or share facilities.
Rent or share equipment.
Subcontract or outsource
activities.
Outsource.
Demand too low
Perform maintenance,
renovations.
Schedule vacations.
Schedule employee training.
Lay off employees