SAMPLEMoringa-Post-Defense-Final-1 (1).docx

Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
ISO 9001:2015
AN AUTOMATED NON-SEWAGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
USING MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS
A Thesis
Presented to
the Faculty of the College of Engineering and Architecture
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
by
Kievin P. Aborde
Ivan Michael B. Alejandro
Kim Joseph B. Brigola
Ronnie Jay M. Cancino
Kurt Russel D. Principe
Abegail V. Refereza
Engr. Edriane Jay L. Dimanarig
Technical Adviser
December 2022

ISO 9001:2015
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Non-sewage wastewater induces precarious substances that are injurious to the
verdure of a certain organism, commonly unwanted and just contributing to the
contamination of water. According to Mcclelland (2016), only 1% of the world’s water
resources are safe for accessibility. The increase in human demand and overuse of water
are only adding in the rate and concentration of non-sewage wastewater, later causing
scarcity or even shortage in clean water sources. Furthermore, the United States Geological
Survey (USGS, 2016), implied that each person consumes about 80-100 gallons of water
per day and that water is dismissed into bodies of water such as rivers and lakes which
cannot be utilized anymore. The ramification of such events leads to depletion of water.
Likewise, the society of today endures the aftermath of water stress limiting one’s
accessibility to water resources. In fact, when the water levels in the main reservoir of
Cantareira and Alto Tiete dropped below 17% and 15.4%, respectively in Sao Paulo state
at the peak of Brazil’s dry season it resulted to water scarcity wherein out of 20 million
Brazilians, 9 million were left no choice but to allocate and conserve their limited supply
of water (Nikolau, 2015). Moreover, due to immense growth in population, Iran could no
longer sustain the city’s per capita use of water which is 400 liters each day from an average
of 250 liters per day. Consequently, Iran is suffering from severe water scarcity and would

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continue to regress in the future (Kalantari, 2017). Subsequently, big and leading countries
like China in terms of economy also witness insufficiency in water supply. Whereas 80%
of water is concentrated in southern part of China; as a result, the northern part experiences
water scarcity affecting China’s 38% agriculture, 46% industry, 50% power generation and
41% population. Furthermore, the average consumption of each person varies to a
maximum amount of 2000 cubic meters which is too large from the standard amount of
water that a person must utilize, leading to scarcity and insufficient in the supply of water
(Parton, 2018).
Furthermore, water scarcity corresponds to a high percentage of risk in the health
of the people. In reality, outside of the United States a mortality rate of 6,000 children has
been recorded in terms of water related diseases each day as they drink contaminated water
without hesitation due to lack of water sources (World Health Organization, 2018). In Sub-
Saharan Africa, due to unavailability of good water, approximately 180, 000 children less
than 5 years old die that records a mortality rate of 500 per day.
Moreover, the extreme growth in population was not the only reason that triggered
water scarcity. There were natural phenomena that greatly contributed to the upheaval of
water stress. In fact, despite being surrounded by water as an archipelago, Philippines also
suffers from water scarcity where out of 101 million Filipinos, nine million lacks access to
good and safe water whereas, a portion of it is due to drier climate (Water.Org, 2018).
Moreover, Ranada (2015) exclaimed that climate change is a great factor that amplified the
problem to water scarcity due to changes in temperature that resulted for water sources to

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dry. As mentioned in the documentation of Cara David (2017), there were barangays in
Masbate that were prone to water scarcity. This area did not have a stable water source and
the type of land was not capable of absorbing water. Thus, it goes directly to the sea.
Accordingly, the residence digs underground water for 4-6 hours; however, the water that
they get is not ideal for consumption and they often accumulate salt water. Subsequently,
reports of many related water-borne diseases such as diarrhea are commonly experienced
by the residence. Moreover, El Nino worsens the problem in water scarcity.
Despite all of these, most countries have formulated solutions to lessen the effect
of water scarcity. As adduced in the Republic Act of 6716, Philippines constructed water
wells, rainwater collectors, springs, and rehabilitation of existing water well in all the
barangays. Hence, this act aimed to utilize rainwater as a solution to diminish the effect of
water scarcity. Moreover, the use of de-salinators, a simple evaporation method that
separates salt from water, were encouraged. Subsequently, aiding the people to conserve
and reuse water also helps farmers in their different crop diversification and techniques
without too much water consumption (Cordaid, 2018). Due to lack of initiative, like many
laws in the country, these solutions lie atrophied and the sick bed of compliance (Oposa
Jr., 2014). These problems are ought to be given corresponding solutions. Unfortunately,
these identified solutions that were stated were too expensive for the general public to
acquire.
Aside from various existing projects that aimed to eliminate the problem of non-
sewage wastewater, a main factor that contributes to water scarcity, there are cheap ways

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for developing countries like Philippines to resolve problems to non-sewage wastewater.
There are natural ingredients that could be harnessed from tropical plants serve as
coagulants, including seeds coming from Moringa oleifera which are natural adsorbent for
special pollutants removal, because they can purify non-sewage wastewater (Hendrawati
et al, 2016). Moreover, Moringa oleifera species located in tropical areas especially in
some parts of Asia have distinct characteristics of its seeds for water purification (Fahey,
2005).
Likewise, Moringa oleifera seeds perform tasks when it comes to cleaning non-
sewage wastewater. Simple methods of purifying non-sewage wastewater reduce the
concentration of pollution by killing adverse bacteria and dwindling the level of the
turbidity of the water. In addition, some chemical compositions of the seed attract the
negative charged particle in the water which is harmful when intake by the body.
Decreasing pH concentration as well, whereas removes 90%-non-sewage wastewater.9%
of the impurities present in the water (miracle trees. Org).
This proposed study of fabricating an automated non-sewage wastewater treatment
facility using Moringa oleifera seeds as a medium to eliminate the harmful effects of non-
sewage wastewater involves the turbidity of water, pH concentration, dissolved oxygen
content and total coliforms present which could generate waterborne diseases that are
pernicious to living organisms. Thereby giving a cheap way to resolve water scarcity, this
study would provide additional knowledge about Moringa oleifera seeds which could be
utilized by the government in promoting a safe, healthy, and friendly environment.

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Statement of the Problem
The study of an automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility that utilizes
Moringa oleifera seeds, answers the following questions:
1. To develop an automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility using
Moringa oleifera seeds.
2. To determine the comparative results between the physico-chemical and
bacteriological characteristics of the non-sewage wastewater before and after passing the
fabricated automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility.
3. To evaluate the performance efficiencies of the processes involved in the
fabricated automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility in terms of:
a. Suction rate in L/min.
b. Filtration process.
c. Volume of the Moringa oleifera paste to be distributed by the injector.
d. Rotational speed of the agitator.
e. Flow rate of the discharged suspended particles and the filtration of
the non-sewage wastewater.
Assumptions of the Study
The study is based on the following assumptions:
1. The fabrication of the automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility using
Moringa oleifera seeds will be able to produce safe drinking water.

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2. There are significant physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics in the
non-sewage wastewater before and after passing the fabricated automated non-sewage
wastewater treatment facility.
3. Each process involved in the fabricated automated non-sewage wastewater
treatment facility possesses significant performance efficiencies of system operation.
a. The suction rate will be efficient.
b. The filtration process will remove the expected impurities.
c. The right amount of Moringa oleifera paste will be deduced.
d. The optimum speed of the agitator will be achieved.
e. The flow rate of the discharged suspended particles and the filtration of the
non-sewage wastewater will be according to the desired value.
Significance of the Study
This study is imperative to all living organisms who is dependent on water for
survival, from the smallest to biggest of them all. However, due to the scarcity of water in
certain areas, these common needs are not often met. A clean source of water is important,
therefore, there is a need for an alternative way to for locals to have access to a clean source
of water even in an area where water is scarce and considered unclean through an
automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility. The output of this study is beneficial
to the following:

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Local Government Unit. This study would benefit the LGU by helping them
reduce their problems regarding water scarcity in the local area they are designated.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources. This would benefit them
by the non-sewage wastewater treatment facility as it could greatly reduce their burden in
terms of resolving environmentally related water problems. Also, it would help DENR in
conserving the country’s water sources by reusing the treated non-sewage wastewater that
has undergone the purification process through the help of Moringa oleifera non-sewage
Future Researchers. They would be benefited by this study by providing
additional knowledge about the integration of Moringa oleifera seeds in treating non-
sewage wastewater.
Community. The community that understands the importance of water to life
would gain from this study. For drinking and sanitation, for our food, cattle, and industry,
as well as for the development and maintenance.
Water Refilling Station. This industry would be benefited by this study through
an alternative way of treating a non-sewage wastewater which potentially produce a safe
drinking water.
Small and Medium Enterprises. The small and medium enterprises would be
benefited by this study by providing a solution to reuse non-sewage wastewater into a safe
drinking water which is a big factor to alleviate water scarcity.

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Scope and Delimitation
The general intent of this study was to fabricate an efficient non-sewage wastewater
treatment facility that has basic components such as pumps, sensors, agitators, and filters.
Whereas the raw material integrated in the machine was the Moringa oleifera seeds. The
system had 6 processes involved. First, the suction of the non-sewage wastewater through
a pump. Second, the distribution of the Moringa oleifera seeds through an injector. Third,
the mixing of the Moringa oleifera seeds through an agitator. Fourth, the discharge of the
suspended particles. Fifth, the filtration of the treated non-sewage wastewater to the storage
area. Sixth, flush the residue in the agitator tank before another cycle begins. Whereas 10
parameters were given focus namely pH level, total hardness, turbidity, total dissolved
solids, nitrite, phosphate, chloride. salinity, conductivity, and total coliform present.
Likewise, the non-sewage wastewater treatment facility was only used for treating
non-sewage wastewater coming from rainwater.
This study was conducted at San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur. The researchers
decided that this would be an adequate locale for the study since some of its barangay
experience water scarcity.
Definition of Terms
These were the words tackled in the research and were given corresponding
definition by the researchers according to their use in the study.
Agitators. It refers to the machine that is used to mix the non-sewage wastewater

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with the Moringa oleifera seeds.
Coagulant. It refers to the ability of the Moringa oleifera seeds to absorb waste in
water. Whereas chemicals in the seeds would help in the coagulation of the dirt in the
rainwater.
Dissolved Oxygen. It refers to the amount of gaseous oxygen dissolved in the
water.
Facility. It refers to the machine that has several processes involved which work as
a system.
Filter. It refers to the device that filters the agitated non-sewage wastewater that
had undergone coagulation and flocculation.
Flocculation. It refers to the process that makes the particles of the colloids (turbid
molecules) neutral in the rainwater after coagulation so that they can stick together and
become denser compared to the molecules of the rainwater.
Moringa oleifera seed. It refers to the seed from the fruit of Malunggay, local name
of Moringa oleifera in Philippines.
Non-sewage wastewater. It refers to the effluent coming muddy water, rainwater
run-off, and flood water.
Physico-Chemical. It refers to the parameters of the water (rainwater and treated
rainwater) being tested in the study. It consists of the pH level, total hardness, turbidity,
total dissolved solids, nitrite, phosphate, chloride. salinity, conductivity.
pH level. It refers to the number between 0-14 that will dictate whether the filtered

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non-sewage wastewater is an acid or base.
Pumps. It refers to the device which transfers a liquid from a container to another
storage area.
Sensors. It refers to the devices that detect stimulus from the environment of the
machine which sends signals to the microprocessor.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS). It refers to the dry weight of suspended particles,
that are not dissolve, in a sample of water that can be trapped by a filter that is analyzed
using a filtration apparatus.
Turbidity. It refers to how dirty the non-sewage wastewater is that can be utilized
in the research.
Water Scarcity/Water Stress. It refers to a situation where there is a lack of water
supply.

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Endnotes
Mcclelland, Jim. 2016. Worldwide water crisis is looming. Raconteur Media Ltd. © 2018.
https://www.raconteur.net/sustainability/worldwide-water-crisis-is-looming
Perlman, Howard. 2016. How much water does the average version use at home per day?.
The USGS Water Science School. http://water.usgs.gov/edu/qa-home-percapita.html
Nikolau, Lisa. 2015. Water Crisis in Brazil: Why the Largest City in the Americas is
dying out?. Humanosphere.org Copyright 2017.
http://www.humanosphere.org/environment/2015/12/water-crisis-brazil-largest-city
americas-drying/
Parton, Charlie. 2018. China is heading a water crisis: will government changes help?.
https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/10583-China-is-heading-towards-a-
water-crisis-will-government-changes-help-
Water.org. ©2018 Water.org. https://water.org/our-impact/philippines/
Ranada, Pia. 2015. Philippines faces high level of water shortage in 2040. Rappler.com.
https://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/104039-philippines-water-stress-
2040
Cordaid.org. 2018. Tackling Water Scarcity in the Philippines.
https://www.cordaid.org/en/news/tackling-water-scarcity-philippines/
Hendrawati, Indra Rani Yuliastri, Nurhasni, Eti Rohaeti, Hefni Effendi , Latifah K
Darusman. 2016. The use of Moringa oleifera Seed Powder as Coagulant to Improve the
Quality of Non-sewage wastewater and Ground Water. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and
Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033
Fahey, Jed. 2005. Moringa oleifera: A review of Medical Evidence for its Nutritional
Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties. Trees for Life Journal. DOI:
10.1201/9781420039078.ch12
Miracletrees.org. Moringa A plant with multiple medicinal uses.
https://miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html

ISO 9001:2015
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY
This chapter had discussed about the existing research that poses similarities to the
study, likewise, serving as a guide for the enlightenment of the researchers to further enrich
the structure of the study.
Related Literatures
This part will provide existing research that further support the structure of the study
whereas, using Moringa oleifera seeds for non-sewage wastewater treatment. Likewise,
scrutinizing the properties of Moringa oleifera seeds, identifying its capabilities in treating
non-sewage wastewater.
The discovery of Moringa oleifera seeds paved way to scientific advancement and
evolutionary breakthrough which plays an important role in the field of medicine and
survival as well. Various literatures were written about the functions of Moringa oleifera
seeds whereas, different personnel across the world conducted research to identify the
physical and chemical properties of the seed. All these literatures support the idea that
Moringa oleifera seeds have good coagulant capabilities; however, the purpose of the said
research is for water intake only. Hence, there is a need to conduct a study on the research
for the integration of Moringa oleifera seeds as an automated non-sewage wastewater
treatment facility.

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Importance and uses of Moringa oleifera seeds. According to Mekonnen Daba
(2016), Moringa oleifera tree contains numerous amounts of health benefits. It was also
proven by another research. Each part of the tree could utilize its nutritional and
pharmalogical properties. Cleaning water is one of its benefits. Conservation of soil, water
and mitigating climate change is one of the important roles that Moringa oleifera tree plays
with. The study provided a brief overview about the multipurpose of Moringa oleifera tree
and its implication for climate change mitigation.
The life span of a Moringa oleifera seed can last within 6-12 months, depending on
the process they were stored and the condition of the atmosphere (Bezerra et al. 2004;
Madinur 2007; De Oliveira et al. 2009).
Likewise, according to Bella All Natural (2020), the seeds are viable for years if it
is stored in a cool, dry space away from humidity and light for light deteriorates the
nutrients of the seeds and humidity can cause mold. However, a powdered seed could make
it to a minimum two-year expiration range having its optimum potency.
Additionally, Moringa oleifera is a plant that possesses high nutritional and
medicinal value. Each part from roots to leaves is a source of proteins, vitamins and
minerals that contain different pharmacological and biotechnological potential. Moreover,
the seeds are widely used in water and effluent treatment to improve waters' quality for
their coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation properties, by reducing the organic
matter and microbial load, with special applicability in intensive animal production
systems, such as aquaculture. Furthermore, due to its high nutritional value and several

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medicinal properties, this tree may act as a nutritional and medical alternative for socially
neglected populations. This review gathered information on M. oleifera, emphasizing its
chemical constituents, nutritional, pharmacological, and antimicrobial properties,
applications in the treatment of water effluents, and ecological and social aspects
(Raimulda Brilhante et. al 2017).
Moreover, Moringa oleifera seeds contained several benefits: reducing blood sugar
level, maintaining cholesterol and blood pressure, improving skin health, purifying water,
improving sleep, improving digestion, preventing infection and illness, increasing energy
level, improving eye vision, and detoxifying the body (Adam, 2018).
Chemical properties of Moringa oleifera seeds. Suleyman et. al. (2009),
conducted research about Moringa oleifera seeds and concluded that it was the best natural
coagulant was discovered which served as a replacement for conventional chemicals like
the aluminum sulfate which is known and commonly utilized all over the world.
Subsequently, the study ought to seek the active constituents behind the coagulation
mechanism and to further enhance the coagulation property of the said seed. The chemical
compositions were identified and ascertained that Moringa oleifera seeds contained
proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids with more sodium than potassium. Moreover,
phytochemical tests and spectral studies were held and stated that the chemical properties
in Moringa oleifera seeds resulted to the elucidation of glycoside-strophantidin as a
bioactive agent in the seed.

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Moreover, in the study of Oluduro and Aderiye (2009) showed that a seed from
Moringa oleifera contains 37. 8% protein, 36.2% fat, 3.67% crude fiber and 9.48% ash.
The research ought to probe the physic-chemical properties of Moringa oleifera
seed extract on the surface and underground water in Nigeria. Subsequently, data analysis
portraited that a seed from Moringa oleifera contains Magnesium, potassium, sodium,
chloride and iron. Likewise, the oil of Moringa oleifera seed contains oleic acid with a
percentage of 73.22 (Anwar and Rashid, 2007).
Moringa oleifera seeds as natural coagulant for water treatment. The use of
conventional chemicals is too expensive to acquire by a simple commoner for they are
rarely to be found. Whereas the use of coagulants coming from natural resources may come
in handy such as the seeds of Moringa oleifera where mostly it is found in rural
communities of tropical areas making it less expensive compared to aluminum sulfate
which is commonly used. Thus, making Moringa oleifera seeds as a potential water purifier
that is environment friendly and easily accessible because of its abundance (Hegazy, et al.,
2011).
Furthermore, according to Sutherland, et al. (1994), M. oleifera seeds contained
natural organic polymer and biodegradable materials making it safe to use as a natural
coagulant for water treatment. Whereas the product showed a great decrease in
contamination producing a non-hazardous sludge with a volume that is lower than the
conventional chemicals like alum or other ferric salts (Bhuptawat, et al., 2007). Moreover,
in the work of Mohammed, et al. (2015), M. oleifera seeds had properties which soften the

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hard water making it conducive to water treatment by disinfecting water from
microorganisms and absorbing cadmium and other heavy metals that is detrimental to
health.
Lastly, the SNF Holding Company and Water Specialists Technologies LLC (2018)
gave procedures for Jar Testing. This process treated water by stirring, as a requirement to
undergo untreated water for coagulation and flocculation utilizing material that has
coagulant property.
Functions of Sensors. The construction of an automated water tank filtration
system, as well as a study on water turbidity employing a light dependent resistor (LDR)
as the sensing unit, are presented in this paper. The major goal of this work is to investigate
the ability of the light dependent resistor (LDR) sensing unit to detect changes in water and
to determine the water's turbidity value. The results show that in continuous flow, light
dependent resistor (LDR) readings require more time between readings for the turbidity
value to be consistent. The results reveal that by combining the light dependent resistor
(LDR) sensing with the microcontroller, a system capable of monitoring water turbidity
not only in water tanks but also in other water resources such as rivers, lakes, and treatment
facilities may be created. An automated water filtration system, which can be integrated
into a smart home system, can potentially assist users in monitoring their water tanks
(Ibrahim et.al, 2016).

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Related Studies
This part of the research tackles about the different studies that are related with the
utilization of Moringa oleifera seeds in the treatment of wastewater, likewise, the
fabrication of machines or facilities that helps to effectively utilize the Moringa oleifera
seeds.
According to Delelegn et al. (2018), when Moringa oleifera seed powder was
employed at lower doses it did not change the pH of the water, it reduced turbidity and
coliform count significantly. Furthermore, all four test organisms (Escherichia coli
(ATCC2592), E. coli (ATCC2592), E. coli (ATCC2592), E. coli (ATCC2592), E. coli
(ATCC2592), and E. coli (AT coli, Salmonella typhii, and Shigella dysenteriae (clinical
isolates) (clinical isolate). At very low concentrations (MIC and MBC = 6.25 mg/mL), the
acetone extract is the most effective in suppressing and killing the test organisms (clinical
isolate). Likewise, according to the results of this investigation, the acetone extracts of M.
oleifera seeds exhibit antibacterial properties against infections, and their capacity to
prevent or circumvent resistance processes could improve microbial strain treatment and
eradication. Furthermore, a study is necessary to determine the optimal dose required to
reduce turbidity and coliform count to the WHO's standard for effective use of the seed for
water filtration.
In the study of Garcia et. al (2018), this research provides a remote-control water
purifying system that can operate in either automated or manual mode. This approach adds
value to oil-related waste by treating water. The SCADA structure, plant elements, and

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HMI that permits remote operation of the water purification plant are all presented in this
study. First, the investment costs are cheap because most of the components utilized were
designed to be low-cost (containers, software, re-used batteries, etc.). Second, because the
system employs a waste product as the primary input material, the plant does not require
any additional
costs to operate. The small water treatment facility can treat 1000 liters of water every two
hours, and it has proven to be effective.
According to Ab Aziz (2017), the plants Moringa oleifera (MO) and Musa
Cavendish (MC) can purify water. Except for arsenic and fluoride, the optimum MO and
MC doses of 200 mg/L removed the most nickel, cadmium, arsenic, and fluoride from
drinking water to fulfill WHO drinking water quality requirements. However, 400 mg/L of
combined MO and MC (MO+MC) (200:200 mg/L in the ratio) had a higher removal
efficiency (for most target pollutants except turbidity) than 400 mg/L of individual
biomass, with the treated water matching WHO drinking water criteria (for most of target
contaminants except arsenic and fluoride). Likewise, the treatment of wastewater using
MO, MC, and M+C did not affect the pH level. This finding demonstrates that the usage
of chemicals for pH changes following treatment can be reduced, lowering overall
treatment costs. This discovery is yet another boon for individuals living in rural areas of
developing countries, who are disproportionately poor. Moreover, the removal
effectiveness of As, Pb, Cd, and turbidity was higher in genuine groundwater samples when
the selected treatment method (MO+MC at the optimal dose of 200:200 mg/L) was tested

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on them. Overall, the findings indicated that the combined biomass (MO+MC) could treat
genuine groundwater samples to WHO criteria.
In the study of Shan (2017), many underdeveloped countries will benefit from the
promotion and growth of Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant. Improved wastewater
treatment methods can reduce dependency on the importation and delivery of treatment
chemicals, providing a new source of income for workers and farmers and give job
opportunities for rural residents. The pH value did not vary significantly, but electrical
conductivity, salinity, and TDS did. The organic matter level in the Moringa Oleifera seed
cake, however, raised COD and BOD values, although no hazardous consequences were
observed. Moringa Oleifera seed cakes were also utilized to successfully remove heavy
metals from the effluent.
According to Belbali et. al. (2021), Moringa oleifera seeds (MO) contain oil and
carbohydrates, both of which decrease the plant's coagulant activity. To boost its
performance, oil extraction and protein purification are required. The Kjeldahl method
found 92 percent pure protein and 14 percent nitrogen in the protein powder, while energy
dispersive X-ray (EDX) examination revealed high quantities of carbon (45 percent) and
oxygen (39 percent). Moringa protein as a coagulant aid can remove up to 86.78 percent
of turbidity and up to 56.52 percent of DOC from high-turbidity wastewater. According to
the findings, coagulation with Moringa protein is a cost-effective alternative since it
minimizes the amount of coagulant used and the amount of time needed for wastewater
treatment.

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Synthesis State-of-the-Art
This research provides additional information to existing body of literature about
the coagulant and flocculant properties of Moringa oleifera seed. The amount of Moringa
oleifera seeds used had an impact on its ability to treat non-sewage wastewater. Also, the
only existing product for water treatment is a commercialized water filter that is intended
for intake, there is limited study to a fabricated machine that utilizes the Moringa oleifera
seeds for non-sewage water treatment. This study provides an alternative and lesser cost to
solve problems with regards to non-sewage wastewater and for mass production as well of
the automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility to serve as a driving force for
further research.
Likewise, this research is further supported by the study of Delelegn et al. (2018),
wherein, Moringa oleifera seeds were utilized in the treatment of wastewater which aims
to suppress and kill bacteriological organisms. However, there is a main difference which
is the fabrication of an automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility that would
only use the Moringa oleifera seeds as part of the system in the treatment of non-sewage
wastewater.
Moreover, in the study of Garcia et al. (2018), they made use of a remote-control
water purifying system which can operate either manually or automatically. Thus, similar
to the study of the researchers wherein, they will fabricate an automated non-sewage
wastewater treatment facility which are incorporated by sensors that aims to lessen human
interaction with the machine to decrease error due to manual operation and for the benefit

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of it to be user-friendly. However, the researchers will utilize Moringa oleifera seeds in the
treatment of non-sewage wastewater.
In addition, Ab Aziz (2017), made a study regarding the utilization of Moringa
oleifera and Musa cavendish in the treatment of groundwater, such study supports the idea
that Moringa oleifera seeds can be used to remove certain turbidities that can match the
WHOs drinking standard which is somewhat similar the goal of the researchers to make a
drinking water out of non-sewage wastewater. However, the researchers would fabricate
an automated machine that would help in the treatment of non-sewage wastewater.
Furthermore, in the study of Shan (2017), Moringa oleifera seeds were featured as
effective coagulants in treating wastewater which shares the same purpose in the study of
the researchers. However, the researchers ought to fabricate a machine that is automated in
treating non-sewage wastewater that utilizes Moringa oleifera seeds.
Subsequently, in the study of Belbali et al. (2021), Moringa oleiofera seeds was
used as a natural coagulant which is like the study of the researchers. However, the
researchers will utilize Moringa oleifera paste instead of a Kjeldahl method which
conducted oil extraction and protein purification in the Moringa oleifera before treating
wastewater.
Theoretical Framework
The study was based on the following theories and principle: Bernoulli’s Principle,
Theory of Machine Design, and Theory of Automation. Figure 1 shows the Theoretical

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Paradigm of this study.
Bernoulli's Principle formulated by Daniel Bernoulli (1738), implies that if the
fluid flows horizontally so that no change in gravitational potential energy occurs, then a
decrease in fluid pressure is associated with an increase in fluid velocity. If the fluid is
flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying cross-sectional area, for example, the fluid
speeds up in constricted areas so that the pressure the fluid exerts is least where the cross
section is smallest (Encyclopedia Britannica). It is the concept that an increase in a liquid's
speed creates a pressure decrease and a decrease in a liquid's speed creates a pressure
increase. This principle was used by the researchers to determine the volume flow rate of
the fluid discharge and the diameter of the pipe in the water treatment facility.
Theory of Machine Design is the branch of Engineering-science, which deals with
the study of relative motion between the various parts of a machine, and forces which act
on them (Sundar, 2019). This theory aided the researchers by allowing them to use the
procedures and basics of producing and designing high-quality machine designs. The
researchers used this theory to visualize and analyze models and identify approximate
dimensions for the machine and avoid failure.
Theory of Automation. Automation research emphasizes efficiency, productivity,
quality, and reliability, focusing on systems that operate autonomously, often in structured
environments over extended periods, and on the explicit structuring of such environments
(Goldberg, 2012). In this study, the theory was used to develop a building block to perform
action, feedback, and programming in the machine to automate the control systems.

ISO 9001:2015
23
Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm
BERNOULLI’S
PRINCIPLE
NON-SEWAGE
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
FACILITY
THEORY OF
AUTOMATION
THEORY OF
MACHINE
DESIGN

ISO 9001:2015
24
Conceptual Framework
Figure 2 shows the flow of ideas of the entire research. The input of the conceptual
framework is the non-sewage wastewater. Likewise, the throughput involves planning,
designing, fabricating, initial testing, modification, and final testing. The planning stage
involves the preparation of the pertinent parameters to be considered in conducting the
research, in which the gathering and analyzing of data occurs. The designing stage is where
the compilation of data happens in which it is utilized in the designing of the machine
where various elements are taken into consideration to optimize the use of the necessary
materials which poses great significance. Moreover, the fabricating phase is where the
machine is being built according to the design wherein, the compactness and stability is
being monitored to avoid unnecessary errors in the overall structure. The initial testing is
the level where the fabricated machine is being evaluated to test its competence whether
there are flaws that need to be debugged. Subsequently, modification is the stage where
there are significant changes in the machine that help to overcome the problems that
hinders the specific goal and purpose of the overall system. The final testing is the phase
to ensure whether the machine is functional and will operate according to the desired
outcome. The output of the study is the treated non-sewage wastewater that had undergone
different processes built in the machine that is intended for drinking supplied to the public
consumer. A feedback loop will see through and reflect to the input and throughput of the
system which signifies that all of that happens to the output, it might be affected by the
input and the throughput.

ISO 9001:2015
25
Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm
Input
 Develop an automated non-
sewage wastewater treatment
facility using Moringa
oleifera seeds.
 Determine the comparative
results between the physico-
chemical and bacteriological
characteristics of the non-
sewage wastewater before and
after passing the fabricated
automated non-sewage
 Evaluate the performance
efficiencies of the processes
involved in the fabricated
automated non-sewage
Throughput
 Planning
 Designing
 Programming
 Fabricating
 Initial Testing
 Modification
 Final Testing
Output
AN
AUTOMATED
NON-SEWAGE
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
FACILITY
USING
MORINGA
OLEIFERA
SEEDS
FEEDBACK

ISO 9001:2015
26
Endnotes
Daba, Mekkonen. 2016, Miracle Tree: A Review on Multi-purposes of Moringa oleifera
and Its Implication for Climate Change Mitigation. Journal of J Earth Science & Climatic
Change. ISSN: 2157-7617
Bezerra AME, Filho SM, Freitas JBS, Teófilo EM. 2004. Avaliação da qualidade das
sementes de Moringa oleifera Lam. durante o armazenamento (Evaluation of quality of the
drumstick seeds during the storage). Ciência e Agrotecnologia 28:1240–1246.
10.1590/S1413-70542004000600004
Madinur NI. 2007. Seed viability in drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lamk.). Master Thesis
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dwarwad.
De Oliveira LM, Ribeiro MCC, Maracaja PB, Carvalho GS. 2009. Qualidade fisiologica de
sementes de Moringa emfunção do tipo de embalagem, ambiente e tempo de armazenamento 1 (In
Portuguese with English Abstract). Revista Caatinga Mossoró 22:70–75.
Bella All Natural (2020), HOW LONG DOES MORINGA STAY FRESH AND DOES IT
EXPIRE? https://www.bellaallnatural.com/blogs/learn/moringa-stay-fresh-
expire#:~:text=Moringa%20powder%20should%20be%20stored,for%20two%20or%20
more%20years.
Brilhante, Raimulda and Rocha, Marcos. 2017. Research Advances on the multiple uses of
Moringa oleifera: A sustainable alternative for socially neglected population. Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Medicine. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.002
Oloduro, A. O., Aderiye, B. I. 2009. Effect of Moringa oleifera seed extract on vital organs
and tissue enzymes activities of male albino rats. African Journal of Microbiology
Research Vol. 3(9) pp. 537-540. ISSN 1996-0808 ©2009 Academic Journals
Anwar, Farooq and Rashid, Umer. 2007. Physiochemical Characteristics of Moringa oleifera seed
and seed oil from a wild provenance of Pakistan. Pakista Journal of Botany 39(5): 1443-1453.
https://wedcknowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/20/Sutherla.pdf
J.P. Sutherland, G.K. Folkard, M.A. Mtawali and W.D. Grant, University of Leicester, UK.
1994. Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant. AFFORDABLE WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITATION.

ISO 9001:2015
27
Bhuptawat, H., Hazard, Mater J. 2007. Innovative Physicochemical treatment of wastewater
incorporatinh Moringa oleifera seeds Coagulant. Pubmed.
http://www.ncbi.lmn.niah.gov/m/pubmed/16987603/
S. N. Ibrahim, M. S. L. Hakim, A. L. Asnawi and N. A. Malik, "Automated Water Tank
Filtration System Using LDR Sensor," 2016 International Conference on Computer and
Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2016, pp. 195-199, doi: 10.1109/ICCCE.2016.51.
Delelegn, Sahile, Husen. 2018. Water purification and antibacterial efficacy of Moringa
oleifera Lam. Agriculrure and Food Safety.
https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-018-0177-
1#Sec19
Garcia, Casals, Clavijo. 2018. Design, automation, and remote management of a water
purification plant. Desalination and Water Treatment.
https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/117545/DWT%2021959%20%28002
%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Ab Aziz. 2017. Low-Cost Drinking Water Treatment Using Indigenous Materials for
Remote. https://researchrepository.rmit.edu.au/discovery/delivery/61RMIT_INST
Research Repository/9921864043201341#13248428360001341 Communities in
Developing Countries
Shan, T.C., Matar, M.A., Makky, E.A. et al. The use of Moringa oleifera seed as a natural
coagulant for wastewater treatment and heavy metals removal. Appl Water Sci 7, 1369–
1376 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0499-8
Belbali, Benghalem, Gouttal, Taleb. 2021. Coagulation of turbid wastewater with an active
component extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/03067319.2021.1995725?scroll=top&
needAccess=true
Mohammed Sulaiman, Daniel Andrawus Zhigila, Kabiru Mohammed, Danladi
Mohammed Umar, Babali Aliyu, Fazila Abd Manan. 2017. Moringa oleifera seeds as
alternative natural coagulant for potential application in water treatment: A review. Journal
of Advance Review on Scientific Research Volume 30. ISSN: 2289-7887

ISO 9001:2015
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will discuss the research method available for the study and the
applicable to use in response for the statement of the problem in Chapter 1. Likewise, this
chapter presents the various procedures and strategies responding to objectives of the study.
Research Method
This study is focused on fabricating an automated non-sewage wastewater
treatment facility using Moringa oleifera seeds as a raw material. Since it revolved on the
idea of achieving the desired concentration in terms of turbidity level, pH concentration,
total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen content and total coliforms present in the water,
it conducted systematic and scientific procedures that enabled the study to test its
hypothesis by reaching valid conclusions about the relationship between the dependent and
independent variables as adduced in the conceptual framework. Hence, developmental
design was used for this study.
Research Procedures
The procedure followed in the development of the device includes planning,
designing, fabricating, testing, modification, and final testing.
Planning. The planning stage entailed making the essential preparations, such as
obtaining and analyzing data, which served as a guide for the researchers in designing and

ISO 9001:2015
29
producing the device. The researchers conceived the initial design of the machine in
accordance with the availability of parts and efficiency and cost estimating was conducted.
Designing. In the design stage, the researchers compiled the necessary data and
began developing the machine. The machine's components were all created with the
operation and purpose in mind. The various material parameters were carefully determined
to maximize the quality of the materials required to emphasize the machine’s
dependability. The researchers developed the design by factoring in its effectiveness, and
ergonomic usefulness to prove its credibility. Likewise, necessary parameters were
considered in the design, the researchers designed the machine to be cost efficient without
jeopardizing the efficiency.
Programming. The researchers used the C-based programming language through
the Arduino IDE Software, the researchers made a trial and error for the code to attain the
desired flow and function of the device together with its components.
Fabrication. The fabrication process was conducted in a systematic way to ensure
the compactness and stability of the machine. The fabrication process is strictly monitored
to avoid mishaps and secure the operability and timeliness of the development. The
fabrication used power tools and simple tools to assemble the parts in the machine; the
exoskeleton was welded, and the electrical and electronic wirings were properly soldered.
Initial Testing. Testing was conducted to determine the competence of the machine
and discover flaws and detect possible problems with the device. Researchers determined
the efficiency of the present design and reciprocated it with various tests to achieve desired

ISO 9001:2015
30
results. The researchers used regular water to test the machine and to find out if the parts
are working according to the embedded program.
Modification. This procedure will determine if the design of the machine will be
evaluated for any necessary modifications to match updated specifications and address
flaws. The proposed machine was modified several times in accordance with the flaws
determined on the testing phase. Ensuring a dependable and efficient machine to achieve
optimum function of the machine. The researchers made tweaks in the machine after
finding out that some parts are not working according to their function, while several
designs were put into reconsideration to achieve optimal efficiency.
Final Testing. Final testing was conducted to secure the dependability and success
of the machine. Ensuring the final product presented was functioning according to the
desired outcome. The final testing used the rainwater as the raw material to test the efficacy
of the machine. The study consulted an expert regarding water analysis through the testing
facility at Partido State University to fulfill the objectives of the study.
Expected Output. The study utilized observation, experimental and content
analysis for collecting data. This study conducted observation where the input and output
of the process of the treatment of wastewater was observed. The scope of the observation
includes the physical appearance and odor. Subsequently, experiments were performed
through water analysis. The study used sample to the wastewater being utilized and a
sample of wastewater that undergone through the fabricated automated non-sewage
wastewater treatment facility for the researchers to know whether the Moringa oleifera

ISO 9001:2015
31
seeds are efficient in wastewater treatment. Furthermore, content analysis is needed to
further support the study.

ISO 9001:2015
Chapter 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the discussion of the entire process made by the researchers,
this includes the general procedures adopted by the researchers that include the design,
fabrication, and testing of the device. It centers on the presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.
1. Developed Automated Non-Sewage Wastewater Treatment Facility Using Moringa
Oleifera Seeds
Figure 3. Wiring Diagram

ISO 9001:2015
33
Research Materials. The materials used in Programming and Fabrication of the
prototype are 5-12V Power Module, Arduino Nano, Buzzer, Diaphragm-Type Water
Pump, Double Helix, LCD Monitor, Solenoid Valve, Solid State Relay (SSR), and
Ultrasonic Range Sensor.
5-12V Power Module. A device that supplies electrical energy to a load. This
device aims to provide the necessary voltage needed by electronic parts such as the Arduino
Nano to avoid electrical overloading.
Arduino Nano. The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly
board based on the ATmega328 (Arduino Nano 3.x). It was used in the study as a
microprocessor to monitor and execute the processes in the automated non-sewage
Buzzer. Is an audio signaling device, which may be mechanical,
electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). This electronic part is used for
additional awareness to the users whether there is a problem in the machine, or a process
is ongoing.
Diaphragm-Type Water Pump. For handling a range of wastewater treatment
applications. This device was used to transport viscous liquids like the Moringa oleifera
paste in the agitator tank.
Double Helix Impeller - A double-helix impeller is commonly used to blend high
viscosity fluids operating in a laminar flow regime. The double-helix impeller will mix the
non-sewage wastewater in the agitator tank with the Moringa oleifera paste.

ISO 9001:2015
34
LCD Monitor. A liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor is a computer monitor or
display that uses LCD technology to show clear images and is found mostly in laptop
computers and flat panel monitors. This device will be used to display data, and progress
happening for monitoring of the different processes in the automated non-sewage
Solenoid Valve. Is an electromechanically operated valve component that is used
to control the rate of flow in fluid or air-powered mechanical systems. This device is used
to automatically open or close a pathway for the water.
Solid State Relay (SSR). The semiconductor equivalents of the electromechanical
relays, and therefore can be used to control electrical loads. This device was used to signal
heavy loads like the agitator that was used in the tank to avoid sudden surge of electricity
which many destroy other electronic parts.
Ultrasonic Range Sensor. Measures distance by using ultrasonic waves. This
device will be used to determine the water level in the agitator tank and storage tank which
will signal the Arduino Nano on what process to execute next.

ISO 9001:2015
35
Figure 4.1. Flowchart 1

ISO 9001:2015
36
Figure 4.2. Flowchart 2

ISO 9001:2015
37
Table 1
Test Results of the Treated Rainwater by the Automated Non-Sewage Wastewater
Treatment Facility Using Moringa Oleifera Seeds
Parameter Trial 1
Trial
2
Trial
3
Average Units
Maximum
Allowable
Limit
Reference
Limit
Remarks
pH 6.52 6.58 6.5 6.53 None 6.5-8.5 PNSDW
Within the
Standards
Turbidity 0 0 0 0 (FNU) 5 FNU PNSDW
Within the
Standards
Total
Dissolved
Solids (TDS)
20.8 21.9 21.9 21.53 mg/l 600 mg/l PNSDW
Within the
Standards
Nitrite 0.005 0.008 0.009 0.1 mg/l 3.0 mg/l PNSDW
Within the
Standards
Phosphate 1.22 1.21 1.21 1.21 mg/l 3.0 mg/l EPA
Within the
Standards
Chloride 250 250 250 250 mg/l 250 mg/l PNSDW Passed
Total
Hardness
6.33 6.29 6.29 6.3 mg/l 300 mg/l PNSDW Passed
Salinity 0% 0% 0% 0% (ppm) 0.1 EPA Passed
Conductivity 32 32.7 32.7 32.47 (uS) 250 uS WHO Passed
An Automated Non-Sewage Wastewater Treatment Facility Using Moringa
oleifera Seeds that produces drinking water was developed. An Arduino Nano
microprocessor was used which controls the entire system. The process would start in the
intake of the non-sewage wastewater wherein a 12V pump will be used while the solenoid
valve 1 is in open state simultaneously. Likewise, the water will be stored in the agitator
tank and when the ultrasonic sensors detect that the water is full, water intake will stop.
Subsequently, the agitator will run for 10 minutes, and a diaphragm type water pump will
inject the paste for 15 seconds. Likewise, the agitated water will rest for 1 hour. After an
38

ISO 9001:2015
38
hour the solenoid valve 2 will open together with a diaphragm type water pump then will
proceed to suck the water in the agitated tank. After the level of water has reached 0% as
detected by the ultrasonic sensor, the solenoid valve 2 and the diaphragm type water pump
will turn off and the water will proceed to the filter up to the storage tank. Subsequently,
after the ultrasonic sensor had detected that the storage tank is full, the sludge in the agitator
tank will be drained and a process called flushing will proceed to clean the agitator tank.
The cycle will go in a loop after the storage tank is now in 0% as detected by the ultrasonic
sensors. High level voltage equipment like the agitator is neutralized using power modules
and relays to protect the electronic parts.
2. Comparative Results Between the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Non-
Sewage Wastewater Before and After Passing the Fabricated Automated Non-Sewage
Wastewater Treatment Facility
Physico-Chemical Characteristics:
Figure 5. Comparative Result of Turbidity Between Rainwater and Final Product
2
0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Turbidity
Formazin
Nephelometric
Unit
(FNU)
Rainwater Final Product

ISO 9001:2015
39
Figure 5 shows that there is a significant decrease in the turbidity level of fresh
rainwater and the final product that had been treated by the Automated Non-Sewage
Treatment Facility. Thus, having a remark of passed which classifies to be a drinking water.
Figure 6. Comparative Result of Total Dissolved Solids Between Rainwater and
Final Product
Figure 6 shows that after passing the Automated Non-Sewage Wastewater
Treatment Facility Using Moringa oleifera Seeds there is significant increase in the Total
Dissolved Solids. However, such increase is only minimal and still the final product still
classifies to be a drinking water.
Figure 7. Comparative result of Nitrite between Rainwater and Final Product
10.53
21.53
0
5
10
15
20
25
Total Dissolved Solids
mg/L
0.01 0.01
0
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
Nitrite
mg/L

ISO 9001:2015
40
Figure 7 shows that the Nitrite level of the Rainwater and the Final Product is
approximately the same whether it has been treated by the Automated Non-Sewage
Wastewater Treatment Facility Using Moringa Oleifera Seeds. Thus, this is the optimum
level which a drinking water is classified.
Figure 8. Comparative result of Phosphate between Rainwater and Final Product
Figure 8 shows that the phospate concentration of the Rainwater and the Final
Product is approximately the same whether it has been treated by the Automated Non-
Sewage Wastewater Treatment Facility Using Moringa Oleifera Seeds. Thus, this is the
optimum level which a drinking water is classified.
Figure 9. Comparative result of Chloride Between Rainwater and Final Product
250 250
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Chloride
mg/L
1.21 1.21
0
0.5
1
1.5
Phospate
mg/L

ISO 9001:2015
41
Figure 9 shows that the Chloride level of the Rainwater and the Final Product is
approximately the same whether it has been treated by the Automated Non-Sewage
Wastewater Treatment Facility Using Moringa Oleifera Seeds. Thus, this is the optimum
level which a drinking water is classified.
Figure 10. Comparative Result of Total Hardness Between Rainwater and Final Product
The Total Hardness of water pertains to the concentration of salts of calcium and
magnesium which is dangerous and may cause kidney dysfunction. However, Figure 10
shows that there is a significant decrease in the hardness of the rainwater after it had passed
the Automated Non-Sewage Wastewater Treatment Facility Using Moringa Oleifera
Seeds, having a remark of passed which classifies as drinking water.
Figure 11. Comparative result of Salinity between Rainwater and Final Product
12.53
6.3
0
5
10
15
Total Hardness
mg/L
0 0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Salinity
ppm

ISO 9001:2015
42
Salinity refers to the concentration of salt in the water. Having too much
concentration of salt results to many health hazards. Figure 11 shows that the salinity of a
fresh rainwater and the final product is zero which classifies to be a drinking water.
Figure 12. Comparative result of Conductivity between Rainwater and Final Product
Figure 12 shows that there is a signifcant increase in the conductivity of the final
product compared to the rainwater. However such minimal difference still falls to the
PNSDW 2017 standards to drinking water.
Figure 13. Comparative Result of pH Level Between Rainwater and Final Product
15.9
32.47
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Conductivity
µs
7.25
6.53
6
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7
7.2
7.4
pH Level

ISO 9001:2015
43
Figure 13 shows a minimal difference between the pH level of the rainwater and
the final product. However, the value of rainwater and the final product is within the
standard of drinking water.
Bacteriological Analysis:
Figure 14. Comparative Result of Bacteriological Analysis Between Rainwater and
Final Product
Figure 14 shows that there is a significant difference in the bacteriological analysis
between rainwater and the final product. It shows that after passing the automated non-
sewage wastewater treatment facility, there is a pertinent decrease in the bacteriological
characteristics of the non-sewage wastewater.
11
6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Bacteriological Analysis
MPN

ISO 9001:2015
45
3. The Performance Efficiencies of the Processes Involved in the Fabricated
Automated Non-Sewage Wastewater Treatment Facility in terms of:
a. Suction Rate. The suction rate would fall on the intake of the raw non-sewage
wastewater. The device used was a 12V pump which is capable of delivering 6L per minute
of water.
Figure 15. High Pressure Water Pump
b. Filtration Process. The filtration process is divided into three parts, 2
Polypropylene (PP) filters, 1 Chlorine, Taste and Odor (CTO), and 1 Ultrafiltration filter.
The 2 PP filter will be used to remove the sediments that are present in the non-sewage
wastewater. Subsequently, the CTO will help to minimize or possible remove the bad taste
and smell of the non-sewage wastewater to be treated. Consequently, the Ultrafiltration

ISO 9001:2015
45
filter will ensure that the minute particles like parasites will be filtered out before entering
the storage tank.
Figure 16. 6-Stage Filter Figure 17. Filtration Process
c. Volume of the Moringa oleifera Paste to be Distributed by the Injector. The
process would require 11 grams of Moringa oleifera seeds for 36 liters of non-sewage
wastewater for rainwater. The paste will be 100 ml in volume.
Figure 18. Moringa Oleifera Paste

ISO 9001:2015
46
d. Rotational Speed of the Agitator. The agitator has 6 speed specifications which
have 850 rpm max. The research would only use the 2.5 speed function which is
approximately 350 rpm.
6
850 𝑟𝑝𝑚
=
2.5
𝑥
X = 354.16 rpm ≈ 350 𝑟𝑝𝑚
Figure 19. Agitator
e. Flow Rate of the Discharged Suspended Particles and the Filtration of the
Non-Sewage Wastewater. The flow rate of the discharged suspended particles would
depend on the specification of the diaphragm type water pump which is 2L per minute. The
filtration of the non-sewage wastewater treatment would depend on the capacity of the
filter which is rated 2.5 L per minute.
Figure 20. Diaphragm-Type Water Pump

ISO 9001:2015
Chapter 5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter gives conclusion to this data. The summary of the research is presented
as well as the findings, significance of the study and recommendations for further research.
The findings were discussed and interpreted. Moreover, the imperative factors were
thoroughly examined. Subsequently, the recommendations for further research end the
chapter.
Summary
This study was focused on fabricating an automated non-sewage wastewater
treatment facility using Moringa oleifera seeds. The literature review dwelled on the
capability of Moringa oleifera seeds in non-sewage wastewater treatment. It was observed
that, based on several experiments and tests of wastewater that passed through the
automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility resulted into better quality of water.
Moreover, the data of the physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of the
non-sewage wastewater passing the fabricated wastewater treatment facility with
integrated Moringa oleifera seeds showed that there was a significant effect in
improving the said characteristics of the water. In this area, relevant parameters were
discussed. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the automated non-sewage
wastewater treatment facility was efficient in treating non-sewage wastewater coming
from rainwater.

ISO 9001:2015
48
Findings
The following findings were obtained from the problems raised by this study:
1. The automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility that was
developed can produce drinking water. Likewise, having an automated system that
used An Arduino Nano microprocessor that controls the entire system.
2. The physico-chemical characteristics of the rainwater before and after
passing the automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility obtained a significant
difference in terms of turbidty level wherein, the rainwater had a value of 2 FNU while
the final product is 0 FNU. Likewise, the value of the total dissolved solids increased
in the final product having a value of 21.53 mg/L while the rainwater only had 10.53
mg/L which is caused of the presence of the Moringa oleifera seed paste. The nitrite,
phosphate, salinity, and chloride value of the rainwater and the final product did not
have any significant difference since the value falls in the desired range to be
considered a drinking water. The total hardness of rainwater is 12.53 mg/L which
greatly decreased when it passed through the non-sewage wastewater treatment facility
having a value of the final product of 6.3 mg/L. The conductivity of the rainwater had
a value of 15.9 and it increased when it passed through the machine due to the
correlation of the total dissolved solids to the conductivity of the water. The pH level
of the rainwater had a value of 7.25 which decreased when it passed through the
automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility, and it produced a final product
having a value of 6.53.

ISO 9001:2015
49
3. The performance efficiencies of the processes involved in the fabricated
automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility in terms of:
a. Suction Rate
• The suction rate of the machine in the intake is 6L per minute of water.
b. Filtration Process
• The filtration process was divided into three parts, 2 Polypropylene (PP)
filters, 1 Chlorine, Taste and Odor (CTO), and 1 Ultrafiltration filter. The 2 PP filter
was used to remove the sediments that are present in the non-sewage wastewater.
c. Volume of the Moringa oleifera Paste to be Distributed by the Injector
• The volume of Moringa oleifera paste that was used in the study is 100 ml
which utilized 11 grams of the seed.
d. Rotational Speed of the Agitator
• The machine used an agitator with 6 speed option. The study used a 2.5 speed
function which is approximately 350 rpm.
e. Flow Rate of the Discharged Suspended Particles and Filtration of Non-Sewage
Wastewater
• The flow rate of the discharged suspended particles is 2L/min while 2.5
L/min in the filtration system.
Conclusions
The following conclusions were derived from the findings of this study:

ISO 9001:2015
50
1. The automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility has the capability to
produce drinking water.
2. The physico-chemical properties of the non-sewage wastewater fall in the range
of a standard drinking water,
3. The performance efficiencies of the processes involved in the fabricated
automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility in terms of:
a. Suction Rate
• The suction rate of the machine in the intake is 6L per minute of water.
b. Filtration Process
• The filtration process was divided into three parts, 2 Polypropylene (PP) filters,
1 Chlorine, Taste and Odor (CTO), and 1 Ultrafiltration filter. The 2 PP filter was used to
remove the sediments that are present in the non-sewage wastewater.
c. Volume of the Moringa oleifera Paste to be Distributed by the Injector
• The volume of Moringa oleifera paste that was used in the study is 100 ml which
utilized 11 grams of the seed.
d. Rotational Speed of the Agitator
• The machine used an agitator with 6 speed option. The study used a 2.5 speed
function which is approximately 350 rpm.
e. Flow Rate of the Discharged Suspended Particles and the Filtration of the Non-
Sewage Wastewater

ISO 9001:2015
51
• The flow rate of the discharged suspended particles is 2L per minute. Likewise,
2.5 L per minute in the filtration system.
Recommendations
The study on fabricating an automated non-sewage facility using Moringa oleifera
seeds has lots of potential to offer. Improvements and modifications can be made to
increase the efficacy rate of the machine. The following are the recommendations of the
1. The machine can be tweaked to optimize the treatment function and integrating
IOT system to better monitor the automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility.
2. Add more parameters to be tested to further support the claims of the study.
3. Explore different types of deigns which could speed up the process and provide
a better result in treating the non-sewage wastewater.
4. Other non-sewage wastewater may be used such as muddy water as the next
subject for study.
5. Moreover, the filter can be upgraded to a new design wherein, the concept is
using the natural method such as the layer of pebbles, sand, and activated charcoal.

ISO 9001:2015
52
BIBLIOGRAPHY

ISO 9001:2015
53
Mcclelland, Jim. 2016. Worldwide water crisis is looming. Raconteur Media Ltd. © 2018.
https://www.raconteur.net/sustainability/worldwide-water-crisis-is-looming
Perlman, Howard. 2016. How much water does the average version use at home per day?.
The USGS Water Science School. http://water.usgs.gov/edu/qa-home-percapita.html
Nikolau, Lisa. 2015. Water Crisis in Brazil: Why the Largest City in the Americas
is dying out?. Humanosphere.org Copyright 2017.
http://www.humanosphere.org/environment/2015/12/water-crisis-brazil-largest-city-
americas-drying/
Parton, Charlie. 2018. China is heading a water crisis: will government changes help?.
https://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/10583-China-is-heading-towards-a-
water-crisis-will-government-changes-help-
Water.org. ©2018 Water.org. https://water.org/our-impact/philippines/
Ranada, Pia. 2015. Philippines faces high level of water shortage in 2040. Rappler.com.
https://www.rappler.com/science-nature/environment/104039-philippines-water-stress-
2040
Cordaid.org. 2018. Tackling Water Scarcity in the Philippines.
https://www.cordaid.org/en/news/tackling-water-scarcity-philippines/
Hendrawati, Indra Rani Yuliastri, Nurhasni, Eti Rohaeti, Hefni Effendi , Latifah K
Darusman. 2016. The use of Moringa oleifera Seed Powder as Coagulant to Improve the
Quality of Non-sewage wastewater and Ground Water. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and
Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/31/1/012033
Fahey, Jed. 2005. Moringa oleifera: A review of Medical Evidence for its Nutritional
Therapeutic, and Prophylactic Properties. Trees for Life Journal. DOI:
10.1201/9781420039078.ch12
Miracletrees.org. Moringa A plant with multiple medicinal uses.
https://miracletrees.org/moringa_water_purification.html
Daba, Mekkonen. 2016, Miracle Tree: A Review on Multi-purposes of Moringa oleifera
and Its Implication for Climate Change Mitigation. Journal of J Earth Science & Climatic
Change. ISSN: 2157-7617

ISO 9001:2015
54
Bezerra AME, Filho SM, Freitas JBS, Teófilo EM. 2004. Avaliação da qualidade das
sementes de Moringa oleifera Lam. durante o armazenamento (Evaluation of quality of the
drumstick seeds during the storage). Ciência e Agrotecnologia 28:1240–1246.
10.1590/S1413-70542004000600004
Madinur NI. 2007. Seed viability in drumstick (Moringa oleifera Lamk.). Master Thesis
University of Agricultural Sciences, Dwarwad.
De Oliveira LM, Ribeiro MCC, Maracaja PB, Carvalho GS. 2009. Qualidade fisiologica
de sementes de Moringa emfunção do tipo de embalagem, ambiente e tempo de
armazenamento 1 (In Portuguese with English Abstract). Revista Caatinga Mossoró 22:70–
75.
Bella All Natural (2020), HOW LONG DOES MORINGA STAY FRESH AND DOES IT
EXPIRE? https://www.bellaallnatural.com/blogs/learn/moringa-stay-fresh-
expire#:~:text=Moringa%20powder%20should%20be%20stored,for%20two%20or%20
more%20years.
Brilhante, Raimulda and Rocha, Marcos. 2017. Research Advances on the multiple uses of
Moringa oleifera: A sustainable alternative for socially neglected population. Asian Pacific
Journal of Tropical Medicine. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.002
Oloduro, A. O., Aderiye, B. I. 2009. Effect of Moringa oleifera seed extract on vital organs
and tissue enzymes activities of male albino rats. African Journal of Microbiology
Research Vol. 3(9) pp. 537-540. ISSN 1996-0808 ©2009 Academic Journals
Anwar, Farooq and Rashid, Umer. 2007. Physiochemical Characteristics of Moringa
oleifera seed and seed oil from a wild provenance of Pakistan. Pakista Journal of Botany
39(5): 1443-1453.
https://wedcknowledge.lboro.ac.uk/resources/conference/20/Sutherla.pdf
J.P. Sutherland, G.K. Folkard, M.A. Mtawali and W.D. Grant, University of Leicester, UK.
1994. Moringa oleifera as a natural coagulant. AFFORDABLE WATER SUPPLY AND
SANITATION.
Bhuptawat, H., Hazard, Mater J. 2007. Innovative Physicochemical treatment of
wastewater incorporatinh Moringa oleifera seeds Coagulant. Pubmed.
http://www.ncbi.lmn.niah.gov/m/pubmed/16987603/

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55
S. N. Ibrahim, M. S. L. Hakim, A. L. Asnawi and N. A. Malik, "Automated Water Tank
Filtration System Using LDR Sensor," 2016 International Conference on Computer
and Communication Engineering (ICCCE), 2016, pp. 195-199, doi:
10.1109/ICCCE.2016.51.
Delelegn, Sahile, Husen. 2018. Water purification and antibacterial efficacy of Moringa
oleifera Lam. Agriculrure and Food Safety.
https://agricultureandfoodsecurity.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40066-018-0177-
1#Sec19
Garcia, Casals, Clavijo. 2018. Design, automation, and remote management of a water
purification plant. Desalination and Water Treatment.
https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/117545/DWT%2021959%20%28002
%29.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Ab Aziz. 2017. Low-Cost Drinking Water Treatment Using Indigenous Materials for
Remote. https://researchrepository.rmit.edu.au/discovery/delivery/61RMIT_INST
Research Repository/9921864043201341#13248428360001341 Communities in
Developing Countries
Shan, T.C., Matar, M.A., Makky, E.A. et al. The use of Moringa oleifera seed as a natural
coagulant for wastewater treatment and heavy metals removal. Appl Water Sci 7, 1369–
1376 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0499-8
Belbali, Benghalem, Gouttal, Taleb. 2021. Coagulation of turbid wastewater with an active
component extracted from Moringa oleifera seeds.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/03067319.2021.1995725?scroll=top&
needAccess=true
Mohammed Sulaiman, Daniel Andrawus Zhigila, Kabiru Mohammed, Danladi
Mohammed Umar, Babali Aliyu, Fazila Abd Manan. 2017. Moringa oleifera seeds as
alternative natural coagulant for potential application in water treatment: A review. Journal
of Advance Review on Scientific Research Volume 30. ISSN: 2289-7887

ISO 9001:2015
56
APPENDICES

ISO 9001:2015
57
Appendix A
WATER QUALITY RESULTS

ISO 9001:2015
58
Appendix B
REQUEST LETTER FOR WATER TESTING TO
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

ISO 9001:2015
59
Appendix C
RESPONSE LETTER FOR WATER TESTING FROM
PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY

ISO 9001:2015
60
Appendix D
LETTER TO THE ADVISER
ENGR. EDRIANE JAY L. DIMANARIG
Faculty, COE Department
This College
Dear Sir:
Greetings!
We the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Third Year Students of
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges are presently working on the thesis entitled, “AN
AUTOMATED NON-SEWAGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
USING MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS,” in partial fulfillment of the requirements in
Undergraduate Engineering Research.
In this regard, the group has unanimously chosen you to be our ADVISER. We
believe that your experience on the matter will be great help for us in pursuing and
accomplishing our research study. Schedule this August 13, 2021, 8-10 AM.
We shall be very grateful for whatever assistance you can extend to us.
Thank you very much.
Respectfully yours,
Kievin P. Aborde
Abegail V. Refereza
Noted by:
ENGR. RADMAR B. TAÑAMOR, PME
Dean, College of Engineering and Architecture

ISO 9001:2015
61
Appendix E
LETTER TO THE CONSULTANT
ENGR. CARLO ADONIS S. SAN CARLOS
Faculty, COE Department
This College
Dear Sir:
Greetings!
We the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Third Year Students of
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges are presently working on the thesis entitled“AN
In this regard, the group has unanimously chosen you to be our CONSULTANT.
We believe that your experience on the matter will be great help for us in pursuing and
accomplishing our research study. Schedule this December 13, 2021, 8-10 AM.
Thank You very much.
Respectfully yours,
Kievin P. Aborde
Abegail V. Refereza
Noted by:

ISO 9001:2015
62
Appendix F
LETTER TO THE PANELIST
ENGR. RODOLFO A. MERCA JR., PME
ENGR. SAUL J. EBONITE, PME
ENGR. APRIL JOY F. AGUADO
Faculty, CEA
This College
Dear Sir/Ma’am:
Greetings!
We the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering Third Year Students of Camarines
Sur Polytechnic Colleges are presently working on the thesis entitled, “AN
In this regard, the group has unanimously chosen you to be our PANELIST. We
believe that your experience on the matter will be great help for us in pursuing and
accomplishing our research study. Schedule this December 13, 2022, 8-10 AM.
Thank You very much.
Respectfully yours,
Kievin P. Aborde
Abegail V. Refereza
Noted by:

ISO 9001:2015
63
Appendix G
3D DESIGN

ISO 9001:2015
64
CURRICULUM VITAE

ISO 9001:2015
65
ABORDE, KIEVIN P.
09094391003
kievinaborde15@gmail.com
PERSONAL
Age : 22
Date of Birth : May 10, 2000
Gender : Male
Civil Status : Single
Nationality : Filipino
Religion : Roman Catholic
Address : Sta. Cruz Sur, Iriga City
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Elementary: IRIGA CENTRAL SCHOOL
San Nicolas, Iriga City
2007 - 2013
Junior High School: UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
San Miguel, Iriga City
2013 - 2017
Senior High School: UNIVERSITY OF SAINT ANTHONY
San Miguel, Iriga City
2017 - 2019

ISO 9001:2015
66
Tertiary: CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
San Miguel, Nabua, Camarines Sur
2019 - 2023
ORGANIZATION AFFILIATION:
PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS (PSME) - CSPC Student
Unit Member (2019 - 2022)
Committee Member for IGP Committee (2022 - 2023)
ON-THE-JOB-TRAINING:
JURASSIC CONSTRUCTION AND SUPPLIES - Summer 2022

ISO 9001:2015
67
ALEJANDRO, IVAN MICHEAL B.
09352994611
ivanmichaelalejandro@gmail.com
PERSONAL
Age : 22
Date of Birth : December 6, 1999
Gender : Male
Address : San Vicente, Baao, Camarines Sur
Elementary: STO. ROSARIO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Sto. Rosario, Tabuyuc, Apalit, Pampanga
2006 - 2012
Junior High School: BRO. ANDREW GONZALES TECHNICAL HIGH
SCHOOL
San Juan, Apalit, Pampanga
2012 - 2013
Eastern Bacoor National High School

ISO 9001:2015
68
Queensrow, Bacoor City, Cavite
2013 - 2016
Senior High School: DR. FILEMON C. AGUILAR INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY TRAINING INSTITUTE
Pamplona 3, Las Piñas City, Metro Manila
2016 - 2018
Tertiary: BAAO COMMUNITY COLLEGE
San Juan, Baao, Camarines Sur
2018 - 2019
2019 - 2023
Vice-President (2022 - 2023)
BAAO WATER DISTRICT - 2022

ISO 9001:2015
69
BRIGOLA, KIM JOSEPH B.
09914946431
kimjosephbrigola9@gmail.com
PERSONAL
Age : 22
Date of Birth : June 9, 2000
Gender : Male
Address : Zone 4, Soriano St., San Jose Baao,Camarines Sur
Elementary: BAAO CENTRAL SCHOOL
Sta. Cruz Baao Camarines Sur
2007-2013
Junior High School: BAAO CENTRAL SCHOOL
2013-2017
Senior High School: BAAO CENTRAL SCHOOL
2017-2019

ISO 9001:2015
70
2019 - 2023
Unit Member 2019-Present

ISO 9001:2015
71
CANCINO, RONNIE JAY M.
09678877270
cancinoronnie@gmail.com
PERSONAL
Age : 28
Date of Birth : January 31, 1995
Gender : Male
Address : Zone 6 San Isidro, Buhi, Camarines Sur
Elementary: BOLINGIT ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Bolingit, San Carlos City, Pangasinan
2002 - 2008
Junior High School: STA. JUSTINA HIGH SCHOOL
Sta. Justina, Buhi, Camarines Sur
2008 - 2012
2019 - 2023

ISO 9001:2015
75
Unit Member 2019 - Present

ISO 9001:2015
76
PRINCIPE, KURT RUSSEL D.
09077258982
princekurtrussel21@gmail.com
PERSONAL
Age : 22
Date of Birth : March 21, 2001
Gender : Male
Religion : The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
Address : Zone 2, San Ramon, Lagonoy, Camarines Sur
Elementary: SAN RAMON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
San Ramon, Lagonoy, Camarines Sur
2007 - 2013
Junior High School: SAN RAMON PILOT NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San Ramon, Lagonoy, Camarines Sur
2013 - 2017
Senior High School: PARTIDO STATE LABORATORY HIGH SCHOOL
San Juan Evangelista Street, Goa, Camarines Sur
2017 - 2019

ISO 9001:2015
77
2019 - 2023
Vice-President (2022 - 2023)

ISO 9001:2015
78
REFEREZA, ABEGAIL V.
09107271516
abegailrefereza15@gmail.com
PERSONAL
Age : 21
Date of Birth : August 25, 2001
Gender : Female
Address : Magallang, Libon, Albay
Elementary: BONBON ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Bonbon, Libon, Albay
2007 - 2013
Junior High School: LIBON AGRO INDUSTRIAL HIGH SCHOOL
Tinago St., Libon, Albay
2013 - 2017
Senior High School: NABUA NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
2017 - 2019

ISO 9001:2015
79
2019 - 2023
Unit Member (2019 - present)

ISO 9001:2015
RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION
This thesis with the title, “AN AUTOMATED NON-SEWAGE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY USING MORINGA OLEIFERA
SEEDS,” prepared and submitted by Kievin P. Aborde, Ivan Michael B. Alejandro, Kim
Joseph B. Brigola, Ronnie Jay M. Cancino, Kurt Russel D. Principe, and Abegail V.
Refereza, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science
in Mechanical Engineering has been examined and is recommended for the acceptance and
approval for Oral Examination.
Adviser
ORAL EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
Chairman
ENGR. APRIL JOY F. AGUADO MR. CARLO ADONIS S. SAN CARLOS
Member Member
ACCEPTED and APPROVED for Oral Examination.
Professor, ME Project Study 2
ii

ISO 9001:2015
APPROVAL SHEET
Upon the recommendation of the Oral Examination Committee, this thesis with the
title, “AN AUTOMATED NON-SEWAGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT
FACILITY USING MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS,” prepared and submitted by
Kievin P. Aborde, Ivan Michael B. Alejandro, Kim Joseph B. Brigola, Ronnie Jay M.
Cancino, Kurt Russel D. Principe, and Abegail V. Refereza, is hereby approved in
partial fulfillment of the requirements in ME Project Study 2 (ME 321-A) for the Degree
of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering.
Chairman
ENGR. APRIL JOY F. AGUADO MR. CARLO ADONIS S. SAN CARLOS
Member Member
ACCEPTED and APPROVED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering with a grade of
____________%.
Professor, ME Project Study 2 and
iii

ISO 9001:2015
CERTIFICATION OF THE SECRETARY
This is to certify that the suggestions of the Oral Examination Committee in
connection with the defense of the thesis of Kievin P. Aborde, Ivan Michael B.
Alejandro, Kim Joseph B. Brigola, Ronnie Jay M. Cancino, Kurt Russel D. Principe,
and Abegail V. Refereza, with the title “AN AUTOMATED NON-SEWAGE
SEEDS,” were complied with.
ENGR. PRECIOUS GRACE F. PEREGRINO
Secretary

ISO 9001:2015
iv

ISO 9001:2015
CERTIFICATION OF THE EDITOR
This is to certify that the suggestion of the Oral Examination Committee in
connection with the defense of the thesis of Kievin P. Aborde, Ivan Michael B.
Alejandro, Kim Joseph B. Brigola, Ronnie Jay M. Cancino, Kurt Russel D. Principe,
and Abegail V. Refereza, with the title, “AN AUTOMATED NON-SEWAGE
SEEDS,” was edited by the undersigned.
Editor
v

ISO 9001:2015
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The researchers’ gratitude and appreciation for everyone who helped make this
study a success cannot be adequately expressed in words. The following people, who in
one way or another helped to realize this study, have our deepest gratitude and appreciation.
ENGR. RADMAR B. TAÑAMOR, Dean, College of Engineering and
Architecture, for his inspiration to complete this study;
ENGR. RADMAR B. TAÑAMOR, ME Project Study 2 Professor, for his
valuable inputs and recommendations in developing this study;
ENGR. EDRIANE JAY L. DIMANARIG, Technical Adviser, for his
incomparable advice and guidance that led to the development of this study and for the full
support during our study and oral defense;
ENGR. RODOLFO A. MERCA, Chairman of the Panel of Examiners and
ENGR. APRIL JOY F. AGUADO and MR. CARLO ADONIS S. SAN CARLOS,
Members of the Panel of Examiners, for the criticisms and suggestions that served as guide
for the researchers in the improvement of this study and as booster of confidence during
the defense;
MR. CARLO ADONIS S. SAN CARLOS, for checking and guiding us on the
programming and installations implemented in the study;
ENGR. GILBERT A. PEÑALES, for his dedication and knowledge to help us
vi

ISO 9001:2015
refine the design of our machine implemented in the study;
CLASSMATES AND FRIENDS, for their encouragement, support, and laughter;
PARENTS AND FAMILY, for their endless love, prayers, advice, moral and
financial support throughout the whole duration of the study.
And most of all to the ALMIGHTY GOD, for granting the researchers His will,
wisdom, aid and strength to make this research possible.
To all of you, thank you very much.
The Researchers
vii

ISO 9001:2015
AN AUTOMATED NON-SEWAGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY
USING MORINGA OLEIFERA SEEDS
Kievin P. Aborde
Abegail V. Refereza
Undergraduate Students
Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges
College of Engineering and Architecture
ABSTRACT
The underlying problem regarding non-sewage wastewater treatment and how to
utilize it for human consumption has been a challenge for decades. Several studies like
water filtration have been a trend and the use of several synthetic and organic chemicals
for water treatment were used, however there are no studies that used the concept of an
automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility that utilizes Moringa oleifera seeds.
The researchers used an experimental-developmental method to conduct the study, wherein
an Arduino-based automated non-sewage wastewater treatment facility using Moringa
oleifera seeds was to treat rainwater as one of the primary subjects. There is a significant
difference in the raw rainwater after it was treated with the automated non-sewage
wastewater treatment facility, wherein, the physico-chemical characteristics of the treated
rainwater is viable and considered to be a drinking water according to the test of the Partido
State University Water Testing Facility.
Keywords: Automated, Non-sewage wastewater, Treatment Facility, Moringa Oleifera
Seeds
viii

ISO 9001:2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY PAGES Page No.
TITLE PAGE i
RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION ii
APPROVAL SHEET iii
CERTIFICATION OF THE SECRETARY iv
CERTIFICATION OF THE EDITOR v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi
ABSTRACT viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
LIST OF APPENDICES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Statement of the Problem 5
Assumptions of the Study 6
Significance of the Study 6
ix

ISO 9001:2015
Scope and Delimitation 8
Definition of Terms 9
Endnotes 11
Chapter 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDY 13
Related Literature 13
Related Studies 18
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art 21
Theoretical Framework 22
Conceptual Framework 25
Endnotes 27
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 30
Research Method 30
Research Procedures 30
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 33
Developed Automated Non-Sewage Wastewater Treatment Facility 33
Comparative Results Between the Physico-Chemical Characteristics
of the Non-Sewage Wastewater 39
Performance Efficiencies of the Process 45
x

ISO 9001:2015
Chapter 5 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND 48
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary 48
Findings 49
Conclusions 51
Recommendations 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY 53
CURRICULUM VITAE 67
xi

ISO 9001:2015
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDICES 59
Appendix A Water Quality Result 60
Appendix B Request Letter for Water Testing to Partido State University 61
Appendix C Response Letter for Water Testing from Partido State University 62
Appendix D Letter to the Adviser 63
Appendix E Letter to the Consultant 64
Appendix F Letter to the Panelist 65
Appendix G 3D Design 66
xii

ISO 9001:2015
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1 Theoretical Paradigm 24
2 Conceptual Paradigm 26
3 Wiring Diagram 33
4 Flowchart
4.1 Flowchart 1 36
4.2 Flowchart 2 37
5 Comparative result of Turbidity between Rainwater and Final
Product
39
6 Comparative result of Total Dissolved Solids between Rainwater
and Final Product
40
7 Comparative result of Nitrite between Rainwater and Final Product 40
8 Comparative result of Phosphate between Rainwater and Final
Product
41
9 Comparative result of Chloride between Rainwater and Final
Product
41
10 Comparative result of Total Hardness between Rainwater and Final
Product
42

ISO 9001:2015
xiii
11 Comparative result of Salinity between Rainwater and Final Product 42
12 Comparative result of Conductivity between Rainwater and Final
Product
43
13 Comparative result of pH Level between Rainwater and Final
Product
43
14 Comparative result of Bacteriological Analysis between Rainwater
and Final Product
44
15 High Pressure Water Pump 45
16 6-stage Filter 46
17 Filtration Process 46
18 Moringa Oleifera Paste 46
19 Agitator 47
20 Diaphragm-type Water Pump 47

ISO 9001:2015
LIST OF TABLES
xiv
Table Title Page
1 Test results of the treated rainwater by the Automated Non-Sewage
Wastewater Treatment Facility Using Moringa Oleifera Seeds
38

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