This document discusses water sanitation issues and proposes solutions. It identifies problems like limited access to clean water, water-borne diseases, and deaths caused by unsafe water. Countries with the most severe issues are identified. The document then proposes several improvements that governments and individuals can make, including improving water treatment infrastructure, implementing two-step UV irradiation systems, and establishing household water reuse systems. Challenges of each solution are also discussed along with potential solutions to address those challenges. Overall the document analyzes current water sanitation problems and suggests methods to enhance access to clean water globally.

1. Water Sanitation
for a Better World
Team Fuiyoh, SMJK Heng Ee (Malaysia)
Janice Seow Pei Ying, Esther Ng E-Jo

2. To investigate the REASON for inadequate clean and safe water
To investigate the IMPROVEMENT for water treatment
To investigate the EFFECT of polluted water
OBJECTIVES

3. Goals we tend to achieve
AEC BLUEPRINT 2025
B.8. Sustainable Economic Development
ASCC BLUEPRINT 2025
A.1. Engaged Stakeholders in ASEAN processes
C.1. Conservation and Sustainable Management of
Biodiversity and Natural Resources
C.4. Sustainable Consumption and Production
D.2. A Safer ASEAN that is able to Respond to all
Health-related Hazards
D.3. A Climate Adaptive ASEAN with Enhanced
Institutional and Human Capacities to Adapt to the
Impacts of Climate Change
D.5 Enhanced and Optimised Financing Systems, Food,
Water, Energy Availability, and other Social Safety
Nets in Times of Crises by making Resources more
Available, Accessible, Affordable and Sustainable

4. Problem Statement
Limited access
to clean water
Diseases
Virus and Bacterias
Deaths
Inadequate
infrastructure development
WHY?
PROBLEM
BAD
IMPACT

5. Water Scarcity
EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE TO
WATER SCARCITY
● Temperature increases
● Speed of evaporation of surface water
increase
● Loss of water faster
● Water pattern less predictable
● Water shortage
● Societal activities disrupted
DEFINITION OF WATER SCARCITY:
lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand

6. Water Scarcity
Change in global mean surface
temperature caused by
greenhouse gas emissions
Country
Indonesia has the highest
change in surface temperature.
Change in global mean surface temperature caused by greenhouse gas emitted per entity in 2021

7. Annual freshwater withdrawals,
total in 2017 (billion cubic meters)
Country
Many countries do not have good sanitation. It makes people do not
have enough access to clean drinking water and sanitation.
Brunei has the least sufficient
freshwater withdrawals .
Annual freshwater withdrawals, total (billion cubic meters) in 2017

8. Country
Number with access to limited drinking
water for year 2017 (million)
Myanmar does not have decent access to
sufficient drinking water.
Number of people with access to basic
drinking water in 2017 (million)
Country
Country
Number with no access to drinking
water for year 2017 (million)
Number of people with access to limited drinking water in 2017
Number of people with no access to drinking water in 2017
Number of people with access to basic drinking water in 2017

9. Mismanaged to plastic waste to ocean per capita (kg per year) in 2019
● Plastic enter rivers and the ocean if it’s poorly managed
● Material which is at high risk of entering the ocean via wind or tidal transport, or carried to coastlines
● Sum of material which is either littered or inadequately disposed
● Water pollution
Malaysia has the highest mass of
mismanaged plastic waste to ocean
Country
Mismanaged to plastic waste to ocean
per capita (kg per year) in 2019

10. Number of disease per
risk of factor in 2019
(billion)
Diseases
Country
Rate of Deaths caused
by Diarrheal diseases in
year 2019
Diarrheal disease as the disease that most
human suffers from due to water pollution.
Unsafe water sources and sanitation
acts as one of the deciding factors of
human health.
Indonesia has the most number of
deaths caused by diarrheal diseases.
Number of disease per risk of factor in 2019
Deaths caused by diarrheal diseases in 2019

11. Risk of factor
Number of deaths per
risk of factor in 2019
(million)
Rate of Deaths
Country
Unsafe water sources and sanitation acts as
one of the deciding factors of human death.
Indonesia has the most number of
deaths caused by unsafe water.
Number of deaths per risk of factor in 2019
Number of deaths caused by unsafe water in 2019

12. Four NationalTaps in Singapore
Singapore has a successful water treatment system because it has
➢ the least freshwater withdrawals
➢ the least number of no access to drinking water
➢ the least plastic pollution
➢ the least number of diseases caused by unsafe water
➢ the least number of deaths caused by unsafe water
➢ the least change in temperature cause by water pollution

13. IMPROVEMENT/
SUGGESTION

14. Government
Improve Sludge
Management
- Improve wastewater treatment
facility
- Minimize transported water
and solids
- Produce electricity and heating
water, (co-generation)
Automate
Operations
- Apply supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)
- Automate the operation of plants
- Improve monitor equipment
- Alert emerging issues

15. Suggestion to be implemented by Government
Two-step UV irradiation system
❖ WHAT IS UV LIGHT?
➢ A form of electromagnetic
radiation
➢ Short wavelength
➢ High energy
❖ HOW UV LIGHT FUNCTIONS?
➢ High energy breaks down DNA
of microorganisms
➢ Remove Total Organic Carbon
(TOC) and urea to make ultra
pure water
economical, effective, and renewable water purification

16. Water Flow
Purifies
contaminated
water
1st UV
source
Solar Cells/
Backup
Battery Cells
2nd UV
source
Pre-treats the
transportation
vessel
Power Source
Contaminated water Purified water
Water
Outlet
Water
Inlet
Housing areas
Industrial areas
Agricultural areas
Water Sources
Waste water
Illustration drawn by student researchers

17. Benefits of UV irradiation system
Two-step
UV irradiation system
Existing water
treatment system
❖ Simple maintenance ❖ Requires pre-treatment and
frequent monitoring
❖ No disinfection by-products ❖ Leftovers TOC and biocides
❖ Inactivates (kills) organisms in
water through UV
❖ Biocides used to kill
microorganisms
❖ No addition of chemicals ❖ Biocides is added
❖ Does not affect the taste, colour,
or pH
❖ pH value may decrease

18. Potential Challenges and Solutions
Only targets living
organisms
Use the UV irradiation system
as part of the main system and
avoid using only this system
Hard to know
when the system
is functioning
Connect LED to the system to
show whether the system is
functioning
Stagnant water
may come up
warmer
Add storage tank to the system
to prevent water from staying
in the UV chamber and
receiving heat energy

19. People
Water Reusation System (WRS)
House
Sink
Tank
Water
Distribution
Company
Dirty
water
Water level
Filter process
Pump
Clean
water &
Illustration drawn by student researchers

20. Benefits of Water Reusation System (WRS)
● Get clean water for daily activity
● Reduce demand of clean water
● Avoid wastage of water
● Reduce risk of catching disease
● Reduce rate of death
● Environment friendly
● Cost effective

21. Lack of
cooperation
Promote and popularize the
system to people with the help
from government and
stakeholders
Inadequate space
for tank
Use a smaller tank which can
be stored in the house
Renovation of
pipe required
Install the filter system in pipe
connector so that a part of
pipe is required to renovate
only compared to renovate
whole pipe
Potential Challenges and Solutions

22. Reference
[Freshwater Withdrawals]
https://ourworldindata.org/water-use-stress#freshwater-withdrawals-
by-country
[Access to Drinking Water]
https://ourworldindata.org/water-access
[Plastic Pollution]
https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution
[Number of Diseases]
https://ourworldindata.org/burden-of-disease
[Death Caused by Diarrheal Disease]
https://ourworldindata.org/diarrheal-diseases
[Number of Deaths]
https://ourworldindata.org/sanitation
[Four National Taps in Singapore]
https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps#:~:text=Singap
ore%20has%20built%20a%20robust,as%20NEWater%20and%20Desali
nated%20Water.