This article reads contemporary popular publications in Indonesia on the topic of Indonesian–Malaysian relations. It looks at how Indonesia perceives Malaysia and the function of that perception in relation to Indonesian national identity. The article also looks at how Indonesian perceptions of Malaysia were discussed during the revolutionary period by reading the speeches held at the constitutional meeting (BPUPKI) and the Konfrontasi period, reading the speeches written by Sukarno and the letter of Pan-Malay leader exiled in Indonesia, Ibrahim Yaacob. The article then compares the ideas espoused by Sukarno, Yaacob and others in the past and the arguments presented in the present day concerning Malaysia. A preliminary conclusion is reached that geopolitical anxiety and not kinship is a more important factor in how contemporary Indonesia sees Malaysia.
Integration Into Canadian Society: How Armenian Syrian Millennial Refugees Us...ijejournal
Using a conceptual framework that builds on the constructs of community of practice (Homles & Meyerhoff, 1990; Lave & Wenger 1998; Wenger 1998) and superdiversity (Blommaert, 2013; Blommaert & Rampton, 2012; Jørgensen, Karrebæk, Madsen, & Møller, 2011; Vertovec, 2007), this study reports on the ways Armenian Syrian millennial refugees access information via social media. Findings are based on data collected through participant observations, interviews and survey protocols. The study showed the use of semiotic resources as social media allowed respondents to extend the social implicatures of language beyond their verbal proficiency levels.
CULTURAL SNAPSHOT: FOSTERING CROSSCULTURAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH CULTURAL PRO...ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) Vol.4, No.4, December 2016
This study examines how a cultural snapshot project impacts Indonesian university students' perceptions of cross-cultural understanding. Through the project, 30 students captured photos depicting cultural phenomena in their environment and wrote reflections. The results showed the project enhanced students' cultural sensitivity and empathy, social tolerance, and understanding of diversity in three ways. First, it increased their awareness of and willingness to understand social issues through interacting with subjects of their photos. Second, it fostered tolerance by exposing students to diverse groups. Third, it highlighted the value of diversity by having students experience different cultural perspectives firsthand. The cultural snapshot project served as an effective intercultural
The document discusses a research paper about the perceptions of Ushuluddin faculty lecturers from several Indonesian universities (UIN Jakarta, UIN Banda Aceh, UIN North Sumatra, UIN Suska) regarding Soekarno's concept of nationalism. It provides background on Soekarno and his role in Indonesia's independence movement. The study found that the lecturers initially agreed with Soekarno's nationalism but later felt it was idealistic and difficult to implement properly given changing political conditions. The paper aims to explore the lecturers' understanding of Soekarno's nationalism and how they view nationalism in the current context.
The document discusses a research paper about the perceptions of Ushuluddin faculty lecturers from several Indonesian universities (UIN Jakarta, UIN Banda Aceh, UIN North Sumatra, UIN Suska) regarding Soekarno's concept of nationalism. It provides background on Soekarno and his role in Indonesia's independence movement. The study found that the lecturers initially agreed with Soekarno's nationalism but later felt it was idealistic and difficult to implement properly given changing political conditions. The paper aims to explore understanding of nationalism in light of current issues threatening national unity.
The advent of the modernist dream resulted in universalisation of culture with deliberate effort to abandon traditional ways of life that fostered difference and instead underscored national cultures to bring different communities together. Colonialism in the Horn of Africa, for instance, brought different Cushitic communities under single political entities and most of them adopted Islam to find a common ground. Other communities in East Africa had to convert to Christianity to find a cultural universal bridge. This has resulted in the assumption that most African peoples are homogeneous given that past traditions that elevated difference have been eradicated by unifying factors such as modern states and conventional religions such as Islam and Christianity. A critical reading of some literary texts however demonstrates that such claims are partly unfounded because there exist aspects of pre-Islamic Somali religion along with the fundamental beliefs of Islam, which bolster difference. This article is a postmodernist reading of selected contemporary Somalia fiction to investigate influence of pre-Islamic Somali region on contemporary Somali culture. Using the ideas of Jacques Derrida and Joseph Campbell, the study demonstrates the impact of myth and the ancient traditions on migration and contemporary culture in Nadifa Mohamed’s Black Mamba Boy and Nuruddin Farah’s Secrets.
This article analyzes the life of young millennial Salafi-niqabi in Surakarta and their strategies in dealing with power relations in their everyday lives. Studies on Salafi in Indonesia have focused more on global Salafimovements, power politics, links with fundamentalist-radical movements, state security and criticism of Salafi religious doctrine. Although there are several studies that try to portray the daily life of this religious group, the majority of previous studies focused on formal institutions and male Salafi. Very few studies have addressed the lives of Salafi women. This is likely due to the difficulty of approaching this group because of their exclusivity, and their restrictions on interacting with the outside world. Using Macleod’s theory of ‘accommodating protest’ within the framework of everyday politics, agency, and power relations, this research found that young millennial Salafi-niqabi have a unique method of negotiating with the modern and globalized world. Through what Macleod calls an accommodation which is at the same time a protest, young Salafi-niqabi have experienced hijrah as a form of negotiation of their millennial identity.
This document discusses a research article that examines metalinguistic talk among Chinese-Malaysian youth about societal multilingualism in Malaysia. The researcher had groups of Chinese-Malaysian youths discuss examples of Malaysia's multilingual linguistic landscape to elicit metalinguistic discussions. Their discussions manifested rich metalinguistic perspectives on Malaysia's linguistic and ethnic diversity that were shaped by the country's complex sociopolitical history and context. The researcher analyzed the different topics that emerged in the discussions and recurrent narratives about language, ethnicity, and national identity. The study demonstrates that examining a linguistic landscape can be an effective methodological tool for understanding grassroots sociocognitive perspectives on multilingualism.
Borchers, H. (2004) - Hardline Islamist Discourse in Indonesia-Sabilih.borchers
This document summarizes a paper about hardline Islamist discourse in Indonesia. It discusses how the magazine Sabili promotes an exclusionary Islamist perspective that is gaining popularity. While still a minority view, Sabili's circulation has grown significantly. The document also provides historical context, noting Indonesia has a long history of both moderate and more radical Islamic movements. Radical groups in the past like Darul Islam challenged the secular government through armed rebellion.
Integration Into Canadian Society: How Armenian Syrian Millennial Refugees Us...ijejournal
Using a conceptual framework that builds on the constructs of community of practice (Homles & Meyerhoff, 1990; Lave & Wenger 1998; Wenger 1998) and superdiversity (Blommaert, 2013; Blommaert & Rampton, 2012; Jørgensen, Karrebæk, Madsen, & Møller, 2011; Vertovec, 2007), this study reports on the ways Armenian Syrian millennial refugees access information via social media. Findings are based on data collected through participant observations, interviews and survey protocols. The study showed the use of semiotic resources as social media allowed respondents to extend the social implicatures of language beyond their verbal proficiency levels.
CULTURAL SNAPSHOT: FOSTERING CROSSCULTURAL UNDERSTANDING THROUGH CULTURAL PRO...ijejournal
International Journal of Education (IJE) Vol.4, No.4, December 2016
This study examines how a cultural snapshot project impacts Indonesian university students' perceptions of cross-cultural understanding. Through the project, 30 students captured photos depicting cultural phenomena in their environment and wrote reflections. The results showed the project enhanced students' cultural sensitivity and empathy, social tolerance, and understanding of diversity in three ways. First, it increased their awareness of and willingness to understand social issues through interacting with subjects of their photos. Second, it fostered tolerance by exposing students to diverse groups. Third, it highlighted the value of diversity by having students experience different cultural perspectives firsthand. The cultural snapshot project served as an effective intercultural
The document discusses a research paper about the perceptions of Ushuluddin faculty lecturers from several Indonesian universities (UIN Jakarta, UIN Banda Aceh, UIN North Sumatra, UIN Suska) regarding Soekarno's concept of nationalism. It provides background on Soekarno and his role in Indonesia's independence movement. The study found that the lecturers initially agreed with Soekarno's nationalism but later felt it was idealistic and difficult to implement properly given changing political conditions. The paper aims to explore the lecturers' understanding of Soekarno's nationalism and how they view nationalism in the current context.
The document discusses a research paper about the perceptions of Ushuluddin faculty lecturers from several Indonesian universities (UIN Jakarta, UIN Banda Aceh, UIN North Sumatra, UIN Suska) regarding Soekarno's concept of nationalism. It provides background on Soekarno and his role in Indonesia's independence movement. The study found that the lecturers initially agreed with Soekarno's nationalism but later felt it was idealistic and difficult to implement properly given changing political conditions. The paper aims to explore understanding of nationalism in light of current issues threatening national unity.
The advent of the modernist dream resulted in universalisation of culture with deliberate effort to abandon traditional ways of life that fostered difference and instead underscored national cultures to bring different communities together. Colonialism in the Horn of Africa, for instance, brought different Cushitic communities under single political entities and most of them adopted Islam to find a common ground. Other communities in East Africa had to convert to Christianity to find a cultural universal bridge. This has resulted in the assumption that most African peoples are homogeneous given that past traditions that elevated difference have been eradicated by unifying factors such as modern states and conventional religions such as Islam and Christianity. A critical reading of some literary texts however demonstrates that such claims are partly unfounded because there exist aspects of pre-Islamic Somali religion along with the fundamental beliefs of Islam, which bolster difference. This article is a postmodernist reading of selected contemporary Somalia fiction to investigate influence of pre-Islamic Somali region on contemporary Somali culture. Using the ideas of Jacques Derrida and Joseph Campbell, the study demonstrates the impact of myth and the ancient traditions on migration and contemporary culture in Nadifa Mohamed’s Black Mamba Boy and Nuruddin Farah’s Secrets.
This article analyzes the life of young millennial Salafi-niqabi in Surakarta and their strategies in dealing with power relations in their everyday lives. Studies on Salafi in Indonesia have focused more on global Salafimovements, power politics, links with fundamentalist-radical movements, state security and criticism of Salafi religious doctrine. Although there are several studies that try to portray the daily life of this religious group, the majority of previous studies focused on formal institutions and male Salafi. Very few studies have addressed the lives of Salafi women. This is likely due to the difficulty of approaching this group because of their exclusivity, and their restrictions on interacting with the outside world. Using Macleod’s theory of ‘accommodating protest’ within the framework of everyday politics, agency, and power relations, this research found that young millennial Salafi-niqabi have a unique method of negotiating with the modern and globalized world. Through what Macleod calls an accommodation which is at the same time a protest, young Salafi-niqabi have experienced hijrah as a form of negotiation of their millennial identity.
This document discusses a research article that examines metalinguistic talk among Chinese-Malaysian youth about societal multilingualism in Malaysia. The researcher had groups of Chinese-Malaysian youths discuss examples of Malaysia's multilingual linguistic landscape to elicit metalinguistic discussions. Their discussions manifested rich metalinguistic perspectives on Malaysia's linguistic and ethnic diversity that were shaped by the country's complex sociopolitical history and context. The researcher analyzed the different topics that emerged in the discussions and recurrent narratives about language, ethnicity, and national identity. The study demonstrates that examining a linguistic landscape can be an effective methodological tool for understanding grassroots sociocognitive perspectives on multilingualism.
Borchers, H. (2004) - Hardline Islamist Discourse in Indonesia-Sabilih.borchers
This document summarizes a paper about hardline Islamist discourse in Indonesia. It discusses how the magazine Sabili promotes an exclusionary Islamist perspective that is gaining popularity. While still a minority view, Sabili's circulation has grown significantly. The document also provides historical context, noting Indonesia has a long history of both moderate and more radical Islamic movements. Radical groups in the past like Darul Islam challenged the secular government through armed rebellion.
1) The document summarizes Dr. Koerner's book and book chapter that examine issues of race, whiteness, Indigenous sovereignty, and Australian identity.
2) The book analyzes narratives from the Howard era in Australia and argues that the nation has been constructed as racialized with whiteness as the dominant norm. It also examines how multiculturalism and Indigenous sovereignty are rarely addressed together.
3) The book chapter discusses the Inspire Mentor Program partnership between a university and Indigenous communities. It focuses on recentering Indigenous knowledges and sovereignty in education to reengage Indigenous Australian students.
Indonesian Multiculturalism: Risks and ChallengesIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT. Indonesia is a multicultural country with full diversity. Indonesia consists of diverse culture, local language, race, ethnicity, religion and beliefs, etc. There are risks and challenges of diversity in Indonesia. Therefore, such diversity must be managed properly to avoid problems and conflicts. Lately, it appears many of the problems of diversity in Indonesia. Conflicts among tribes, religions, beliefs and groups are frequent. Conflict occurs in the form of thought and physical. Although the conflict is normal in a multicultural society, the conflict will be a major issue if not managed properly. This article discusses the risks and challenges faced by Indonesia in managing cultural diversity.
The Triple Consciousness of Black Muslim Women: The Experiences of First Gene...Hodan Ahmed Mohamed
This document is the journal of Somali Studies which is indexed in several databases and accredited. This particular volume is dedicated to two late professors who were founding members of the journal's advisory board.
The journal aims to advance critical scholarship on Somali society, history, culture, politics, linguistics and the Somali diaspora experience. It welcomes original research and analyses. The editorial board and international advisory board consist of scholars from various universities around the world.
One of the articles in this volume explores the "triple consciousness" of Somali-Canadian women activists in being Black, Muslim and women in Canada. It examines how this shapes their identity and experience with racism and Islamophobia. The women interviewed discussed
Living with difference: making sense of the contemporary city Allan Cochrane...smartmetropolia2014
This document summarizes a presentation on understanding cities as "smart" social organisms. It discusses how cities bring together diverse groups of people, creating interactions and innovations. Research was presented on everyday life in three English cities experiencing increasing diversity. Observational research found that in public spaces like parks and cafes, ethnically mixed populations routinely shared spaces without necessarily interacting, but peacefully coexisting. The document concludes that the "smartness" of cities comes from public spaces that facilitate casual "being together" among diverse urban residents.
The document discusses cultural pluralism as a challenge for universities in Nigeria to foster dialogue and understanding. It notes that Nigeria has over 400 ethnic groups and two major religions, creating cultural complexity that is sometimes exploited and causes social conflicts. These conflicts negatively impact the university system by intensifying competition between ethnic groups for control over university resources and management. However, the Nigerian constitution and policies aim to promote equity and national unity in higher education through principles like federal character. The document argues that Nigerian universities still manage to contribute to dialogue despite challenges, through policies governing admission diversity and equitable resource allocation.
Islam Nusantara: Religion Dialectic and Cultural for Pluralism-Democratic Soc...Ali Murfi
This document discusses the concept of Islam Nusantara and its relationship to pluralism and democracy in Indonesia. Islam Nusantara refers to Islam as practiced in the Indonesian archipelago, which blended Islamic values with local cultural traditions in a moderate, tolerant, and inclusive way. It aims to provide a solution that is not extreme, can live in harmony with other religions, and accepts democracy. The characteristics of Islam Nusantara support pluralism and democracy by respecting diversity and finding peaceful resolutions to conflicts.
CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
Following the end of colonial era and the resulting freedom of previously colonized people, many countries
have been struggling to live together as the nation which their erstwhile colonial masters made them. This
has often resulted to conflicts and crises, the worst of it being the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Due to these
incidences, social researchers have intensified efforts in designing programs that will facilitate the very act
of nation-building/or prevent a devastating effect that may result from a failure thereof. This paper,
therefore, attempts to suggest Civic Education as one of the models that can help facilitate nation-building
project especially in countries affected by the effects of colonization. The work employed the normative
method of philosophy, while also not leaving behind the evaluative and analytical side of the method.
This review summarizes a book titled "The Nascent Malaysian Society: Developments, Trends and Problems" which is a collection of articles by Malaysian scholars on topics related to Malaysian society. The review notes that while the articles cover diverse topics, they lack a clear central theme. It summarizes several of the individual articles, including ones on Malay nationalism, Orang Asli (indigenous peoples), and the peasantry. The review concludes that the book marks progress for Malaysian scholarship but could be improved by greater editing and breaking from Western social science traditions and orientalism.
Ideology in english textbooks a case study of matric level books in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses research on ideology in English textbooks used in matric level (10th grade) courses in Punjab, Pakistan. It covers four key points: 1) Textbooks present Islam not just as a belief system but as a political ideology that all citizens must accept. 2) Textbooks offer a biased treatment of non-Muslim citizens. 3) Vocabulary emphasizes Islamic teachings over critical thinking or democratic values. 4) During military rule in the 1970s-80s, textbooks were revised to promote an "Islamic ideology" and manufacture "good Muslims." The research aims to critically analyze perspectives and content in textbooks to examine how knowledge is influenced by ideology.
Chapter 1 Education and International Devlopment.htmlInternati.docxketurahhazelhurst
This document provides a history of education and international development. It discusses how development was initially focused on economic growth by the UN in the 1960s. It then describes how various UN organizations like UNESCO, UNICEF, and the World Bank engaged with education over time, with each taking different approaches. The document also discusses anti-colonial writers in the 18th-19th centuries who used education to critique colonial systems and envisions alternative societies. Overall, it outlines the complex relationship between education and international development over centuries, involving economic, political, social and cultural factors.
This document discusses key dimensions of a multicultural art education curriculum. It outlines five dimensions put forth by James Banks for developing multicultural education programs: 1) Content integration, which involves integrating information about diverse groups into the curriculum; 2) Equity pedagogy, modifying teaching strategies to address different learning styles; 3) Knowledge construction, promoting critical thinking to recognize knowledge is socially constructed; 4) Empowering school culture, addressing components of school structure to encourage social action; and 5) Prejudice reduction, decreasing stereotyping through instruction. The document explores how art educators have addressed these dimensions to incorporate multicultural perspectives into art curricula.
Asa Hilliard Conceptualizing And Constructing An African- Centered PedagogyJames Heller
This summary provides an overview of Asa Hilliard's contributions to developing an African-centered pedagogy:
1) Hilliard advocated for re-Africanizing education for people of African descent to counter the effects of miseducation and promote cultural affirmation. He drew from intellectual ancestors like Woodson, Du Bois, and Cabral who emphasized the importance of historical consciousness and cultural resistance.
2) Hilliard was a prominent critic of Eurocentric biases in intelligence testing and called for paradigmatic shifts away from using such tests to resegregate and deny the intellectual capabilities of African Americans.
3) Through his roles as an educator and scholar, Hilliard conceptualized
A Critical Appraisal of Kwame Nkrumah’s Pan Africanism and the Appropriation ...ijtsrd
This paper sets out to discuss the question of African identity from the position related to Nkrumah’s Pan Africanism. This work demonstrates that the question of African identity is challenged by the diversity of cultural heritages that incarnate the African continent and its peoples. It also shows that the invasions by foreign cultures impede the delimitation of an identity called African, and that the re education of the African is instrumental in reinventing an African identity capable of competing with other cultures in the global space . Tanyi, Pamela Nugha | Nde, Paul Ade "A Critical Appraisal of Kwame Nkrumah’s Pan Africanism and the Appropriation of African Identity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49130.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/49130/a-critical-appraisal-of-kwame-nkrumah’s-pan-africanism-and-the-appropriation-of-african-identity/tanyi-pamela-nugha
ON OPTIMALITY OF THE INDEX OF SUM, PRODUCT, MAXIMUM, AND MINIMUM OF FINITE BA...UniversitasGadjahMada
Chaatit, Mascioni, and Rosenthal de ned nite Baire index for a bounded real-valued function f on a separable metric space, denoted by i(f), and proved that for any bounded functions f and g of nite Baire index, i(h) i(f) + i(g), where h is any of the functions f + g, fg, f ˅g, f ^ g. In this paper, we prove that the result is optimal in the following sense : for each n; k < ω, there exist functions f; g such that i(f) = n, i(g) = k, and i(h) = i(f) + i(g).
Toward a framework for an undergraduate academic tourism curriculum in Indone...UniversitasGadjahMada
We analyse policy documents as well opinions of stakeholders contributing to the development of the undergraduate academic tourism curriculum, namely: The Government which develops the general framework for curriculum development in Indonesian universities; non-governmental tourism associations which assist universities with opinions and guidance; tourism academics who develop and implement the curriculum in the classroom; and tourism trade associations. Two issues characterize the development of the tourism curriculum namely: determining the appropriate balance between vocational and academic frameworks, and an aspiration to move from inter- to mono-disciplinary instruction.
Association of the HLA-B alleles with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson s...UniversitasGadjahMada
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a common cause of life-threatening cutaneous adverse drug reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Previous studies have reported a strong association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN.We investigated the association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN in Javanese and Sundanese patients in Indonesia. Nine unrelated patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN and 236 healthy Javanese and Sundanese controls were genotyped for HLA-B and their allele frequencies were compared. The HLA-B*15:02 allele was found in 66.7% of the patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN, but only in 29.4% of tolerant control (p = 0.029; odds ratio [OR]: 6.5; 95% CI: 1.2–33.57) and 22.9% of healthy controls (p = 0.0021; OR: 6.78; 95% CI: 1.96– 23.38). These findings support the involvement of HLA-B*15:02 in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN reported in other Asian populations. Interestingly, we also observed the presence of the HLA-B*15:21 allele. HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-B*15:21 are members of the HLA-B75 serotype, for which a greater frequency was observed in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN (vs tolerant control [p = 0.0078; OR: 12; 95% CI: 1.90–75.72] and vs normal control [p = 0.0018; OR: 8.56; 95% CI: 1.83–40]). Our findings suggest that screening for the HLA-B75 serotype can predict the risk of CBZ-induced SJS/TEN more accurately than screening for a specific allele.
Characteristics of glucomannan isolated from fresh tuber of Porang (Amorphoph...UniversitasGadjahMada
Porang is a potential source of glucomannan. This research objective was to find a direct glucomannan isolation method from fresh porang corm to produce high purity glucomannan. Two isolation methods were performed. In first method, sample was water dissolved using Al2(SO4)3 as flocculant for 15 (AA15) or 30 (AA30) minutes with purification. In second method, sample was repeatedly milled using ethanol as solvent and filtered for 5 (EtOH5) or 7 (EtOH7) times without purification. The characteristics of obtained glucomannan were compared to those of commercial porang flour (CPF) and purified konjac glucomannan (PKG). High purity (90.98%), viscosity (27,940 cps) and transparency (57.74 %) of amorphous glucomannan were isolated by EtOH7. Ash and protein level significantly reduced to 0.57% and 0.31%, respectively, with no starch content. Water holding capacity (WHC) of EtOH7 glucomannan significantly enhanced, whereas its solubility was lower than those of PKG due to its ungrounded native granular form.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus from Indonesian Isolates Bas...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was conducted to analyze phylogenetic of Indonesian newcastle disease virus(NDV) isolates based on fusion (F) protein-encoding gene, with aim to determine which genotype group of Indonesian NDV isolates, compared to vaccine strain that circulating in Indonesia.
Land Capability for Cattle-Farming in the Merapi Volcanic Slope of Sleman Reg...UniversitasGadjahMada
This research carried out to study the cattle farming development based on the land capability in rural areas of the Merapi Volcanic slope of Sleman Regency Yogyakarta after eruption 2010. Samples taken were Glagaharjo village (Cangkringan Sub-District) as impacted area and Wonokerto village (Turi Sub-District) as unimpacted area. Survey method used were to land evaluation analysis supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Materials used were Indonesian topographical basemap (RBI) in 1:25000 scale, IKONOS image [2015], land use map, landform map, and slope map as supple- ments. Potential analysis of land capability for cattle forage using the production unit in kg of TDN per AU. The result showed that based on the land capability class map, both villages had potential of carrying capacity for forage feed that could still be increased as much as 1,661.32 AU in Glagaharjo and 1,948.13 AU in Wonokerto.
When anti-corruption norms lead to undesirable results: learning from the Ind...UniversitasGadjahMada
This paper analyzes how and why adverse side-effects have occurred in the implementation of two articles of Indonesia’s anti-corruption law. These articles prohibit unlawful acts which may be detrimental to the finances of the state. Indeed, the lawmakers had good intentions when they drafted the two articles. They wanted to make it easier to convict corrupt individuals by lowering the standard of evidence required to prove criminal liability. The implementation of these articles has raised legal uncertainty. The loose definition of the elements of the crime enables negligence and imperfection of (public) contracts to be considered as corruption. The Constitutional Court has issued two rulings to restrict and guide the interpretation of these articles. However, law enforcement agencies (Supreme Court and public prosecutors) have been unwilling to adhere to the rulings. There are two possible reasons for this. First, as has been argued by several commentators, the law enforcement agencies have misinterpreted the concept of Bunlawfulness^. Besides, the law enforcement agencies wish to be seen to be committed to prosecuting and delivering convictions in corruption cases. To do so, they need to maintain looser definitions of the elements of the offence. This paper endorses the Constitutional Court rulings and provides additional reasons in support of their stance. The paper can be considered as a case study for other countries that may be contemplating similar legislation.
Receptor binding and antigenic site analysis of hemagglutinin gene fragments ...UniversitasGadjahMada
We reported a retrospective study on hemagglutinin (HA) gene fragments of Avian Influenza (AI) viruses recovered between 2010 to 2012, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. The results provide information about the receptor binding sites (RBS) and antigenic sites character of HA gene of AI viruses in Indonesia. Viral RNA was extracted from allantoic fluid of specific pathogen free (SPF) of chicken embryonated eggs inoculated by AI suspected samples. Amplification was performed by using H5 specific primers to produce amplification target of 544 bp. The resulting sequences were analyzed with MEGA-5 consisting of multiple alignment, deductive amino acid prediction, and phylogenetic tree analysis. The results showed that out of the 12 samples amplified using RT-PCR technique, only 7 were detected to be avian influenza serotype H5 viruses. Sequence analysis of AIV H5 positive samples, showed a binding preference towards avian type receptors. Antigenic site analysis is consistent with the previous report, however, the antigenic site B at position 189 showed that the residue had undergone mutation from arginine to methionine. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these viruses were clustered into clade 2.1.3. Our report supports the importance of the previous study of RBS and antigenic properties of HPAI H5N1 in Indonesia.
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CIVIC EDUCATION AND IT’S IMPERATIVE TOWARDS NATION BUILDING: THE NIGERIAN EXA...John1Lorcan
Most countries of the world today originated as a result of the activities of colonialists and imperialists
who merged previously independent nations together for the sole reason of domination and exploitation.
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This review summarizes a book titled "The Nascent Malaysian Society: Developments, Trends and Problems" which is a collection of articles by Malaysian scholars on topics related to Malaysian society. The review notes that while the articles cover diverse topics, they lack a clear central theme. It summarizes several of the individual articles, including ones on Malay nationalism, Orang Asli (indigenous peoples), and the peasantry. The review concludes that the book marks progress for Malaysian scholarship but could be improved by greater editing and breaking from Western social science traditions and orientalism.
Ideology in english textbooks a case study of matric level books in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses research on ideology in English textbooks used in matric level (10th grade) courses in Punjab, Pakistan. It covers four key points: 1) Textbooks present Islam not just as a belief system but as a political ideology that all citizens must accept. 2) Textbooks offer a biased treatment of non-Muslim citizens. 3) Vocabulary emphasizes Islamic teachings over critical thinking or democratic values. 4) During military rule in the 1970s-80s, textbooks were revised to promote an "Islamic ideology" and manufacture "good Muslims." The research aims to critically analyze perspectives and content in textbooks to examine how knowledge is influenced by ideology.
Chapter 1 Education and International Devlopment.htmlInternati.docxketurahhazelhurst
This document provides a history of education and international development. It discusses how development was initially focused on economic growth by the UN in the 1960s. It then describes how various UN organizations like UNESCO, UNICEF, and the World Bank engaged with education over time, with each taking different approaches. The document also discusses anti-colonial writers in the 18th-19th centuries who used education to critique colonial systems and envisions alternative societies. Overall, it outlines the complex relationship between education and international development over centuries, involving economic, political, social and cultural factors.
This document discusses key dimensions of a multicultural art education curriculum. It outlines five dimensions put forth by James Banks for developing multicultural education programs: 1) Content integration, which involves integrating information about diverse groups into the curriculum; 2) Equity pedagogy, modifying teaching strategies to address different learning styles; 3) Knowledge construction, promoting critical thinking to recognize knowledge is socially constructed; 4) Empowering school culture, addressing components of school structure to encourage social action; and 5) Prejudice reduction, decreasing stereotyping through instruction. The document explores how art educators have addressed these dimensions to incorporate multicultural perspectives into art curricula.
Asa Hilliard Conceptualizing And Constructing An African- Centered PedagogyJames Heller
This summary provides an overview of Asa Hilliard's contributions to developing an African-centered pedagogy:
1) Hilliard advocated for re-Africanizing education for people of African descent to counter the effects of miseducation and promote cultural affirmation. He drew from intellectual ancestors like Woodson, Du Bois, and Cabral who emphasized the importance of historical consciousness and cultural resistance.
2) Hilliard was a prominent critic of Eurocentric biases in intelligence testing and called for paradigmatic shifts away from using such tests to resegregate and deny the intellectual capabilities of African Americans.
3) Through his roles as an educator and scholar, Hilliard conceptualized
A Critical Appraisal of Kwame Nkrumah’s Pan Africanism and the Appropriation ...ijtsrd
This paper sets out to discuss the question of African identity from the position related to Nkrumah’s Pan Africanism. This work demonstrates that the question of African identity is challenged by the diversity of cultural heritages that incarnate the African continent and its peoples. It also shows that the invasions by foreign cultures impede the delimitation of an identity called African, and that the re education of the African is instrumental in reinventing an African identity capable of competing with other cultures in the global space . Tanyi, Pamela Nugha | Nde, Paul Ade "A Critical Appraisal of Kwame Nkrumah’s Pan Africanism and the Appropriation of African Identity" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49130.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/49130/a-critical-appraisal-of-kwame-nkrumah’s-pan-africanism-and-the-appropriation-of-african-identity/tanyi-pamela-nugha
Similar to Malaysia as an “Other” in Indonesian popular discourse (14)
ON OPTIMALITY OF THE INDEX OF SUM, PRODUCT, MAXIMUM, AND MINIMUM OF FINITE BA...UniversitasGadjahMada
Chaatit, Mascioni, and Rosenthal de ned nite Baire index for a bounded real-valued function f on a separable metric space, denoted by i(f), and proved that for any bounded functions f and g of nite Baire index, i(h) i(f) + i(g), where h is any of the functions f + g, fg, f ˅g, f ^ g. In this paper, we prove that the result is optimal in the following sense : for each n; k < ω, there exist functions f; g such that i(f) = n, i(g) = k, and i(h) = i(f) + i(g).
Toward a framework for an undergraduate academic tourism curriculum in Indone...UniversitasGadjahMada
We analyse policy documents as well opinions of stakeholders contributing to the development of the undergraduate academic tourism curriculum, namely: The Government which develops the general framework for curriculum development in Indonesian universities; non-governmental tourism associations which assist universities with opinions and guidance; tourism academics who develop and implement the curriculum in the classroom; and tourism trade associations. Two issues characterize the development of the tourism curriculum namely: determining the appropriate balance between vocational and academic frameworks, and an aspiration to move from inter- to mono-disciplinary instruction.
Association of the HLA-B alleles with carbamazepine-induced Stevens–Johnson s...UniversitasGadjahMada
Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a common cause of life-threatening cutaneous adverse drug reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). Previous studies have reported a strong association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN.We investigated the association between the HLA genotype and CBZ-induced SJS/TEN in Javanese and Sundanese patients in Indonesia. Nine unrelated patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN and 236 healthy Javanese and Sundanese controls were genotyped for HLA-B and their allele frequencies were compared. The HLA-B*15:02 allele was found in 66.7% of the patients with CBZ-induced SJS/TEN, but only in 29.4% of tolerant control (p = 0.029; odds ratio [OR]: 6.5; 95% CI: 1.2–33.57) and 22.9% of healthy controls (p = 0.0021; OR: 6.78; 95% CI: 1.96– 23.38). These findings support the involvement of HLA-B*15:02 in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN reported in other Asian populations. Interestingly, we also observed the presence of the HLA-B*15:21 allele. HLA-B*15:02 and HLA-B*15:21 are members of the HLA-B75 serotype, for which a greater frequency was observed in CBZ-induced SJS/TEN (vs tolerant control [p = 0.0078; OR: 12; 95% CI: 1.90–75.72] and vs normal control [p = 0.0018; OR: 8.56; 95% CI: 1.83–40]). Our findings suggest that screening for the HLA-B75 serotype can predict the risk of CBZ-induced SJS/TEN more accurately than screening for a specific allele.
Characteristics of glucomannan isolated from fresh tuber of Porang (Amorphoph...UniversitasGadjahMada
Porang is a potential source of glucomannan. This research objective was to find a direct glucomannan isolation method from fresh porang corm to produce high purity glucomannan. Two isolation methods were performed. In first method, sample was water dissolved using Al2(SO4)3 as flocculant for 15 (AA15) or 30 (AA30) minutes with purification. In second method, sample was repeatedly milled using ethanol as solvent and filtered for 5 (EtOH5) or 7 (EtOH7) times without purification. The characteristics of obtained glucomannan were compared to those of commercial porang flour (CPF) and purified konjac glucomannan (PKG). High purity (90.98%), viscosity (27,940 cps) and transparency (57.74 %) of amorphous glucomannan were isolated by EtOH7. Ash and protein level significantly reduced to 0.57% and 0.31%, respectively, with no starch content. Water holding capacity (WHC) of EtOH7 glucomannan significantly enhanced, whereas its solubility was lower than those of PKG due to its ungrounded native granular form.
Phylogenetic Analysis of Newcastle Disease Virus from Indonesian Isolates Bas...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study was conducted to analyze phylogenetic of Indonesian newcastle disease virus(NDV) isolates based on fusion (F) protein-encoding gene, with aim to determine which genotype group of Indonesian NDV isolates, compared to vaccine strain that circulating in Indonesia.
Land Capability for Cattle-Farming in the Merapi Volcanic Slope of Sleman Reg...UniversitasGadjahMada
This research carried out to study the cattle farming development based on the land capability in rural areas of the Merapi Volcanic slope of Sleman Regency Yogyakarta after eruption 2010. Samples taken were Glagaharjo village (Cangkringan Sub-District) as impacted area and Wonokerto village (Turi Sub-District) as unimpacted area. Survey method used were to land evaluation analysis supported by Geographic Information System (GIS) software. Materials used were Indonesian topographical basemap (RBI) in 1:25000 scale, IKONOS image [2015], land use map, landform map, and slope map as supple- ments. Potential analysis of land capability for cattle forage using the production unit in kg of TDN per AU. The result showed that based on the land capability class map, both villages had potential of carrying capacity for forage feed that could still be increased as much as 1,661.32 AU in Glagaharjo and 1,948.13 AU in Wonokerto.
When anti-corruption norms lead to undesirable results: learning from the Ind...UniversitasGadjahMada
This paper analyzes how and why adverse side-effects have occurred in the implementation of two articles of Indonesia’s anti-corruption law. These articles prohibit unlawful acts which may be detrimental to the finances of the state. Indeed, the lawmakers had good intentions when they drafted the two articles. They wanted to make it easier to convict corrupt individuals by lowering the standard of evidence required to prove criminal liability. The implementation of these articles has raised legal uncertainty. The loose definition of the elements of the crime enables negligence and imperfection of (public) contracts to be considered as corruption. The Constitutional Court has issued two rulings to restrict and guide the interpretation of these articles. However, law enforcement agencies (Supreme Court and public prosecutors) have been unwilling to adhere to the rulings. There are two possible reasons for this. First, as has been argued by several commentators, the law enforcement agencies have misinterpreted the concept of Bunlawfulness^. Besides, the law enforcement agencies wish to be seen to be committed to prosecuting and delivering convictions in corruption cases. To do so, they need to maintain looser definitions of the elements of the offence. This paper endorses the Constitutional Court rulings and provides additional reasons in support of their stance. The paper can be considered as a case study for other countries that may be contemplating similar legislation.
Receptor binding and antigenic site analysis of hemagglutinin gene fragments ...UniversitasGadjahMada
We reported a retrospective study on hemagglutinin (HA) gene fragments of Avian Influenza (AI) viruses recovered between 2010 to 2012, using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) followed by sequencing. The results provide information about the receptor binding sites (RBS) and antigenic sites character of HA gene of AI viruses in Indonesia. Viral RNA was extracted from allantoic fluid of specific pathogen free (SPF) of chicken embryonated eggs inoculated by AI suspected samples. Amplification was performed by using H5 specific primers to produce amplification target of 544 bp. The resulting sequences were analyzed with MEGA-5 consisting of multiple alignment, deductive amino acid prediction, and phylogenetic tree analysis. The results showed that out of the 12 samples amplified using RT-PCR technique, only 7 were detected to be avian influenza serotype H5 viruses. Sequence analysis of AIV H5 positive samples, showed a binding preference towards avian type receptors. Antigenic site analysis is consistent with the previous report, however, the antigenic site B at position 189 showed that the residue had undergone mutation from arginine to methionine. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that these viruses were clustered into clade 2.1.3. Our report supports the importance of the previous study of RBS and antigenic properties of HPAI H5N1 in Indonesia.
Sustaining the unsustainable? Environmental impact assessment and overdevelop...UniversitasGadjahMada
Bali faces serious environmental crises arising from overdevelopment of the tourism and real estate industry, including water shortage, rapid conversion of agricultural land, pollution, and economic and cultural displacement. This article traces continuities and discontinuities in the role of Indonesian environmental impact assessment (EIA) during and since the authoritarian ‘New Order’ period. Following the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the ‘Reform Era’ brought dramatic changes, democratizing and decentralizing Indonesia’s governing institutions. Focusing on case studies of resort development projects in Bali from the 1990s to the present, this study examines the ongoing capture of legal processes by vested interests at the expense of prospects for sustainable development. Two particularly controversial projects in Benoa Bay, proposed in the different historical and structural settings of the two eras—the Bali Turtle Island Development (BTID) at Serangan Island in the Suharto era and the Tirta Wahana Bali Internasional (TWBI) proposal for the other side of Benoa in the ‘Reform Era’—enable instructive comparison. The study finds that despite significant changes in the environmental law regime, the EIA process still finds itself a tool of powerful interests in the efforts of political and economic elites to maintain control of decision-making and to displace popular opposition forces to the margins.
Magnetogama is an open schematic handassembled fluxgate magnetometer. Compared to another magnetometer, Magnetogama has more benefit concerning its price and its ease of use. Practically Magnetogama can be utilized either in land or attached to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Magnetogama was designed to give open access to a cheap and accurate alternative to magnetometer sensor. Therefore it can be used as a standard design which is directly applicable to the low-budget company or education purposes. Schematic, code and several verification tests were presented in this article ensuring its reproducibility. Magnetogama has been tested with two kind of tests: a comparison with two nearest observatories at Learmonth (LRM) and Kakadu (KDU) and the response of magnetic substance.
Limitations in the screening of potentially anti-cryptosporidial agents using...UniversitasGadjahMada
The emergence of cryptosporidiosis, a zoonotic disease of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract caused by Cryptosporidium Tyzzer, 1907, triggered numerous screening studies of various compounds for potential anti-cryptosporidial activity, the majority of which proved ineffective. Extracts of Indonesian plants, Piper betle and Diospyros sumatrana, were tested for potential anticryptosporidial activity using Mastomys coucha (Smith), experimentally inoculated with Cryptosporidium proliferans Kváč, Havrdová, Hlásková, Daňková, Kanděra, Ježková, Vítovec, Sak, Ortega, Xiao, Modrý, Chelladurai, Prantlová et McEvoy, 2016. None of the plant extracts tested showed significant activity against cryptosporidia; however, the results indicate that the following issues should be addressed in similar experimental studies. The monitoring of oocyst shedding during the entire experimental trial, supplemented with histological examination of affected gastric tissue at the time of treatment termination, revealed that similar studies are generally unreliable if evaluations of drug efficacy are based exclusively on oocyst shedding. Moreover, the reduction of oocyst shedding did not guarantee the eradication of cryptosporidia in treated individuals. For treatment trials performed on experimentally inoculated laboratory rodents, only animals in the advanced phase of cryptosporidiosis should be used for the correct interpretation of pathological alterations observed in affected tissue. All the solvents used (methanol, methanol-tetrahydrofuran and dimethylsulfoxid) were shown to be suitable for these studies, i.e. they did not exhibit negative effects on the subjects. The halofuginone lactate, routinely administered in intestinal cryptosporidiosis in calves, was shown to be ineffective against gastric cryptosporidiosis in mice caused by C. proliferans. In contrast, the control application of extract Arabidopsis thaliana, from which we had expected a neutral effect, turned out to have some positive impact on affected gastric tissue.
Self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) of Amomum compactum essent...UniversitasGadjahMada
This document summarizes research on the development of a self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) for Amomum compactum essential oil. Key points:
- Virgin coconut oil was selected as the carrier oil due to its high solubility of the essential oil compared to other oils tested.
- A D-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the SNEDDS formulation, with emulsification time and transmittance as the response variables.
- The optimized formulation contained 10% Amomum compactum essential oil, 10% virgin coconut oil, 65.71% Tween 80 surfactant, and 14.29% PEG 400 co-surfactant.
Attenuation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence by Some Indonesian Medicinal ...UniversitasGadjahMada
This study aims to discover quorum sensing inhibitors (QSI) from some Indonesian medicinal plants ethanol extract to analyze their inhibitory activities against QS-mediated virulence factors in P. aeruginosa using in-vitro experimental study-laboratory setting. Indonesian medicinal plant ethanolic extracts were tested for their capability to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility, biofilm formation using microtiter plate method, pyocyanin and LasA production using LasA staphylolytic assay. Statistical significance of the data were determined using one way ANOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test. Differences were considered significant with P values of 0.05 or less. The findings obtained showed that Ethanolic extract of T. catappa leaves and A. alitilis flower capable to inhibit P. aeruginosa motility as well as pyocyanin production and biofilm formation. Both extracts also showed capability in reducing LasA protease production. It is concluded that T. catappa and A. alitilis are an interesting sources of innovative plant derived quorum quenching compound(s), thus can be used in the development of new antipathogenic drug.
Short-chain alcohols are a group of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are often found in workplaces and laboratories, as well as medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Realtime monitoring of alcohol vapors is essential because exposure to alcohol vapors with concentrations of 0.15–0.30 mg·L−1 may be harmful to human health. This study aims to improve the detection capabilities of quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based sensors for the analysis of alcohol vapors. The active layer of chitosan was immobilized onto the QCM substrate through a selfassembled monolayer of L-cysteine using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. Before alcohol analysis, the QCM sensing chip was exposed to humidity because water vapor significantly interferes with QCM gas sensing. The prepared QCM sensor chip was tested for the detection of four different alcohols: n-propanol, ethanol, isoamyl alcohol, and n-amyl alcohol. For comparison, a non-alcohol of acetone was also tested. The prepared QCM sensing chip is selective to alcohols because of hydrogen bond formation between the hydroxyl groups of chitosan and the analyte. The highest response was achieved when the QCM sensing chip was exposed to n-amyl alcohol vapor, with a sensitivity of about 4.4 Hz·mg−1·L. Generally, the sensitivity of the QCM sensing chip is dependent on the molecular weight of alcohol. Moreover, the developed QCM sensing chips are stable after 10 days of repeated measurements, with a rapid response time of only 26 s. The QCM sensing chip provides an alternative method to established analytical methods such as gas chromatography for the detection of short-chain alcohol vapors.
APPLICATION OF CLONAL SELECTION IMMUNE SYSTEM METHOD FOR OPTIMIZATION OF DIST...UniversitasGadjahMada
This paper proposes an application of clonal selection immune system method for optimization of distribution network. The distribution network with high-performance is a network that has a low power loss, better voltage profile, and loading balance among feeders. The task for improving the performance of the distribution network is optimization of network configuration. The optimization has become a necessary study with the presence of DG in entire networks. In this work, optimization of network configuration is based on an AIS algorithm. The methodology has been tested in a model of 33 bus IEEE radial distribution networks with and without DG integration. The results have been showed that the optimal configuration of the distribution network is able to reduce power loss and to improve the voltage profile of the distribution network significantly.
Screening of resistant Indonesian black rice cultivars against bacterial leaf...UniversitasGadjahMada
The document summarizes a study that screened Indonesian black rice cultivars for resistance to bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Five black rice cultivars and four white rice cultivars were inoculated with the bacteria and their resistance was evaluated based on disease symptoms and gene expression. The cultivar showing the best resistance was Cempo Ireng, which had the lowest disease intensity and expressed resistance genes xa5, Xa10, Xa21, and RPP13-like after inoculation. Cempo Ireng was identified as the most resistant cultivar and potential source of resistance genes for breeding programs.
Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi accelerates the growth of shoot r...UniversitasGadjahMada
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of applying different doses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculum on shoot root growth of five sugarcane clones. The key findings are:
1) Application of 2-3 g of AMF inoculum/bud chips resulted in faster and greater root colonization compared to the control, reaching 57-100% colonization within 5 days.
2) AMF inoculation significantly increased shoot root traits like root length, surface area, and number of shoot roots, especially for clones BL, VMC, and PS864.
3) AMF application of 2-3 g/bud chips also significantly increased seedling
SHAME AS A CULTURAL INDEX OF ILLNESS AND RECOVERY FROM PSYCHOTIC ILLNESS IN JAVAUniversitasGadjahMada
Most studies of shame have focused on stigma as a form of social response and a socio-psychological consequence of mental illness. This study aims at exploring more complex Javanese meanings of shame in relation to psychotic illness. Six psychotic patients and their family members participated in this research. Ethnographic fieldwork was conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Thematic analysis of the data showed that participants used shame in three different ways. First, as a cultural index of illness and recovery. Family members identified their member as being ill when they had lost their sense of shame. If a patient exhibited behavior that indicated the reemergence of shame, the family saw this as an indication of recovery. Second, as an indication of relapse. Third, as a barrier toward recovery. In conclusion, shame is used as a cultural index of illness and recovery because it associated with the moral-behavioral control. Shame may also be regarded as a form of consciousness associated with the emergence of insight. Further study with a larger group of sample is needed to explore shame as a ‘socio-cultural marker’ for psychotic illness in Java.
Frequency and Risk-Factors Analysis of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Bali-CattleUniversitasGadjahMada
Cattle are known as the main reservoir of zoonotic agents verocytotoxin producing Escherichia coli. These bacteria are usually isolated from calves with diarrhea and / or mucus and blood. Tolerance of these agents to the environmental conditions will strengthen of their transmission among livestock. A total of 238 cattle fecal samples from four sub-districts in Badung, Bali were used in this study. Epidemiological data observed include cattle age, sex, cattle rearing system, the source of drinking water, weather, altitude, and type of cage floor, the cleanliness of cage floor, the slope of cage floor, and the level of cattle cleanliness. The study was initiated by culturing of samples onto eosin methylene blue agar, then Gram stained, and tested for indole, methyl-red, voges proskauer, and citrate, Potential E.coli isolates were then cultured onto sorbitol MacConkey agar, and further tested using O157 latex agglutination test and H7 antisera. Molecular identification was performed by analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, and epidemiological data was analyzed using
STATA 12.0 software. The results showed, the prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle at Badung regency was 6.30% (15/238) covering four sub districts i.e. Petang, Abiansemal, Mengwi, and Kuta which their prevalence was 8.62%(5/58), 10%(6/60), 3.33%(2/60), and 3.33(2/60)%, respectively. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene confirmed of isolates as an E. coli O157:H7 strain with 99% similarities. Furthermore, the risk factors analysis showed that the slope of the cage floor has a highly significant effect (P<0.05) to the distribution of infection. Consequently, implementing this factor must be concerned in order to decrease of infection.
Classification of profit-sharing investment accounts: a survey of financial s...UniversitasGadjahMada
The purpose of this paper is to examine the classification of profit-sharing investment accounts (PSIA) under various accounting standards, and determine whether Islamic banks maintain uniform practices when the same accounting standards are applied. It also aims to determine whether Islamic banks consider investment account holders (IAH) important financial statement users by disclosing necessary information pertaining to PSIA. A sample comprised of financial statements from 63 Islamic banks from 15 countries is compared with respect to the information related to PSIA were studied. The results show heterogeneity of classification for PSIA. Applying the same standards does not lead to the uniform classification of PSIA when banks apply International Financial Reporting Standards, while financial statements applying Financial Accounting Standards by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions are more similar. The perplexity in classifying PSIA brings obscurity on the treatment for PSIArelated accounts, particularly returns attributable to IAH. The fact of fewer disclosures pertaining to PSIA in Islamic banks—which apply accounting standards not specifically tailored to Islamic finance—suggests that IAH receive less attention under those accounting standards.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptx
Malaysia as an “Other” in Indonesian popular discourse
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Inter-Asia Cultural Studies
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Malaysia as an “Other” in Indonesian popular
discourse
Farabi Fakih
To cite this article: Farabi Fakih (2017) Malaysia as an “Other” in Indonesian popular discourse,
Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, 18:3, 376-390, DOI: 10.1080/14649373.2017.1354687
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3. (Soh 2012, 1–40; Chinyong-Liow 2004, 54–76), what interests us here is the fact that such feelings
have become embedded in the thoughts of millions of Indonesians.
This article will attempt to explore the vernacular expressions related to Malaysia from the
wider Indonesian civil society in the present day. We do this by reading popular books that
have been published about Indonesia and Malaysia relations. We focus on vernacular expression
of support and dissent and try to analyze these expressions in the context of Indonesian nation-
alism and the function of the Malay “Other.” While no doubt both Indonesia and Malaysia have
developed an amicable relationship and strengthened economic and political ties since their rocky
past during the Konfrontasi (Confrontation) period (1963–1966), it is also important to realize
just how significant is the continued tension from the wider Indonesian civil society of the
idea of Malaysia. We believe that by reading these books, we could get an understanding of
how some parts of the population understand Malaysia’s “function” within Indonesian national-
ism. At a time of a global rise of right-wing nationalism in the West and other places, understand-
ing cultural and kinship nationalism is pertinent as it may rear its ugly head in the early decades
of the twenty-first century.
We begin first by discussing the idea of Pan Indonesia from the viewpoints of Malay nationalists
such as Burhanuddin Al Helmy and Ibrahim Yaacob and contrasting that with the ideas espoused by
people such as Muhammad Yamin, Mohammad Hatta and President Sukarno. This is to locate the
differing development in the context of the Cold War and Third World movement. How Indone-
sians perceive Malaysia should, in our opinion, be located in this formative period in which growing
theories, conspiratorial or not, on the global order arose as a vernacular discourse shared by many
people. Although Indonesia’s relationship with Malaysia significantly improved after Konfrontasi,
with growing economic integration between both countries, the question remains whether these
remnants of anti-global thoughts of the 1920s and 1930s along with the Cold War discourse still
affect the current vernacular discourse on Malaysia today.
Roots of difference: idea of nation
The Malay Peninsula has always occupied a special place in the Indonesian imagination of the out-
side. The reason for this is its liminal position within the Indonesian imagination. It is neither out-
side nor inside, but harbors a unique place open for interpretation and conflictual claims. During the
colonial period, Malaya was colloquially called as Malakka by the Dutch or Indo population. In fact,
Mohammad Hatta used the term Malakka in his speech at the BPUPKI, which voted not to include it
as part of independent Indonesia. The word Malakka itself evoked something older in the Dutch his-
torical memory. Yet, perusing the Dutch-language newspaper published in the colony, there was a
sense that the colonial Indies society saw the Straits Settlements as a colonial equal, a friendly neighbor
whose major forms of interaction, aside from economics, seem to be expressed in football matches or
other sporting events.
While the Indies colonial society saw British Malaya in friendly terms, the Indonesian nationalists
saw Malaya a natural extension of Indonesia. This natural inclination to see the Malays as a natural
part of the Indonesian people was expressed earlier within the growing nationalist sentiment that
grew out of the Al Azhar university’s Malay student unions, which saw students from both colonies
interacting and resulted in the exposure of students from Malaysia to Indonesian nationalism (Laffan
2004; Chinyong-Liow 2004, 54–56). Indonesian nationalism, thus took on a life of its own in British
Malaya. This nationalism developed within an area in which the British Free Trade policy resulted in
the large immigration of Chinese and Indians living in the cities of the Straits Settlements.
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4. Reading the works of Burhanuddin Al Helmy, one of the founders of the Partai Islam Se-Malaysia
(PAS), his idea of Malay nationalism is rooted in the belief in the presence of a Malay civilization and
race that was unique. “There is no certainty that point to Malay ancestry as Mongolian or Aryan or
Dravidian” (Jaffar 1980, 69). Instead, the Malay race had developed for thousands of years creating
its unique civilizational capability, developing a literary civilization rather than a material one. Yet
this racial position becomes problematic when contextualized in the universalist discourse of Islam.
The idea of Malay nationalism, as he saw it, had significant philosophical obstacles. “The major
obstacle for our ‘Malay nationalism’ lies in two things, first the problem of ‘perkauman’ and second
the misunderstanding of ‘asabiyyah’” (Jaffar 1980, 97). Assabiyah, which was popularized by the
Arab sociologist Ibn Khaldun was group solidarity, which was akin to nationalism or an in-group
solidarity that excludes the out-groups. This was an idea frowned upon in the Universalist view
of Islam. Al Helmy said that “They [meaning Muslims] understood assabiyah as ‘nationality’ and
thus according to them, there is no nationality in Islam” (Jaffar 1980, 97). He tried to distance
the idea of nationality based on the notion of assabiyah in order to legitimate its existence in the
face of Islamic values.
What Helmy tries to do is to argue for the existence of Malay nationalism based on a social con-
struct that hadn’t exist prior to the twentieth century as a political identification mechanism, at least
in the Malay world: the idea of the race. It was something in between the locality of the Adat and the
universality of Islam. Interestingly, in the Indonesian case, this question was never fully and ade-
quately answered. For instance, going back to the discussion in the BPUPKI on the extent of the
national territory of Indonesia, Muhammad Yamin argued that the reason why Papua should be
included as part of the territory of Indonesia lays in the scientific notion that it was part of the Aus-
tronesian race. Mohammad Hatta, in his rebuke, said the following:
Papua, as was said yesterday by Mr. Moh. Yamin, according to the latest ethnological research is part of
the Indonesian people. Perhaps the research is true, but I cannot fully accept it because if we look at it
from a scientific manner – and I am very much determined by science – then it always starts with doubt
and disbelief. If there is evidence, strong and unquestionable evidence that says that the Papuans are part
of our nation and that these evidence are real, then I could truly accept it. (Bahar, Sinaga, and Kusuma
2012, 122)
In fact, Mohammad Hatta argued that the merit for considering the territorial extent of Indonesia
should not be based on racial notion, but on practical reasons by considering the current geopolitical
constellations and the reactions of nations such as the US and Britain in regard to Indonesia’s claim
to the Straits Settlements. He also argued that dabbling in pseudoscience is not the way to go forward
and that it was necessary to maintain a critical faculty in relation to such a nebulous question as racial
connections. He criticized the discussion as potentially being misconstrued as imperial ambition on
the part of Indonesia.
Rather, the BPUPKI discussion on the issue of territory was dominated with geopolitical consider-
ations. The Malay Peninsula was thus framed in both the assumptions of ethnic or racial kinship but
also in connection to a geopolitical framing in which Indonesia felt particularly vulnerable. The
BPUPKI discussed the philosophical, territorial and constitutional basis of the independent Indone-
sian state, yet its position in a hostile world often times colored the discussions. This was particularly
pertinent perhaps because of the fact that Indonesian independence depended on the willingness of a
failing Japanese war effort and that there was a chance that Indonesian national leadership could be
considered as Japanese collaborators, instead of legitimate leaders of the Indonesian nation-state
(Legge 1972, 149–180). In this geopolitical state, Malaya holds a unique position. Muzakkir in the
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5. BPUPKI said that “The Malay lands is the greatest pistol aimed at Indonesian lands and so if the
Peninsula is taken by another country, then the strength of the Indonesian republic cannot be per-
fect” (Bahar, Sinaga, and Kusuma 2012, 114). The importance of Malaya as a geopolitical threat was
thus something that was shared by many Indonesian political leaders.
This dichotomy of Malaya as both kin and a geopolitical threat is central in understanding the Indo-
nesian view of its closest northern neighbor. This would be highlighted during Sukarno’s Guided
Democracy period when he implemented his Revolusi as part of his effort to change the world in
accordance to the sacred mission that was, for him, a logical culmination of the Indonesian revolution.
It also showed that although race and kinship is an important part of the discussion during the
BPUPKI and afterwards, it was always trumped by real geopolitical considerations. Thus, although
the meeting concluded with including the Malay Peninsula and Northern Kalimantan as part of the
country, when Indonesia proclaimed independence and later on obtained its “sovereignty,” it was
quite clear that the nationalist was quite comfortable in acknowledging that Indonesian territory
was a continuation of the Netherlands’ Indies territory. In fact, during the height of Konfrontasi,
Sukarno in one of his speeches denying the accusation as an expansionist said,
Since the start of the National Movement, since our call for an Independent Indonesia, it is clear that we
wanted to create a free country with the territory between Sabang and Merauke, a territory that was once
called the Netherlands Indies. (Sukarno 1964a, 6)
Sukarno may have forgotten his speeches in the BPUPKI that called for the integration of Malaya
with Indonesia, but it is quite clear that Indonesian political interest remains the ultimate determiner
of Malaysian policy in Indonesia. In order to understand better this ambivalent dichotomy regarding
Malaysia within the Indonesian discourse on identity, it may be worthwhile to look at the ideas of
Ibrahim Yaacob, a man that embodied this ambivalence, especially during the height of Cold War
tension in Indonesia.
Ibrahim Yaacob and the Sukarnian image of Malaysia
Perhaps more than most, Ibrahim Yaacob represents the clearest and most succinct case of the idea
of Malaysia within a Sukarnian context. Leaving Malaya days after meeting Sukarno and Moham-
mad Hatta in Taiping on their way back to Jakarta from their historic meeting with Marshall Ter-
auchi in Dalat, Yaacob pressed on them to include Malaya in the future independent Indonesian
nation state. He was there during the BPUPKI meeting, when Yamin interrupted Sukarno’s defense
of Malaya’s inclusion into Indonesia after Mohammad Hatta’s restrained and rational reasoning for
leaving it out, saying “Those Malay youths are waiting outside” (Bahar, Sinaga, and Kusuma 2012,
125). Living in Indonesia for half his life, participating in the revolutionary war and eventually being
buried at the Hero’s Cemetery in Kalibata, Jakarta, Yaacob was the embodiment of the liminal possi-
bility of the Malay–Indonesian debate.
During the height of the Konfrontasi, Yaacob published a Memorandum on the Malay Nation
Confederacy, discussing the various possibilities of future Malay nationhood, which included Indo-
nesia, Malaya and the Philippines. Pan-Malay or Pan-Indonesian nationalism was a nationalism
based on the specific idea of the Malay race. Malayan nationalism that was championed by the
UMNO-AMC-NIC coalition was a betrayal of the idea of the Malay race, because it championed
the idea of creating a multicultural identity based on the colonial experience of the three main
races of Malaya. In Indonesian nationalism, Yaacob, Burhanuddin Helmy and others saw the possi-
bility of forging a true, racially based Malay nationalism and nation-state. Thus, Malay nationalism
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6. was an obvious expression of race and identity politics. Yet, Yaacob was also the prototype Sukar-
noist, a man true to Sukarnian revolutionary ideals, who saw himself as embodying an activist
moral position that rivaled liberal enlightenment and Communism, as part of a logical conclusion
of the movement against colonialism and imperialism.
This Sukarnian world view is inherently ambivalent. On the one hand, it championed an anti-glo-
balization, anti-liberal stance that had been the dominant political thought during the 1930s with the
rise of Fascism and Communism in various parts of the world. Thus, it was based on a notion of local
identity politics, which were often voiced by Yaacob and others as being racially based. It cham-
pioned isolationism through the application of the vague Sukarnian ideals of berdikari, which in
some ways were similar to other isolationist ideologies developing during that period, for instance
the Juche ideology of North Korea. On the other hand, it was a universalist doctrine, which divided
the world into the Old Established Forces (OLDEFO) and the New Emerging Forces (NEFO). Sukar-
no’s effort to create the Pyongyang–Beijing–Hanoi–Jakarta Axis, the holding of the GANEFO
(Games of the New Emerging Forces) and the effort to create a rival to the UN in the form of the
CONEFO (Conference of the New Emerging Forces), point to the rather ambitious effort to provide
an alternative to Liberal Imperialism. Thus, quite radically different from isolationism, Sukarnian
ideology was supportive of an active foreign policy to bring about his idea of Revolution (Revolusi)
on a wider, transnational stage.
This Sukarnian context of Cold War rivalry provides the basis to view the rise of Malaysia (and
Singapore) as a threat to the integrity of the Indonesian nation-state. Thus, the idea of Malaysia was
imbued with geopolitical significance as an almost existential threat to the nation-state.
Yaacob reiterated several points in his memo written during the Konfontasi:
That Malaysia was a feudal creation that has the potential of pulling Indonesia apart.
That Malaysia was pro-Western and will become the economic, political and defence centre of capitalism
in the region to suppress and conduct subversive action on Indonesia.
That the presence of foreign soldiers in Malaya is a direct existential threat to Indonesia’s independence.
That Malaya is the centre for Western economic activity and thus threatens the economic development
of Indonesia.
That Malaysia may in the future be used to foment conflict within Indonesia (diadu-domba). (“Laporan
tentang Malaya” n.d.)
This viewpoint thus saw the creation of Malaysia as a cooperation between what Yaacob called the
cosmopolitans of Malaya – i.e. the Chinese and Indian population who did not view the Peninsula as
a homeland but a node in the wider capitalist, liberal and global world, and the feudal elements of the
Malay aristocracy – and British capitalism, which sought to find a way to safeguard its investment
and position in the region (“Laporan tentang Malaya” n.d.). Although this seems like a classic Sukar-
nian viewpoint, Sukarno’s universalist idea was often expressed in terms of support of local Chinese
population in Indonesia. In fact, this universalist idea meant that Sukarno did not see Indonesian
nationalism strictly in racial or ethnic terms.
In fact, when discussing the Malaysian problem in his various speeches on the issue, Sukarno saw
a clear difference between the Indonesian people and the people of Malaya, Singapore and Northern
Kalimantan.
We are not against the Malaya people – to you Malaya people listen up –, we the Indonesian nation are
not against the people of Malaya, no! We are not against the people of Singapore, we are not against the
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7. people of Brunei, we are not against the people of Sabah, not at all. What we are against, what we want to
destroy, brothers, is neo-colonialism, imperialism that place burden on the shoulders of the people of
Malaya, Singapore, Serawak, Brunei and Sabah. (Sukarno 1964a, 8)
Instead of identifying with the Malay race on a kinship level, Sukarno in fact incited the Chinese
population to revolt against the Malaysian government and called Malaysia as trying to control
the Chinese population. Malaysia is
thus an effort to suppress the Chinese people. This is thus an over vote effort – over vote meaning to
suppress the vote – of the Chinese. I hope that the Chinese brothers in Singapore understand this,
that “Malaysia” is created in order to suppress their vote with that of the Malay vote. (Sukarno
1964b, 10)
No doubt, this might show Sukarno’s desperation in dealing with Malaysia, yet it is quite obvious
that racial or kinship consideration is minimal in his overall grand scheme of the world. This will-
ingness to shy away, although not fully, from a national or racial reading is important because in
Sukarno’s hesitance in regard to this stance is a common theme in Indonesian politics as a mechan-
ism to allow multiple groups to participate in the nationalist discourse without having a common
understanding of what that means.
On a similar level, Sukarno’s attitude toward Islam also echoed similar feelings of ambivalence as
that of ethnicity. Bachtiar Djamily in his biography of Ibrahim Yaacob pointed out what he thought
was Yaacob’s idea concerning Islam in the context of the Indonesian revolution (Djamily 1985).
It is the colonialists that have created a rift and affected the nationalists, with their own religious con-
viction and in proper terms, from the Muslim community a pure ideology has arose that fight for the
rights and freedom from the colonialists in the name of Islam, for the Muslim population, so that it
could in the future create an Islamic state for all the Malay … From this point we view the background
to the rise of the various isms aside from nationalism, such as socialism and communism, which in the
later period, is contrasted with that of Islamism. (Djamily 1985, 55)
And further, Djamily explained that:
The rebellion of 1926 is known generally as a communist rebellion against the Dutch colonialists, but for
many historians it is seen as a rebellion by the people against the Dutch colonialists, in which both the
religious and Adat leaders played a role and the communists portray themselves as head of the rebellion,
while in fact it was their fault that the rebellion failed and as a result the colonialists had an easier time to
squash the rebellion … The rebellion against the colonialist of 1926 cannot be said to be the rebellion of the
Indonesian people against their Dutch colonialists but as a rebellion of the Malay against both the Dutch
and British colonizers (Djamily 1985, 192).
In his reinterpretation of the Indonesian nationalist movement, the culprit of the divide between
nationalism and Islam is rooted in both colonial machination and the rise of western based isms;
communism, socialism, etc. Communism was a western ruse in order to take the glory of the revolu-
tion from the hands of the people, who were ostensibly Muslims. This idea of the reduction of Islam
from being a universal, revolutionary power in lieu of communism was something that Djamily must
have considered Yaacob to have shared.
Djamily had a history that mirrored Yaacob’s personal history in opposite form. He was born in
Batusangkar, West Sumatra in 1929, joining the Indonesian army during the Revolutionary War and
leaving for Malaya in 1948 during the communist insurgency period. No doubt some of his personal
ideas colored his writing on the biography of Yaacob, but Islam certainly played a role that was much
more significant in comparison to the more secular Sukarno as well as many other Indonesian
nationalists. Writing in 1985, in a sense his revisionist history of Indonesian nationalism was
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8. ahead of the curve of the kinds of revisionist history writings that exploded onto the post-Suharto
Indonesian scene.
The difficulty of placing Islam and Indonesian nationalism is something that was shared by both
Yaacob and Helmy. In Yaacob’s or perhaps Djamily’s case, it was important to strengthen the notion
that Indonesian nationalism, especially the one that was exported to the Malay Peninsula – in this
case with the help of the Nationalist Communist Tan Malaka – was something that was not in con-
tradiction with Islam. Instead, Sukarno himself did not share this Islamist idea. His revolution was,
in his eye, universal but for logical and scientific reasons. It is traced not from Islam, but from both
the Enlightenment and the Communist revolution, he reiterated that it was an improvement from
both revolutions. Being a universalist, Sukarno did not see race or nationalism, especially that of
the Malay nationalism as being particularly significant. He was equally close to the Chinese people
as he was the Malay. Yet, aside from being universalist, there was a strong strain of wariness of the
outside world in Sukarno’s ideology. As we saw earlier during the BPUPKI meetings of 1945, geo-
politics was a significant component in the discussion on Indonesia’s territorial and national phil-
osophy. Pan-Indonesianism was something that was entertained if it did not interfere with more
practical geopolitical issues.
More important was the Sukarnian position of Indonesia as a platform for enabling the creation of
a new world order. This was something that was not shared by the Pan-Malays. Their more modest
proposal was based on the need to create racial or ethnic nationalism. Indonesian nationalism devel-
oped within this ambivalent attitude concerning race, which would later on allow it to slowly expand
the idea of the Indonesian as inclusive and multicultural. This continued in Malaysia, where race-
based politics became entrenched in the political landscape of the country. Al Helmy once
denounced the idea of Malayan nationalism that was multicultural in nature and favored Malay
nationalism, something that he found a kindred spirit in the idea of Indonesian nationalism. Ironi-
cally, Indonesian nationalism has developed to include a more inclusive civic identity program in
comparison with Malaysian identity politics.
Post-Suharto resurgence: neo-Sukarnoism and the position of Malaysia in the
national discourse
The collapse of the New Order regime has resulted in the loss of the hegemonic position of its his-
torical interpretation of Indonesia and its position in the world. This has resulted in the resurgence of
revisionist historiographies, for instance in the rise of Islamist revisionism that wants to put Muslim
as a categorical identity marker in the front seat of Indonesian history (Fakih et al. 2015, 347–363).
More important in our case is the resurgence of Sukarnian ideas of suspicion of the threatening out-
side world, a world dominated by a Western dominated order. This anti-global tendency is often
voiced by more leftist elements who have defined globalization and liberalization as threatening
Indonesian sovereignty. This belief in a dangerous and hostile foreign environment has a long,
path-dependent history rooted in Indonesia’s struggle for independence and its initial difficult
years during President Sukarno’s reign during the Middle of the Cold War. The perception that
Indonesia was surrounded on all sides by enemies ready to attack the nation seems to represent a
strong component in the mythology of Indonesian nationalism. This feeling of isolation and vulner-
ability is the result of the perceived hostile action that its neighbors showed during the turbulent
period when Sukarno tried to define a more assertive role for the nation in global affairs.
The Indonesian–Malaysian relationship entered into a new period of turbulence that has echoes
with the periods of the 1950s and early 1960s after a long period of amicable peace during the New
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9. Order. A diplomatic spat concerning border territorial possessions and Indonesia’s perceived loss
of ownership of the Sipadan and Ligitan islands following a ruling of the International Court of
Justice in December 2002 shocked many Indonesian who perceived it as Malaysian insolence
and treachery. The row reached a crescendo in 2009 and 2010 with the highly publicized domestic
abuse and divorce case of an Indonesian socialite against her Malaysian prince husband. The mar-
ital discord was treated almost symbolically by the media to portray the victimization of Indonesia
against a Malaysia that currently had the upper hand. The cultural ownership row initially over the
depiction of a Balinese dance in a tourism advertisement that was commissioned not by the Malay-
sian government but by an international corporation nevertheless entered into the fray of Indone-
sia’s highly charged media and even more electrical social media posts (Chong 2012; Clark and
Pietsch 2014, 20). Perusing the posts of social media or other public sites on the internet where
Indonesian and Malaysian came into contact saw an explosion of hatred and vitriol thrown at
each other.
Yet, outside of the internet, the response from both nations differed. In Malaysia, there was
general bemusement and annoyance that did not generally erupt into anything significant, despite
the digital vitriol of some Malaysian citizens on the web. Yet, in Indonesia, the protests against
Malaysia erupted into the streets and from the mouths of Indonesian officials and citizens. Dem-
onstrations were held in front of the Malaysian embassy in Jakarta and some organizations started
collecting names of volunteers for an expeditionary force that would be sent to crush Malaysia.
The media cheered on the rise of this excessive display of nationalism. Malaysian authorities
had eventually even issued travel warnings as vigilante groups promised to “sweep” Malaysians
from Indonesian streets. Malaysia blamed this excessive expression of anti-Malaysian sentiments
on the media flaming the fire. 2009 was also an election year in which President Susilo Bambang
Yudhoyono won his second term in office. The election was particularly nasty against Yudhoyo-
no’s Vice Presidential choice, Dr. Budiono, an economist who was perceived by many to be a neo-
liberal lackey. This perception of weakness against foreign intervention may have been a strong
contributing factor underlying the intensity of the Anti-Malaysia sentiments.
Responding to the interest in Indonesia–Malaysia relations, a number of popular publications
appeared on the market since the later 2000s that exploited the anti-Malaysia sentiments that had
taken hold of the popular discourse. Most of the books were published in Java, quite a number in
Yogyakarta and were often badly written and researched. One particular publisher was based in a
shop in Yogyakarta’s Malioboro shopping street and appears to have published these books purely
to make money without having a deeper ideological goal. In the early period of Reformasi, Yogya-
karta hosted a thriving independent publishing scene that operated in an almost wild west fashion.
This was initially stoked as a result of the freedom to read and publish previously banned books and
literature. While some publishing houses succeeded in finding a respectable footing, most went
under the churn and eddies of the city’s free market publication world. Many publishers found foot-
ing in certain popular books that spouted pseudoscience and types of conspiracy theories, in particu-
lar those related to Indonesia – books on Indonesia as the origin of Atlantis or Indonesia as the final
resting place of Adolf Hitler. No doubt, the credibility of these types of books was seen to be suspect
by many, especially those within academia, yet it is also clear that they were read by some of the pub-
lic. The laissez-faire nature of Indonesia’s publication sector meant that books published by dubious
publishing houses catered to the market and thus the discourses offered in the books oftentimes mir-
rored what had already been present in the wider societal discourse. As such, perusing these books
represented an opportunity to understand how Malaysia functioned as an “other” in the current
Indonesian discourse.
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10. In general, there are two differing responses to Indonesia’s Malaysian question. The first was a
positive response identifying similar kinship traits, in particular, Islam as a marker to strengthen
communication and cooperation. The second was a negative response in line with Sukarnian
ideas. These popular publications oftentimes slipped into the domain of conspiracy theory; conjuring
geopolitical narratives that supported categorization of nations and peoples as threats, as a means to
define one’s political identity. Yet, what kinds of theories did people wrote about Malaysia and how
did these affect the political identities of these particular groups?
Malaysia as kin: Islam as a unifying factor
Efforts to rekindle positive ties with Malaysia started quite soon after Malaysian independence in
1957. In 1959, a Treaty of Friendship was signed in Jakarta by both countries in order to establish
cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia. This culminated in the 1962 agreement to the creation
of a unified spelling system for both the Bahasa Indonesia and Malaysia. This was not implemented
as a result of Konfrontasi, but after the fall of Sukarno such cooperation resumed resulting in the
formation of the Language Council of Brunei Indonesia and Malaysia (MBIM, latter MABBIM)
in 1972. Aside from the relationship between the UMNO and New Order elites, there had also
been contact with other groups in society, in particular contacts between Malaysia and particular
regions in Indonesia, especially with Riau, a province with the strongest identification of kinship
with the Malaysians. For instance, a dialogue was held amongst Malay entrepreneurs hailing from
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei in Pekanbaru in 1994.
The dialogues in 1988 and the 1990s were held at the Ministerial level and were attended by some
of the most high-ranking individuals and future leaders of the state, including the current Prime
Minister of Malaysia, Tun Abdul Razak, then as Minister of Youth and Sports, along with the Golkar
politician Akbar Tanjung. The Dialog Pemuda Indonesia Malaysia held during the 1980s and 1990s
was meant to synchronize the views of both Indonesian and Malaysian political elites on the need to
cooperate in the context of ASEAN and in the context of a globalizing and industrializing region. It
was held under the premise that continued good will, cooperation and shared management of each
other’s role and expectations require regular meet-ups amongst both nation’s future elites. In his
speech in the 1990 dialogue, Tun Razak explained that, aside from cultural and historical “perspec-
tives” for continuing cooperation, there was also a security issue. “Malaysia is forward defense for Indo-
nesia and Indonesia is real defense for Malaysia” (Dialog Pemuda Indonesia-Malaysia 1990, 9, the
emphasis in original). L. B. Moerdani, the then-Indonesian Minister of Defence pointed out the impor-
tance of managing both nation’s expectations. “The historical experiences of both nations have shown
that this special relationship cannot be taken as something for granted” (Dialog Pemuda Indonesia-
Malaysia 1990, 36). Thus, amongst the elites of the period, there was a notion that the peace and accord
between the two countries were fragile and that conflict could erupt again in the future. There was a
notion that both elites of the country have to manage their relationship in order to support an amicable
relationship based on a rationalist readings of the regional tendency of which both countries are a part.
There is also a shared belief that the Konfrontasi period was a historical mistake that had to be rectified,
and a shared historiography on the matter. In the discussion on history in many of the speeches,
Sukarno was practically never mentioned. Yet, the specter of his radicalism seem to hang in the air
as a warning for possible future conflict.
In the post-Suharto period, many of the efforts continued. The Golkar Party, for instance, con-
tinued to have multilevel meet-ups with their Malaysian counterparts. In 2000, a proceedings was
published for the colloquium held in Kuala Lumpur on language and intellectual thought in
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11. Indonesia and Malaysia, held by the Malaysian Council for Language and Culture (Dewan Bahasa
dan Budaya). The concept of Alam Melayu (the Malay World) as a concept that unified Indonesia
and Malaysia within a common cultural area was pushed especially by Riau scholars in Indonesia.
In 2003, the Riau University Press published a book on the Malay world in a period in which
Sumatran Malays were becoming more assertive as Java became less dominant in a decentralized
Indonesia and the Malaysian/Singaporean connection becomes more important as source of
growth. In 2011, a conference was held by the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and Universitas
Pasundan in Bandung with the theme on Sunda Islam and the Malay world (Melayu Nusantara),
with speakers from Malaysia and Bandung discussing on the importance of kinship and the Isla-
mic religion as a unifying factor in a common search for the core cultural values of the two groups
(Jusuf Eddy, Dadang Bainur, and Hawe Setiawan 2011). Similar to the overtures with Riau uni-
versities, the Bandung case highlights the fragmented nature of Indonesia’s response toward
Malaysia; instead of having an Indonesian–Malaysian meet up, it was held in connection with reli-
gious similarities.
The intellectual development of the concept of Malay civilization (Tamaddun Melayu) can be
seen in the books published on this theme by various universities there. The Islamic College in
Pekanbaru (UIN Pekanbaru) aimed to be a center of excellence for Southeast Asian Islamic regional
and Malay civilization studies. The development of Malay civilization studies follows on the heels of
Malay universities that have had journals (Tamadun Melayu) and books published for decades. In
Malaysia, the development of such concepts was related to its racialized identity politics and the
race-based nature of its political identity building. Indonesia’s civic nationalism frowned upon
such “fragmentary” intellectual pursuit because it threatened the unity of the nation. Nation-build-
ing in Indonesia was state-controlled and managed a unified identity through a policy of absence,
instead of building a truly multicultural and plural narrative. Social discourse was monitored and
any discussion that frays into what was termed as SARA (suku, agama and ras or ethnicity, religion
and race) was deemed hazardous to the cohesion of society, especially in the 1990s when a series of
communal conflicts arose that threatened national cohesion (Bertrand 2004). The collapse of the
New Order allowed for the rise of regional ethnic, religious and race-based discourse to arise.
Ellya Roza’s History of Malay Civilization (Sejarah Tamadun Melayu), for instance, is a historical
tome that forgets the Indonesian element in the story (Roza 2016). This was something that might
have been seen by the New Order apparatchiks as subversive, but has become more common in
today’s democratic Indonesia. It also shows the limitation of the appeal of Malay civilization
and its inherently ethnic character; mostly to Malay-ethnic dominated areas such as Riau and
Archipelagic Riau Provinces.
The idea of Islam as a unifier is something that is shared by many Indonesians and Malaysians. A
writer on the Indonesian Islamist website eramuslim.com cited Dr Nik Anuar Nik Mahmud from the
Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu. The writer claimed Dr Mahmud’s reason for the discord
between Indonesia and Malaysia was a result of a Western scheme started by Sir Thomas Stamford
Raffles who managed the area for British imperialism. He claimed that Raffles’ strategy was two-
pronged. First, he would allow immigration from outside the Malay area in order to create a multi-
cultural, instead of a Malay, dominated area. Secondly, he made sure that kings in the Malay terri-
tories, which included Sumatra, Java and Borneo, would be cut off from their Arab religious advisors
so that Islamic advice would be eliminated from local courts (“Mengapa Malaysia” 2011). This kind
of sentiment is sometimes echoed by popular Indonesian history books; for instance, Syarafuddin
Usman and Iswanita Din wrote that the reasons for Indonesia’s military wariness for the Malaysia
project in the 1960s were racially charged.
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12. Like Sukarno, the military leadership of Indonesia initially thought that creation of the Malaysian Fed-
eration was a product of British neocolonialism. The army was afraid that uniting Singapore and Malaya
would result in the domination of the federation by the Chinese. If that happens, then the federation
becomes a means for Beijing to influence the area. (Usman and Din 2009)
These sentiments mirrored anxiety toward the outside world, a position that still influences Indone-
sian thought about Malaysia, something that had been voiced far earlier in Indonesia’s history, as
Sukarno’s BPUPKI speech above showed.
Malaysia as threat: the foreign vessel
Usman and Din’s account of the fear of the Indonesian army regarding the Malaysian federation as a
Chinese proxy is inherent in the fear that is exhibited by many Indonesians who have shared a Sukar-
nian sentiment of Indonesia’s relation with the outside world. This fear of outside interference is an
important core component of Indonesian national myth. The idea of the revolution as Indonesia
fighting against a superior force helped by the West and its global control brings up the image of
the Indonesian fighter, wearing tattered civilian uniforms and carrying makeshift bamboo spears,
ready to give his or her life to the motherland. This is iconic and provoking. Again, Sukarno’s “revo-
lution” in the late 1950s and 1960s, when Indonesia defied British and American machinations, yell-
ing at Washington to “go to hell with your aid,” leaving the United Nations and trying to create a new
world order, reveals the fear Sukarno had with outside intervention. Indonesian national identity was
shaped by its international relationship during the Cold War, and the spirit of berdikari or self-suf-
ficiency was the noble aim of the Sukarnian revolution.
In the post-Suharto period, the idea has transmogrified into an ambivalent attitude toward the
outside world, with a strong anti-globalization component that is espoused by both leftist and Mus-
lim thinkers in the country. Yet, unlike Sukarno’s positive effort to make the world anew, the current
imagination is decidedly less positive. Anti-globalization and anti-neoliberalism has traditionally
been the preserves of Indonesia’s leftist intellectuals, but include Muslim ones as well, for instance
Amien Rais, a high up in the Muhammadiyah Muslim church, the biggest modernist Muslim organ-
ization in the country (Amien Rais 2008). These anti-global narratives see Indonesia as a victim of
the machinations of the global order and point to neocolonial exploits such as investments by Amer-
ican mining giants as proof.
In a 2009 book entitled Malaysia Membungkam Indonesia, a writer by the name of Wibowo,
defined the anti-globalization movements that have risen, particularly since the 2008 world financial
crisis, as Neo-Sukarnoism and grouped them with the Chavista movement and other leftist Latin
American movements heralding from the same global anxiety. It is here that Malaysia and Singapore
were seen to be particularly important components in the effort to destroy Indonesia. His oddly
placed sub-title, which reads, “Is Israel and Singapore involved?”, points to the old Sukarnian
trope of seeing Malaysian creation as part of the effort of the OLDEFO to perpetuate neocolonialism
and Western imperialism.
Now and in front of the Indonesian nation’s nose, Malaysia neocolonialist wants to destroy the unity of
the Muslim population of Indonesia. Through neocolonialist Malaysia, American Jewish groups wants
to see the Republic of Indonesia destroyed into pieces just like the Soviet Union Communist world power
so that it can conquer Indonesian territory one by one. (Wibowo 2009, 125)
The publisher of the above book written by Wibowo, also published a book entitled Perjanjian
Malaysia Yahudi, written by Mircea Windham, a probable pseudonym. This book extrapolates
386 F. FAKIH
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13. further Wibowo’s discussion. In a weird discussion on Malay origins, Windham imagined the possi-
bility for a Malay connection with the Jews.
The Malays are obviously not Jews, but they may have fraternal ties with the Jews. Is it possible that they
have a special relationship despite the fact that Malaysian are overwhelmingly Muslim that are against
Zionism and is also hated by the Zionists? Or is it possible that Malaysia is created by the hidden hands
of the Jews? (Windham 2010, 10)
The evidence for Malaysia as a Jewish puppet is flimsy to non-existent at best, yet no doubt the
assumption for “foreign control” of the elites of the country is something that is shared by elements
in both Indonesia and Malaysia. Windham discusses British involvement in both the independence
of Malaysia and Israel and the flurry of “scandals” involving Prime Minister Mahathir Muhammad
and the lobbying firm APCO that surfaced during his reign and which were attacked in Malaysia as
proof of the PM’s relationship with the Zionists. Sentiments against the Indonesian elites were
especially fraught in 2009 and 2010 as a result of the presidential election. Several books on Budiono,
for instance, talked about how he is a lackey to the global order and that the Yudhoyono presidency
was put in place to support the neoliberal colonization of Indonesia (Yuwono 2009).
The uniqueness of Malaysia, in this regard, is amply demonstrated by the popular books
above. Malaysia is a vessel into which various narratives of anxieties were poured into for dom-
estic consumption. Malaysia was both a Chinese, Western and Zionist threat, a proxy into which
these nefarious forces would operate against the interest of the Indonesian people or of
Nusantara Muslim or any other local or regional identities. These fears continue with the idea
of Malaysia as a geopolitical threat, as used by people such as Sukarno and Ibrahim Yaacob
in the 1940s and 1960s.
National anxieties against globalization have a long history and, in fact, one might argue that
the rise of nationalism was in part related to the effects of globalization. Yet, it is clear that the
relationship of nations with the “outside” world is varied in accordance with the paths that each
nation developed in its historical trajectory. Malaysia’s multiculturalism was based on race and
religious groups that migrated there as a result of its position as a global or regional hub, and its
economy was built on these global and regional connections, while Indonesia developed in a
more closed off environment, and its center, Java, was an agricultural-based society with a
long traditional idea of self-sufficiency. The Dutch East Indies closed off Java and much of
the Outer Islands until the end of the nineteenth century and they supported the creation of
Adat identities and legal structures that mythologized traditional ethnic identities. The Indone-
sian national identity was shaped by Adat romanticism and supported the creation of a national
civic identity with a new and modern Indonesian identity (Bourchier 2015, 25–34). Yet, it is cur-
ious that none of the popular discourses that see Malaysia as a geopolitical threat delves into the
question of race and kinship; seeing Malaysia as a foreign nation that functions as proxy to global
powers. According to Zainuddin Jafar, a researcher from a think tank center, it was important for
Indonesians to leave behind the outdated notion of Malaysia as kin or brother to the Indonesian
people, as Malaysia’s successful economy and diplomatic strategy has made it a competitor not
brother to the Indonesians (Purwoko 2010). Various blogposts also opined the idea that the
Malaysian kinship with Indonesia is not true (Hacky 2013; Forum 2013). One blogpost pointed
out that the Austronesian category was a linguistic category not a racial one and thus the pre-
sumed kinship must be called into question. Entitled “Malaysia as kin nation? No way!” the com-
ment section had many people trying to defend the idea of serumpun and some pointed out that
language was a central component of kinship (Yari 2007).
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14. While people such as Muhammad Yamin and Burhanuddin al-Helmy could ponder upon a
shared racial identity in the far past, this is less relevant to the discussions that have occurred in
the Reformasi period. This may perhaps be related to the success of the Indonesian state’s effort
to shape a civic-based national identity that tries to do away with sensitive ethnic and religious iden-
tities. As we’ve seen, the idea of a shared “racial” or “ethnic” commonality is open to the reception of
Malay ethnic groups such as those in Riau, while a shared Islamic heritage has also been, so far, lim-
ited to particular ethnic groups that have strongly identified their ethnic identity with their religious
identity, for instance, that of the Sundanese. This may change in the future as Islamic piety gain
adherents amongst a wider and new Muslim middle class.
Conclusion
Can a reading of several popular books published in Indonesia during the post-Suharto period truly
tell us anything about the Indonesian perception of Malaysia? Judging from the books consulted
above, it seems that the idea of Malaysia from their perspective is less determined by kinship
ideas than by the perception of national weakness against the outside world. Even in books published
to explore these aspects, for instance, the Sunda Islam, Melayu Nusantara proceedings, there is no
effort to rethink the Sundanese’s relationship with Indonesian nationalism, and, in fact, Indonesian
Islam is seen as supporting a more inclusive, plural and democratic society. Only amongst the Malay-
sian speeches in the conference were there discussions on Malay identity. In the more anti-Malaysian
books, there is little discussion on kinship and the Malaysian position is seen through the lens of
geopolitics instead of anything based on shared political identity. This is something that had pre-
cedent in Sukarno’s speeches during the Konfrontasi era, which saw the problems in relation to
Indonesian anxiety toward the Western-dominated global order. Although it would require
more comprehensive research, including in-depth analyses of popular discourse in social media,
our tentative view is that Indonesia’s feeling of geopolitical weakness as a result of the collapse
of the New Order and the perceived Malaysian encroachment in the 2000s, as being more signifi-
cant in Indonesia’s understanding of the relationship with its northern neighbor than feelings of
racial kinship.
Notes on contributor
Farabi Fakih is a lecturer at the History Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada. His main research interests is
on urban history, the history of the Indonesian state and the intellectual history of Indonesia.
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16. Special terms
perkauman communalism
Revolusi Revolution
berdikari self-sufficiency
serumpun brotherhood
Reformasi reformation
Institut Alam dan Tamadun Melayu Institute of Malay World and Civilization
Melayu Nusantara Malay archipelago
Alam Melayu the Malay World
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