1. Management is the process of working with and through others to achieve organizational goals. It involves planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling organizational resources. 2. Management can be viewed as both a science and an art. As a science, management principles are developed through systematic study and experimentation. As an art, management involves personalized application and creativity in solving problems. 3. Key aspects of management include dealing with organizational environments, levels of management (top, middle, lower), and management skills (conceptual, human, technical). Effective management requires adapting to different situations.

1. Managementstudies notes
1-Organization-place where people works for a common
purpose and to achieve a specific goal
2-management-management is the process of working with
and through others to achieve a desired goal
3-Management as science
A=systematic body of knowledge-management is
systematic body of knowledge as it is base on “cause
and affect” relationship
B=based on experiments-scientific principles are first
developed through observations and then tested
through experiments.
C=universal validity-scientific principles have
universal validity and applications.
4-management as art
A=theoretical body of knowledge

2. B=personalized application-application of
management varies from person to person,because
everyone have different way of applying things.
C=based on creativity-now a days each and every
person/manager wants to be creative because they
want to create something which never existed in the
market
5-universality of management-management is needed in all
type of organizations either profit or non profit organization,no
matter wherever they are locatedmangement is required in all
type,level of organizations
6-level of management-:
A=top level management-consist of senior most
executives of a firm such as CEO,CMO,CFO,COO.they
are basically responsible for framing policies of
organization and future goals of organization.

3. B=middle level management-consist of managers of
different level they are link between top
management an lower management,and they divide
the work assigned by top management into small
parts
C=lower level management-cosist of supervisors nd
they are in contact with labour,and they pass the
information given by top management into small
parts
7-robert katz management skills are- 1=conceptual skills(top
management), 2=human skill(middle management),
3=technical skills(lower management)
8-manager-managar is the person who works for the
organization,manager plans about future goals of the
firm,manager divides thethe big tasks into small parts and
makes department,manager leads and motivates employees to
achieve desired goal.manager also assured the quality of
product.

4. 9-function of management are- 1=planning, 2=organizing,
3=staffing, 4=directing, 5=controlling.
10-fw taylor scientific principles are-:
A= science not rule of thumb-according to taylor
their was only one method to maximize effieciency
and this method can be only developed through
scientific study and analysis of each element of the
job
B=harmony not, discord-management and worker
should have good relations among them.the
management should shar their profits with the
workers and workers should wrok hard with loyality.
C=co-operation not individualism-their should be
complete cooperation and mutual understanding
between management and the worker so that they
can become more efficient

5. D=development of each and every person to his/her
greatest efficiency-this means rather than assigning
any duty to the worker the work work should be
assigned according to the capability of an individual
11-14 principles of henry fayol are-:
A=Division of work
B=Unity of direction
C=Unity of command
D=Authority/responsibility
E=Discipline
F=Stability
G=Equity
H=Remuneration
I=eSpirit-de-corps
J=initiative

6. K=centralization/decentralization
L=order
M=interest
N=scalar chain
12-max weber’s bureaucracy
A=division of labour
B=authority
C=formal selection
D=formal rules and regulation
E=impersonality
F=carrier orientation
13-hawthorne study- according to this study if a employee
receive a positive attention from boss and co-workers then this
can directly improve his/her performance and he can become
efficient

7. 14-quantitative approach-using quantitative
techniques(mathematical,statistical,scientific) for improoving
decision making and rech efficiency
15-contingency approach-same management principles are not
applicable in all organizations because every organization is
different they face different situation and they have different
way of managing.
16-omnipotent view-according to this view success/failure of a
organization totally depends on it manager
17-symbolic view according to this view success/failure of an
organization totally depends upon external forces
18-components of specific environment are-:
A=customer-firm exists only for satisfying the needs
of the customer but customer is related with
uncertainity because taste and preference of
consumer can change any tym ,consumer can esily
get dis satisfied from the goods and services.

8. B=supplier-supply is very important for the
organization and specially for a manager because if
their will be in-adiquate supply then manager may
face problem while taking any kind of decisions
C=competitor-competition is faced by all kind of
organization either organization is profit or non
profit.
D=pressure groups-these groups works for
influencing the decision of organization such as -
PETA
19-intrapreneur=those mangers which works of a organization
for salary
20-entrepreneur=those managers which works and mages their
own organization
21-national culture dimensions/hofstede culture-:
a-individualistic/collectivistic

9. b-high power distance/low power distance
c-high uncertainity avoidance/low uncertainity
avoidance
d-achievement/nurturing
e-long term orientation/short term orientation