Media and Society Politics in Cyberspace A Study in Cybercultureijtsrd
This article aims to understand the importance of cyberspace, namely social networks, in news coverage during election times. To this end, a contextualization about Cyberculture and Cyberspace will be made, as well as politics in this space, and social networks as media platforms. It is intended to demonstrate that in cyberspace, political communication has gained a new way of reaching voters and that the Internet has revolutionized the relationship between journalism and politics and politics with voters. LuÃs Cardoso | LÃgia Neves "Media and Society: Politics in Cyberspace - A Study in Cyberculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33573.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/33573/media-and-society-politics-in-cyberspace--a-study-in-cyberculture/lu%C3%ADs-cardoso
Media and Society Politics in Cyberspace A Study in Cybercultureijtsrd
This article aims to understand the importance of cyberspace, namely social networks, in news coverage during election times. To this end, a contextualization about Cyberculture and Cyberspace will be made, as well as politics in this space, and social networks as media platforms. It is intended to demonstrate that in cyberspace, political communication has gained a new way of reaching voters and that the Internet has revolutionized the relationship between journalism and politics and politics with voters. LuÃs Cardoso | LÃgia Neves "Media and Society: Politics in Cyberspace - A Study in Cyberculture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33573.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/33573/media-and-society-politics-in-cyberspace--a-study-in-cyberculture/lu%C3%ADs-cardoso
social networking individual vs. crowd behavior (connected intelligence)INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The study of Human behavior is much more complicated in various situations, especially on the spectrum of Social Networks. The study of individual behavior cannot be replicated for a group/crowd behavior which can have many social and behavioral dimensions. In the connected world where intelligence is shared among individuals and groups, there exists another kind of complexity which needs to be examined.The complexity of human behaviors as an individual or as a group on the social networks is much more versatile and erratic. The research work studies and analyzes these behaviors in a connected networked intelligent environment and as to how these behaviors are reflected towards Connected Intelligence. Consequently it defines how they can affect the intelligent analytical outcomes. Finally it comes up with a generic model which can be applied in any setup.
W. Fox and Ivan H. Meyer [1995: 23] maintain that communication is: the exchange of thoughts, ideas or information in a written, verbal or non – verbal way; perceptions, based on shared values. Chester 1. Barnard holds that formal authority is nothing more than the willingness to communicate and it is through the communication process that the executive authority conveys the objectives of the organisation and gouges the needs of the employees or interest groups or votes and that the effectiveness of decision – making and organizational performance are dependent on adequate communication.
In search of a better understanding of social presence: An investigation into...Patrick Lowenthal
Research on social presence and online learning continues to grow. But to date,
researchers continue to define and conceptualize social presence very
differently. For instance, at a basic level, some conceptualize social presence as
one of three presences within a Community of Inquiry, while others do not.
Given this problem, we analyzed how researchers in highly cited social
presence research defined social presence in an effort to better understand how
they are defining social presence and how this might be changing over time. In
this article, we report the results of our inquiry and conclude with implications
for future research and practice.
LOCATION PRIVACY ONLINE: CHINA, THE NETHERLANDS AND SOUTH KOREAijsptm
The aim of the study is to explore cross-cultural differences in users’ location privacy behaviour on LBSNs (location-based social networks) in China, the Netherlands and Korea. The study suggests evidence that Chinese, Dutch and Korean users exhibit different location privacy concerns, attitudes to social influence, perceived privacy control and willingness to share location-related information on LBSNs. The results
show that in general, the more concerned users are about location privacy, the less they are willing to share and it also suggests that location privacy concern and social influence affect each other. Furthermore, the more control people perceive they have over their privacy, the more they are willing to share location information. A negative relationship between willingness to share location information and users’ actual sharing of location information was seen. In short, it is concluded that the relation between cultural values and location privacy behaviours only have a partial connection.
social networking individual vs. crowd behavior (connected intelligence)INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The study of Human behavior is much more complicated in various situations, especially on the spectrum of Social Networks. The study of individual behavior cannot be replicated for a group/crowd behavior which can have many social and behavioral dimensions. In the connected world where intelligence is shared among individuals and groups, there exists another kind of complexity which needs to be examined.The complexity of human behaviors as an individual or as a group on the social networks is much more versatile and erratic. The research work studies and analyzes these behaviors in a connected networked intelligent environment and as to how these behaviors are reflected towards Connected Intelligence. Consequently it defines how they can affect the intelligent analytical outcomes. Finally it comes up with a generic model which can be applied in any setup.
W. Fox and Ivan H. Meyer [1995: 23] maintain that communication is: the exchange of thoughts, ideas or information in a written, verbal or non – verbal way; perceptions, based on shared values. Chester 1. Barnard holds that formal authority is nothing more than the willingness to communicate and it is through the communication process that the executive authority conveys the objectives of the organisation and gouges the needs of the employees or interest groups or votes and that the effectiveness of decision – making and organizational performance are dependent on adequate communication.
In search of a better understanding of social presence: An investigation into...Patrick Lowenthal
Research on social presence and online learning continues to grow. But to date,
researchers continue to define and conceptualize social presence very
differently. For instance, at a basic level, some conceptualize social presence as
one of three presences within a Community of Inquiry, while others do not.
Given this problem, we analyzed how researchers in highly cited social
presence research defined social presence in an effort to better understand how
they are defining social presence and how this might be changing over time. In
this article, we report the results of our inquiry and conclude with implications
for future research and practice.
LOCATION PRIVACY ONLINE: CHINA, THE NETHERLANDS AND SOUTH KOREAijsptm
The aim of the study is to explore cross-cultural differences in users’ location privacy behaviour on LBSNs (location-based social networks) in China, the Netherlands and Korea. The study suggests evidence that Chinese, Dutch and Korean users exhibit different location privacy concerns, attitudes to social influence, perceived privacy control and willingness to share location-related information on LBSNs. The results
show that in general, the more concerned users are about location privacy, the less they are willing to share and it also suggests that location privacy concern and social influence affect each other. Furthermore, the more control people perceive they have over their privacy, the more they are willing to share location information. A negative relationship between willingness to share location information and users’ actual sharing of location information was seen. In short, it is concluded that the relation between cultural values and location privacy behaviours only have a partial connection.
Peter Ferdinand Drucker (November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005) was a writer, management consultant, and self-described “social ecologist.” His books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans are organized across the business, government and the nonprofit sectors of society. He is one of the best-known and most widely influential thinkers and writers on the subject of management theory and practice. His writings have predicted many of the major developments of the late twentieth century, including privatization and decentralization; the rise of Japan to economic world power; the decisive importance of marketing; and the emergence of the information society with its necessity of lifelong learning. In 1959, Drucker coined the term “knowledge worker" and later in his life considered knowledge work productivity to be the next frontier of management.
Language is much more than the external expression and communication of internal thoughts formulated independently of their verbalization. In demonstrating the inadequacy and inappropriateness of such a view of language, attention has already been drawn to the ways in which one’s native language is intimately and in all sorts of details related to the rest of one’s life in a community and to smaller groups within that community. This is true of all peoples and all languages; it is a universal fact about language.
Objective This activity is designed to help you understand th.docxmccormicknadine86
Objective:
This activity is designed to help you understand the process of communication that you will be exploring in your final project.
Background:
Please begin this exercise by reading the following information carefully.
Although the study of effective communication practices dates back to such ancient scholars as Aristotle and Cicero, communication as a separate field of study is relatively modern, propelled in part by interest in twentieth-century advances in electronic communications. Scholars look at particular combinations of people communicating with each other in specific contexts. Our readings this week in the
Encyclopedia of Communication Theory
tell us the resulting theories can be categorized according to
communication
context
:
intrapersonal communication focuses largely on our cognitive abilities;
interpersonal communication addresses the communication between dyads and triads (two-three people);
group communication deals with small group interactions;
organizational communication addresses communication across organizations;
public/rhetorical communication examines face-to-face communication to a large group of listeners;
mass/mediated communication encompasses messages produced for mass or mediated audiences; and
intercultural communication looks at communication among people of different cultures.
Some researchers also specialize in gender communication, which focuses on communication issues of women and between the sexes, health communication, and computer-mediated communication.
Whatever the context, most scholars agree there are
five facets
to
communication
that come together to define it as a
social
process
in which individuals employ
symbols
to establish and interpret
meaning
in their
environment.
Let's see if we can collaborate on enhancing our understanding of these terms!
Activity:
Select and respond to
of the following questions:
1. Communication is
social
in that it involves people and interactions, whether face-to-face or mediated. Can you think of a few more categories for the social patterns of human communication?
2. Communication uses
symbols
, arbitrary labels or representations of phenomena that are sometimes
concrete
in that they represent an actual object, and sometimes
abstract
because they can represent ideas and thoughts. Explain a time when you did not understand a "symbol" -- what was it, and how did you realize you did not understand what was being communicated?
3. Communication is a
process
that is an ongoing, dynamic, and unending occurrence. It also is complex and continually changing. If it were not dynamic, compromise and resolution would not be possible. Communication also is irretrievable, irreversible, and unrepeatable; as such, each communication "episode" is unique. Describe a communication interaction – perhaps one you have had -- that exemplifies how people can end up in a very different place once a discussion gets underway..
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
Our Vision
We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
Our Achievements
Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
Our Services
At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
Static QR Codes: Create free static QR codes. These QR codes are able to store significant information such as URLs, vCards, plain text, emails and SMS, Wi-Fi credentials, and Bitcoin addresses.
Dynamic QR codes: These also have all the advanced features but are subscription-based. They can directly link to PDF files, images, micro-landing pages, social accounts, review forms, business pages, and applications. In addition, they can be branded with CTAs, frames, patterns, colors, and logos to enhance your branding.
Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
SAP Sapphire 2024 - ASUG301 building better apps with SAP Fiori.pdfPeter Spielvogel
Building better applications for business users with SAP Fiori.
• What is SAP Fiori and why it matters to you
• How a better user experience drives measurable business benefits
• How to get started with SAP Fiori today
• How SAP Fiori elements accelerates application development
• How SAP Build Code includes SAP Fiori tools and other generative artificial intelligence capabilities
• How SAP Fiori paves the way for using AI in SAP apps
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Elizabeth Buie - Older adults: Are we really designing for our future selves?
Management of communication crisis in a library and its influence on productivity
1. Information and Knowledge Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (Paper) ISSN 2224-896X (Online)
Vol.3, No.8, 2013
13
Management of Communication Crisis in a Library and Its
Influence on Productivity
Israel Udomisor 1
Emem Udomisor 2
Elizabeth Smith3
1. I.W. Udomisor, PH.D is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mass Communication University
of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
2. E. I. Udomisor, MLS is a Staff of Ramat Library University of Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria.
3. E. U.Smith is a graduate fellow in the Department of Mass Communication University of Maiduguri,
Borno State, Nigeria.
Email: iriswilson2012@yahoo.com
Abstract
Communication, written or oral is a critical aspect in the existence of an individual, a group or an entity that
strives towards relevance to self or corporate development in a given society. Communication is a way of
achieving productivity in academic libraries. Communication is the means by which people are linked together;
it helps people to know how they function to achieve a common goal. It is therefore expected that
communication at any level must be effective to meet the attendant result, which is the attainment of set goals
and objectives. This study however, attempts to look at the ineffectiveness or crisis of communication in an
organization, particularly a library. What impact would management of communication crisis have on the
productivity of the organization? This is a question this study also attempted to analytically address.
Keywords: Communication, Management, Crisis, Library
Introduction
Communication is life. Neither human nor society functions properly without it. Communication is an integral
part of human interaction, which manifest in symbols and verbal forms. In fact, all living things communicate
but man’s communication is peculiar because of his capability to create symbols, assign meanings and interpret
messages. There are various ways by which people communicate. These include language, signals, facial
expressions, music, body movements, and gesture. In libraries, language both oral and written is the most
frequent and important way people communicate. Nonverbal communication, such as facial expressions, body
language, is also important in any organization; including library. Hence, communication maintains and
animates life, serving as motor and expression of social activity and civilization (Obasi, 2008:135). It is in
agreement with this that McBride, (1980:3) says, “Communication integrates knowledge, organization and
power and runs as a thread linking the earliest memory of man to his noblest aspirations through constant
striving for a better life”. Hence, communication in a corporate organization such as a library could be seen as
the essence of managerial procedure, the focal point of executive action and central to control to the survival of
the organization as it is a requisite to effective management. Expatiating on this, Lewis, (1975:5) says, “if there
were one activity which describes the function of a manager, it would be communication. This organizational
activity is so vital, yet so complex a process, that a manager’s effectiveness cannot be improved without an
examination of communication knowledge and skill”. He explains further that one of management’s basic tools
for accomplishment of the goals of an organization is communication. According to him, “management’s
paramount concern should be to learn how managerial communication is ineffective in some organizations and
how it can be improved”. This is the focus of this work as it looks at management of communication crisis in a
library and its impact on productivity.
Communication, definitions, Types and Functions:
Communication has no universal definition as different scholars look at it from different perspective but yet;
they interrelate in meaning as they defined it in relation to source, channel, receiver, code and effect. The
Encyclopedia Americana (Int’l. Ed.) says communication is a chain of events in which the significant link is a
message and that the chain connects a source that originates and a destination that interprets the message. This
process involves the production, transmission, and reception of messages. It adds that communication in its
broadest humanizing sense is a source and extension of imagination in forms that can be learned and shared. It is
in the light of this that Craig in Littlejohn and Foss, (2005:11), says “communication is the primary process by
which human life is experienced and that it constitutes reality. How we communicate about our experience itself
forms or makes our experience. The many forms of experience are made in many forms of communication
Communication itself is dynamic across situations. “Hybels and Weaver (2001) see communication as “any
process in which people share information, ideas and feelings, and that it involves not only the spoken and
written words but also body language, personal mannerism and style”, which is anything that adds meaning to a
2. Information and Knowledge Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5758 (Paper) ISSN 2224-896X (Online)
Vol.3, No.8, 2013
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message.
Katz and Kahn (1978:177) on their part say that communication is the exchange of information and the
transmission of meaning. They believe that generally in communication, both sender and receiver are involved
in an interplay that has to do with swapping of roles in sending and receiving messages. In sending messages,
symbols that are not only meaningful but also acceptable to both the source and the receiver are employed.
Symbol is a form of language understandable to the source (sender) and receiver. Messages are meaningful
symbols about people, object and events generated during interaction. Communication scholars generally
believe that the study of communication is the study of human behaviour. This is because human activities
involve giving meaning to objects. Nwosu, (2004) adds that the power of communication in any society should
never be underestimated as communication can make or mar the existence of any society. Not surprisingly,
many have subscribed to the notion of ‘no communication, no society’. This means the acceptance of co-living
and co-existence is primarily the product of communication.
Communication as defined by Udall and Udall (1979:5) refers to “a process by which a person or a group shares
and imparts information to another person or group so that both people and groups clearly understand one
another Similarly, Eyre (1983:1) says, “Communication is not just giving information, it is the giving of
understandable information and receiving and understanding the message.” He further states that
communication is the transferring of a message to another party so that it can be understood and acted upon.
Hoffman (2007:67) opines that communication is a transaction involving the meaningful exchange of
information between a sender and a receiver. It entails a process by which messages are encoded, transmitted
and decoded.
Types of Communication
Communication is of different types and some of these include interpersonal, intrapersonal, group, mass and
organizational communication. We explore briefly each of these types of communication, but would lay greater
emphasis on organizational communication, which is the main focus of this work.
Intrapersonal communication: This is a communication that takes place within an individual involving the
exchange of messages between the brain and the sense organs of the body. These messages are electro-chemical
impulses, and the channels are the neurons or sensory nerves, which connects the brain with the sense organs in
different parts of the body (Bitner, 1989:8). Contributing to what this type of communication is (Okunna,
1994:23) says that through intrapersonal communication, the individual is able to make decisions based on
information received through the senses. Intrapersonal communication also involves mediating to oneself and
dreaming (Okpoko, 2005:15).
Interpersonal communication: This type of communication according to (Bittner, op. cit: 10), takes place
between two or more individuals and goes on between persons mostly in a face-to-face situation which allows
for immediate feedback.
Group Communication: This is a type of communication that takes place between group of individuals that
share common interest. Okpoko, (op. cit.) explains that interpersonal communication can be considered as a
micro group (small group) of people, citing board or departmental meeting as an example. (Okunna, op. cit. 25),
add that when interpersonal communication occurs in a large group such as in religious crusade or political rally,
a macro communication takes place.
Mass Communication: This type of communication is the dissemination of information simultaneously to a
variegated audience scattered apart through a channel. The channels referred to in this communication include
radio, television, newspaper, posters etc., to reach out to a large, faceless, heterogeneous and anonymous group
of people who are scattered all over the world. The advent of satellite has made it possible to transmit
information to the whole world at the same time making the world a global village (MacBride, op.cit).
Organizational Communication:Organizational communication is transactional, involving two or more people
interacting within a defined environment. Without effective communication; the pattern of relationships that we
call organization will not serve the desired needs. Koontz (2001) defines organizational communication as the
transfer of information from the sender to the receiver with the information being understood by the receiver,
adding that it is “the process of transmitting meanings, ideas and information from a sender to a receiver”.
Communication is one of the basic tools available to management for accomplishing organizational objectives;
in fact it is the essence of managerial procedure. Communication may take the form of written or spoken words,
gestures, or visual symbols; it can convey messages by action, touch, or sound. These different methods of
transferring information make communication a dynamic, continual, and complex process – a process underlying
the existence, growth, change, and behaviour of all living systems from the individual to the organization.
Thayer, in Lewis,( op. cit). Managers of today’s modern organizations need a definition, which encompasses the
interpersonal relationships of people, their attitudes and feelings within an organizational structure. Based on
this (Lewis, op cit) see communication as “the sharing of messages, ideas, or attitudes resulting in a degree of
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understanding between a sender (manager) and receiver (employee)”. He explains that sharing is a two-way
process, a give-and-take between a sender and a receiver, so that interpersonal relations of individuals, their
attitudes and feelings, enhance or stifle understanding. This explains that the place of effective communication
in the workings of any organization is critical towards achieving set goals. It is in the light of this that Hersey
and Blanchard (1996:327) observe that “the best business plan is meaningless unless everyone is aware of it and
pulling together to achieve its objectives. Good communications are the lifeblood of any enterprise, large or
small. Communications are essential to keep our entire organization functioning at maximum level and to make
the most of our greatest management resources-our people”.
This, therefore, means that communication processes ought to be guided in avoidance of breakdown at any point.
When such eventually happens it becomes a crisis that must be identified and addressed to resume optimal
performance for productivity.
In an organization, communication takes place between the manager and employees. This communication is the
essence of effective management which applies to all levels and types of managers and supervisors who are
responsible for improving personal, interpersonal, and organizational operations. Organizational communication
focuses largely on the role of communication in improving organization life and organizational output.
Organizational communication is the process of exchanging messages through words, actions and symbols on a
corporate level. Organizational communication focuses on social science to improve a company’s productivity,
efficiency and employee satisfaction. Hence (Lewis op. cit:36) says that for organizational communication to
fulfill its vital role, effective information must flow not only form management to employees but also from
employees to management. It is in respect of this that he explains the organizational communication structure to
include formal and informal.
Formal Communication: This is a communication process that allows information flow through officially
designated channels of message between the organization’s positions. This type of communication flows
through an acceptable pattern of hierarchical structure. It entails downward, upward and horizontal
communications:
Downward Communication: This is an integral part of traditional organization. In this type,
communication flow from top to bottom such as from managers to employees or superior to subordinate. (Katz
& Kahn, 1978). In this mode of communication, management sends orders, directives, goals, policies,
memorandums, etc, to employees at the lower levels of the organization (Lewis op. cit).
Upward Communication: This is the opposite of downward communication. It allows for the
transmission of messages from lower to higher levels in the organization, which mostly provides feedback for
the management. Employees utilizing this channel as opined by Lewis (ibid) have an opportunity to make their
ideas known and any organization that allows such outlet of communication improves morale and attitudes of its
employees. He observes further that management should encourage upward communication as it indicates
receptivity of the environment for downward communication, facilitates acceptance of decisions, provide
feedback as to understanding of downward communication, and encourages the submission of valuable ideas.
Horizontal Communication: This is the flow of messages across functional areas at a given level of an
organization. This occurs between people on the same organizational level of authority, mostly on problem
solving, information sharing and conflict resolution. This communication mode could be classified as either
formal or informal, depending on whether it is allowed for or shown on the organizational chart (Hearsey, et al
op. cit).
Informal Communication: In this communication mode information flows through the organizational structure
but not charted on the hierarchical map of communication. Messages of sort come from the social interaction of
employees with no official sanction and mostly contain high proportion of scuttlebutt. Lewis (ibid) adds that
grapevine is the name associated with the system for transmitting this kind of information, stressing that such
channel of communication is inevitable in an organization.
Functions of Organizational Communication:
Effective communication is significant in an organization because it enables the manager to perform basic
management functions, which include planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Managers must devote a
great part of their time to communication so as to build block of successful organization. The importance or
functions of communication in an organization could be seen in the following areas as outlined in
http:www.managementstudyguide.compublierelation.htm
Communication promotes motivation by informing and clarifying the employees about the task to be done, the
manner they are performing the task to be done, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark.
Communication is a source of information to the organizational members for decision-making process as it helps
to identify and assess alternative course of action.
Communication plays a crucial role in altering individual’s attitude, because a well informed individual will
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have better attitude than a less-informed individual.
Communication assists in controlling process. It helps in controlling organizational member’s behaviour in
various ways. There are various levels of hierarchy and certain principles and guidelines that employees must
follow in an organization, thus communication helps in achieving such goal.
Crisis: The World Book Encyclopedia (2004) sees crisis as “a turning point in the course of anything, uncertain
time or state of affairs, moment of great danger or difficulty”. Harks, (2000) gives synonyms of crisis as
“catastrophe, calamity, and emergency disaster”. Crisis is an unexpected and detrimental situation or event.
Library: The word library coined from French “libraries” and Latin “liber” words means book. It is an
organized collection of resources made assessable to a defined community for reference or borrowing. It
provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or
both (Allen, 1984:21). A library’s collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films,
maps, prints, documents, microform, CDs, cassettes, videotapes, DVDs, e-books, audio books, databases, and
other formats. Libraries range in size from a few shelves of books to several million items.
A library according to Ndagana (2000) is an organized entity used and maintained by a public body, an
institution, a corporation, or a private individual. Public and institutional collections and services may be
intended for use by people who choose not to or cannot afford to purchase an extensive collection themselves,
but who need materials that no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional
assistance in their research. Modern libraries are increasingly being redefined as places to get unrestricted access
to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls
of a building, by providing material accessible by electronic means, and by providing the assistance to librarians
in navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information using a variety of digital tools. Speaking on the
objectives of a library, (Ndagana, 2000:17), says a library ought to ensure that its users’ needs are met within the
shortest possible time. This means that the usefulness of any library collection depends upon ease and speed
with which books and other library materials can be located and used when required.
Types of libraries
Libraries are of different types according to the purposes they serve in society. Among the under listed libraries,
the academic libraries would be given more attention in explanation as it was the main focus of this paper:
National libraries
Research libraries
Reference libraries
Public libraries
Academic libraries
Children’s libraries
Special libraries.
A National or State Library serves as a national repository of information, and has the right of legal deposit,
which I a legal requirement that publishers in the country need to deposit a copy of each publication with the
library. Unlike a public library. They rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare,
valuable, or significant works. (Line and Lien 1979:317-8).
A research library contains an in-depth collection of materials on one or more subjects. A research library
supports scholarly or scientific research and will generally include primary as well as secondary sources and
maintains permanent collections and attempt to provide access to all necessary materials. A research library is
most often an academic or national library but a large special library may have a research library within its
special field and a very few of the largest public libraries also serve as research libraries. A university library
may be considered a research library (Young, 1983:188).
A reference library does not lend books and other items as they must be read within the library. Typically such
libraries are used for research purposes, for example at a university. Some items at reference libraries may be
historical and even unique. Many libraries contain a “reference section”, with books such as dictionaries, which
are common reference books, and are therefore not lent out. Such reference sections may be referred to as
“reading rooms”, which may also include newspapers and periodicals. (Champneys, 2007:93).
A Public Library provides services to the general public and usually make at least some of its books available
for borrowing. Public libraries issue library cards to community members wishing to borrow books. Many
public libraries also serve as community organizations that provide free services to the public, such as reading
groups and toddler story time.
An academic Library is generally located on the campuses of colleges, and universities and serves primarily the
students and faculty of that and other academic institutions. Some academic libraries, especially those at public
institutions, are accessible to members of the general public. For the purpose of this work which focus on
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University library, requires more details.
Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in post-secondary educational institutions, such as colleges and
universities. The main functions of an academic library are to provide resources and research support for
students and faculty of the educational institution. Specific course-related resources are usually provided by the
library, such as copies of textbooks and articles readings held on reserve, which can be loaned out only on short-
term basis.
Academic libraries offer workshops and courses outside of formal, graded course work, which are meant to
provide students with the tools necessary to succeed in their programs. These workshops may include help with
citations, effective research techniques, journal databases, and electronic citation software. These workshops
provide students with skills that can help them achieve success in their academic careers and often, in their future
occupations which they may into learn inside the classroom.
The academic library provides a quiet study space for students on campus as well as group study space, such as
meeting rooms. The library provides a gateway for students and researchers to access various resources, both
print/physical and digital. Academic institutions are subscribing to electronic journals databases, providing
research and scholarly writing software, and usually provide computer workstations or computer labs for
students to access journals, library search databases and portals, institutional electronic resources, Internet access,
and course-or task-related software such as word processing and spreadsheet software. They are increasingly
acting as an electronic repository for institutional scholarly research and academic knowledge, by preserving and
providing digital copies of students’ theses and dissertations (https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/).
Children’s libraries are special collections of books intended for juvenile readers and usually kept in separate
rooms of general public libraries. They are educational agencies seeking to acquaint the youth with the world’s
literature and to cultivate a love for reading in children. Their work supplements that of the public schools.
Services commonly provided by public libraries may include storytelling sessions for infants, toddlers, preschool
children, or after-school programs, all with an intention of developing early library skill and a love of books in
users. One of the most popular programs offered in public libraries are summer reading programs for children,
families, and adults (Encyclopedia Americana).
All other libraries fall into the “special library” category. Many private businesses and public organizations,
including hospitals, museums, research laboratories, law firms, and many government departments and agencies,
maintain their own libraries for the use of their employees in doing specialized research related to their work.
Special libraries may or may not be accessible to some identified part of the general public. Branches of a large
academic or research libraries dealing with particular subjects are also usually called “special libraries”, they are
generally associated with one or more academic departments. Special libraries are distinguished from special
collections, which are branches or parts of a library intended for rare books, manuscripts, and other special
materials.
In spite of their types, libraries perform similar functions and these functions are:
Collection of materials,
Preservation of materials,
Organization of materials for use, and
Disseminating materials to users.
Libraries are managed by librarians, record managers, archivists, media specialists and information specialists
(Encyclopedia Americana). The library as explicitly described above is the custodian of all materials that
contain information about everything that concerns the universe. This simply means that, a scientist who has
discovered or invented something must write some record through which someone who comes after him will get
to know about the discovery and invention. Such information is documented and preserved in the library.
Hence the library is a key player in scientific development. Supporting this position, Ben White, Head of
intellectual Property, British Library believes that as gateways to knowledge and culture, libraries play a
fundamental role in society. The resources and services they offer create opportunities for learning, support
literacy and education, and help shape the new ideas and perspectives that are central to a creative and innovative
society. They also help ensure an authentic record of knowledge created and accumulated by past generations.
In a world without libraries, it would be difficult to advance research and human knowledge or preserve the
world’s cumulative knowledge and heritage for future generations” (White, 2012:1).
Communication crisis in a library: Communication as stated earlier involves processes that include sender,
message, channel and receiver. Communication becomes effective when the message is interpreted as expected.
Any kind of disturbance in the process of communication destroys the message and becomes a crisis.
Communication is part of a process whereby rules, regulations, and responsibilities are designed and presented to
members of the organization. Communication should not be overlooked when considering ways to improve
services and productivity. Kreps (1990) states that, “communication in an organization serves to establish
managerial control, provide workers with job instruction, and enable managers (librarians) gather information for
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planning”. Similarly, Champoux (1996) observes that the functions of organizational communication include:
information sharing, feedback and integration to coordinate diverse functions such as; persuasion, emotion and
innovation.
Failure of these functions lead to communication crisis in a library in much the same way as it could be in other
organizations. Some of the causes of communication crisis in a library, according to Hahn (2013) are discussed
below for the benefit of managers of libraries and information centers.
Information Overload: Too much information is as bad as too or no information employee’s ability to
concentrate effectively on the most important messages. People facing information overload sometimes try to
cope either by ignoring some of the messages. People facing information overload sometimes try to cope either
by ignoring some of the messages or by delaying responses to messages they deem unimportant even by
answering only parts of some messages. Sometime messages may be responded to inaccurately, through taking
less time with each message, worse of all employees may react only superficially to all messages.
To overcome information overload managers should realize that some information are not necessary, therefore
making necessary information easily available becomes imperative in managing communication crisis. Give
information meaning rather than just passing it on, and at the same time set priorities for dealing with the
information flow.
Message Complexity: According to Hahn (2013) managers should know that when formulating business
messages, they are communicating both as an individual and as a representative of an organization. They must
adjust their own ideas and styles so that they would agree with those of their employers even if they are asked
occasionally to write or say something that they disagree with personally.
Complex messages must be kept clear and easy to understand. A manager must evoke his writing skills and
word power and provide a good guide to readers by telling them what to expect. He must use concrete and
specific language, and stick to the point, so as to expect feedback, which can be used for clarification and
improvement in future communication.
iii) As a manager, no matter which establishment you may be working you will surely be confronted with
message overload. This message overload creates interruptions that may results in distractions.
In dealing with this type of barrier in communication managers must make sure that the target of the message is
fully prepared and ready to take in the information provided without a divided attention. Written messages must
conform with professional ethics of writing devoid of all forms of communication noise and made visually
appealing and easy to understand by the receiver, in this case the employee.
One of the factors that usually creates communication crisis in an establishment particularly in a library
according to Hahn (2013) is status differentiation. In this case employees of low status are extremely careful
when sending or responding to any message from the superior. In doing this, the main concerns of such
employee is to tell the boss the kind of information he would like to hear. This situation encourages the
development and striving of “grapevine” communication as a source of information from lower employees to
their superiors, used as a strategy to gain favour form the boss. In much the same way some managers can and
used to distort messages by refusing to share or discuss anything that could undermine their authority in their
establishments. While this may be so it should be noted that belonging to a specific establishment or being in
charge of a specialized duty according to Hahn could narrow the manager’s view and would lead to differences
in attitude, values and expectation of employees either in the same department or in other departments of the
same organization. Such communication crisis can be handled by a skillful manager through keeping employees
and colleagues properly informed. Effective and skillful managers encourage lower-cadre employees to proffer
information through being fare-minded and respectful to their own opinions.
Discussing one of the major causes of communication crisis in an establishment, Hahn (2013) says that lack of
trust among employees of any organization or establishment can create a communication crisis capable of
pulling the company or organization out of business. Building trust, he says, is a difficult problem, more
especially in today’s establishment where every calculation of employees is how to get to the top regardless of
the method used, even if it means pulling others down by all means. Free and open communication is usually
blocked by lack of trust resulting in some managers resorting to “shadow-boxing” of employees with all form of
intimidating measures in self defend.
In Hahn (2013) opinion, managers can overcome this impediment by making themselves visible and accessible
to all, particularly those he is supervising. He must not insulate himself behind assistants or secretaries. He
must share information with all, communicate honestly and learn to include employees in decision-making.
Keeping the department or establishment free of communication induced crisis is the responsibility of the
manager, no matter the level he is operating. For the establishment and department to experience growth the
manager must create an atmosphere of fairness and trust.
In today’s complex business world many workplaces are governed and ruled by formal restrictions which in
Hahn’s words, put restrictions on who may communicate with whom and who is authorized to make decisions.
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This, according to Hahn (2013) reduces communication capacity and decreases the tendency to communicate
horizontally. This effectively limits good management of departmental activities and decisions.
Dealing with this problem is paramount if an organization must make progress. This problem tasks the
intelligence uniqueness and capability of the manager. This is where, a manager lacking in all that its takes to
command the department rightly and astutely for productivity and growth resorts to “grapevine” as the only
source of dependable data for major decision making. Here, Hahn (2013) advises that matured managers should
offer opportunities for upward, downward and horizontal communication using the techniques of employee
surveys, open-door policies, newsletters, memos and task group to generate useful information and a two-way
communication process.
Many managers, due to certain factors within the work environment select the medium of communication by
intuition. Inappropriate means selected to communicate information distorts the message and render the
subordinate incapacitated. A good and experienced manager selects his communicative medium through
comparing and matching the choice of the medium with the kind of information intended for consumption by his
employees and other members of the public. However, Hahn (2013) believes that face-to-face communication in
most circumstances in the most appropriate because it provides an opportunity for both verbal and non-verbal
cues that can convey emotion behind the message. This, he says, can provide immediate feedback useful for
future communication tasks.
Using telephones or other interactive electronic media, for communication particularly in departmental
establishments, scholars believe, may not be as effective as face-to-face communication because in the process
of interactive media communication, vital nonverbal cues are virtually absent. In Hahn’s opinion, written media
can be personalized through address memos, letters and reports although they may lack immediate feedback and
visual and vocal cues that can contribute to the meaning of the message. Other means of communication, more
often used by managers such as bulletins, fliers and reports lack the function of providing nonverbal cues and
feedback which at the end leads to confusion and lack of personal focus for the manager.
To remedy this barrier, it is necessary, in Hahn’s words for a manager to use his depth of knowledge, experience
and know- how to select appropriate method and strategy for a more routine, complex messages. Rich media
should be employed if need be to communicate caring and matters of interest to the organization to employees so
as to gain employee’s commitment to organizational goals. Little media such as memos, letters, and written
report can be used to send information such as statistics, facts, figures and conclusion on issues to final recipients.
Communication scholars for decades have noted that communication climate in any organization is the life-
blood of that organization and therefore must be effectively handled. A crisis free communication climate in an
organization or establishment or even in the departmental levels induces harmony, progress and productivity,
motivating employees to put in their best for the benefits of the organization. Many managers more often than
not, create a closed communication climate occasioned by their armature management styles and authoritarian
directives, which ultimately blocks free and open exchange of information that characterise good communication.
Managers in this category resort to closed communication climate because of their egoistic nature, personal
selfish interest, lusts and fears of real and imagined enemies.
For a manager to be able to handle this problem effectively and promote harmony in his department or
establishment such a manager must know the arts of handling people. He must learn that many people go to the
workplace with different perceptions, hopes and expectations, therefore, he must be humane and treat everybody
fairly. He must spend more time listening than issuing orders.
Many managers, particularly in the developing nations do not believe that the physical environment can create
communication barriers that can affect an organization negatively. Managers in developing nations are of the
mistaken notion that due to the crisis induced poverty of developing states an employee forced into any working
condition is likely to whole heartedly accept the condition if he must make ends meet for his family. While in
some cases, this may be so, it should be clearly noted by the manager that this may be detrimental to the aims,
objectives and policies of the organization. A good and dedicated employee can be distracted by an
uncomfortable chair, poor lighting, lack of proper ventilation, poor acoustics, an illegible copy or other irritating
conditions (Hahn 2013).
Physical barriers to effective communication in our workplaces can be handled effectively by ensuring that
before taking up a managerial position in an organization, the would-be manager must be made to undergo an in-
depth, effective training on Personnel Management and Industrial Relations where all the rudiments of personnel
management and facility requirements to be provided in the organizational environment are effectively and
comprehensively taught. The work environment must present a setting, which permits workers to perform their
duties with maximum attention and concentration.
Conclusion
Communication crisis is a common site in many organizations in developing states occasioned by a total or near
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total disregard of factors that induce it by many mangers in their own establishments, departments or
organizations. Factors that cause communication crisis are widespread in knowledge producing centers such as
libraries and documentation centers. These factors include information overload, message complexity, message
competition, lack of trust, inadequate communication structures, use of wrong medium in communication, close
climate in communication, inefficient communication and physical distractions as in pin pointed by Hahn.
These factors, in the hand of a bad manager reduce libraries and documentation centers to a mere consulting
centers without the necessary and needed services required of them to propel effective research that can lead to
meaningful development. Communication, it is said, is the cement that makes an organization what it is and
should be because it enables a group to think together, see together and act together.
For any information and documentation center, be it a library or an archive or a center created for information
gathering, storage and retrieval, it must properly harness all its human, material and financial resources to yield
the desired output. It must keep surveillance and checkmate any form of communication crisis and avert its
occurrence. In any event, such crisis occur management must do everything possible to address it promptly to
avoid its escalation which could have the potential to ruin the services for which the library or documentation
centre was established.
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