The document discusses several types of congenital deformities of the muscular skeletal system. It describes congenital deformities as physical defects present at birth that may involve one or multiple body parts. Common types discussed include clubfoot, limb deficiencies, polydactyly, and spina bifida. For each type, the document outlines causes, diagnostic methods, treatment approaches, and prognosis.
Clubfoot is a birth defect where the foot is twisted into an abnormal position. It occurs in about 1 in 1,000 births and is more common in males. The cause is unknown but may involve abnormal foot positioning in the uterus. Treatment involves application of casts or use of splints to manipulate the foot into a corrected position.
A herniated or prolapsed disc occurs when a tear in the outer ring of an intervertebral disc allows the soft inner material to bulge out. This most commonly affects the lumbar region. Symptoms include back pain and pain radiating into the legs. Diagnosis involves physical exam, x-rays, CT scans and MRI. Treatment options range from non-surgical approaches like medication, physical therapy and injections to surgical procedures like discectomy, laminectomy or spinal fusion. The goal of treatment is to relieve pressure on nerves and reduce pain.
It is not surprising if a bone breaks but what is surprising is the fact that bone does not break more often considering the amount of forces it is subjected to everyday by muscle action ,load transmission, etc. bone has devised its own mechanism to ward off the unnatural forces and keep itself intact. But only when the force is to large and occurs suddenly or the force is chronic and repetitive or when the natural resistance of bone is eroded by diseases process that a bone succumbs to the insult and break.
This document discusses developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), which refers to abnormal development of the hip joint that can occur before or after birth. DDH ranges in severity from mild acetabular dysplasia to complete dislocation of the femoral head. Risk factors include family history, female sex, breech positioning, and tight uterine environments. Symptoms vary by age but may include limping, leg length discrepancy, or limited hip abduction. Diagnosis involves physical exam maneuvers and imaging tests. Treatment depends on age and severity, and may include closed or open reduction along with casting or bracing to maintain proper hip positioning. Complications can include avascular necrosis or joint damage if not properly treated.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column does not fully close around the spinal cord. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close properly during early embryonic development. The main types are spina bifida occulta (mildest), meningocele (meninges protrude through opening), and myelomeningocele (most severe where spinal cord and membranes protrude). Symptoms range from minor skin marks to paralysis depending on location and severity of the defect. Treatment involves surgery to cover the exposed tissues and may include shunts to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid. Lifelong management focuses on rehabilitation, prevention of infections and complications, and addressing mobility, bladder, and bowel issues.
Club foot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a congenital deformity where the foot is twisted out of shape. It occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include family history, smoking during pregnancy, and lack of amniotic fluid. Treatment options for club foot include stretching and casting, which is the most common approach, as well as stretching and taping or surgery. With early treatment, those with club foot can often walk normally and lead active lives.
Chest injuries can be life-threatening and result from blunt or penetrating trauma. The document defines a chest injury as any injury affecting the ribs, heart, lungs, blood vessels, trachea or esophagus. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults. Types of chest injuries include rib fractures, hemothorax, flail chest, pulmonary contusion, and cardiac tamponade. Diagnostic evaluation involves history, physical exam, x-ray, CT scan and monitoring for symptoms like respiratory distress, decreased breath sounds, and chest pain. Management focuses on resuscitation, stabilizing the chest wall, draining fluids, addressing fractures, and monitoring for complications.
This document provides information on spinal cord injuries. It discusses causes such as trauma, diseases, and congenital defects. It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord and classifications of spinal cord injuries as complete or incomplete. Complications involving different body systems are outlined. Nursing diagnoses for a patient with a spinal cord injury include risks for ineffective breathing, airway clearance, infection, and impaired skin integrity. Treatment focuses on prevention of secondary injuries, complications, and rehabilitation.
Clubfoot is a birth defect where the foot is twisted into an abnormal position. It occurs in about 1 in 1,000 births and is more common in males. The cause is unknown but may involve abnormal foot positioning in the uterus. Treatment involves application of casts or use of splints to manipulate the foot into a corrected position.
A herniated or prolapsed disc occurs when a tear in the outer ring of an intervertebral disc allows the soft inner material to bulge out. This most commonly affects the lumbar region. Symptoms include back pain and pain radiating into the legs. Diagnosis involves physical exam, x-rays, CT scans and MRI. Treatment options range from non-surgical approaches like medication, physical therapy and injections to surgical procedures like discectomy, laminectomy or spinal fusion. The goal of treatment is to relieve pressure on nerves and reduce pain.
It is not surprising if a bone breaks but what is surprising is the fact that bone does not break more often considering the amount of forces it is subjected to everyday by muscle action ,load transmission, etc. bone has devised its own mechanism to ward off the unnatural forces and keep itself intact. But only when the force is to large and occurs suddenly or the force is chronic and repetitive or when the natural resistance of bone is eroded by diseases process that a bone succumbs to the insult and break.
This document discusses developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), which refers to abnormal development of the hip joint that can occur before or after birth. DDH ranges in severity from mild acetabular dysplasia to complete dislocation of the femoral head. Risk factors include family history, female sex, breech positioning, and tight uterine environments. Symptoms vary by age but may include limping, leg length discrepancy, or limited hip abduction. Diagnosis involves physical exam maneuvers and imaging tests. Treatment depends on age and severity, and may include closed or open reduction along with casting or bracing to maintain proper hip positioning. Complications can include avascular necrosis or joint damage if not properly treated.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spinal column does not fully close around the spinal cord. It occurs when the neural tube fails to close properly during early embryonic development. The main types are spina bifida occulta (mildest), meningocele (meninges protrude through opening), and myelomeningocele (most severe where spinal cord and membranes protrude). Symptoms range from minor skin marks to paralysis depending on location and severity of the defect. Treatment involves surgery to cover the exposed tissues and may include shunts to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid. Lifelong management focuses on rehabilitation, prevention of infections and complications, and addressing mobility, bladder, and bowel issues.
Club foot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a congenital deformity where the foot is twisted out of shape. It occurs in approximately 1 in 1,000 live births. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include family history, smoking during pregnancy, and lack of amniotic fluid. Treatment options for club foot include stretching and casting, which is the most common approach, as well as stretching and taping or surgery. With early treatment, those with club foot can often walk normally and lead active lives.
Chest injuries can be life-threatening and result from blunt or penetrating trauma. The document defines a chest injury as any injury affecting the ribs, heart, lungs, blood vessels, trachea or esophagus. Common causes include motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assaults. Types of chest injuries include rib fractures, hemothorax, flail chest, pulmonary contusion, and cardiac tamponade. Diagnostic evaluation involves history, physical exam, x-ray, CT scan and monitoring for symptoms like respiratory distress, decreased breath sounds, and chest pain. Management focuses on resuscitation, stabilizing the chest wall, draining fluids, addressing fractures, and monitoring for complications.
This document provides information on spinal cord injuries. It discusses causes such as trauma, diseases, and congenital defects. It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord and classifications of spinal cord injuries as complete or incomplete. Complications involving different body systems are outlined. Nursing diagnoses for a patient with a spinal cord injury include risks for ineffective breathing, airway clearance, infection, and impaired skin integrity. Treatment focuses on prevention of secondary injuries, complications, and rehabilitation.
Club foot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a deformity where the foot is twisted inward and downward. It occurs in about 1 in 1000 live births and is more common in boys. Causes may include genetic factors or excessive pressure on the fetus. Club foot is classified based on the direction the foot is twisted. Treatment involves manipulation and casting, known as the Ponseti method, to gradually correct the deformity in most cases. For resistant cases, surgery may be needed to reshape bones. Nursing care focuses on skin integrity during casting and addressing parental anxiety or potential body image issues.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone that results in inflammation, necrosis, and new bone formation. It is classified as hematogenous, contiguous focus, or associated with vascular insufficiency. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Clinical manifestations include pain, swelling, and drainage from non-healing ulcers. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical debridement, and stabilization of the bone. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing complications like sepsis, and educating patients.
Congenital anomalies include structural, functional, and biochemical disorders present at birth. The global incidence is 30-70 per 1000 live births, and in India it is 2.5-4%. Genetic and environmental factors can cause congenital anomalies. Genetic counseling provides information to families about genetic disorders and helps prevent transmission of hereditary conditions. Measures to prevent congenital anomalies include promoting pre-pregnancy health, immunizations, avoiding teratogens and infections during pregnancy, and prenatal screening and diagnosis.
The document discusses traction, which is a treatment method for fractures that involves applying pulling forces to the broken bone. It defines traction and outlines its purposes, which include maintaining proper bone alignment and reducing pain. The document describes the two main types of traction - skin traction and skeletal traction. Skin traction applies force directly to the skin, while skeletal traction uses pins or wires implanted in the bone. The document provides details on application procedures and precautions for both skin and skeletal traction.
The document describes the "Rule of Nines", which is a method used to estimate the percentage of total body surface area that is burned. The body is divided into 11 sections, with each section representing approximately 9% of the total body surface area. Adding up the burned areas according to this scale allows healthcare providers to quickly assess the severity and extent of the burns.
Paraplegia is a spinal cord injury that paralyzes the lower limbs, caused by damage to the spinal cord and nervous system. It affects movement in the trunk, legs, and pelvic region. Causes include spinal fractures, tumors, infections, and trauma. Paraplegia is categorized as complete or incomplete based on the extent of movement loss. Complications include pressure sores, urinary issues, muscle tightness, osteoporosis, and respiratory problems. Physiotherapy focuses on prevention of complications, strengthening, stretching, mobility training, and achieving independence through exercise and assistive devices.
An intervertebral disc prolapse occurs when a tear in the outer ring of an intervertebral disc allows the inner nucleus pulposus to bulge out. The document discusses the anatomy and functions of intervertebral discs, causes and types of disc prolapses, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options including medications, physical therapy, injections, and various surgical procedures. Nursing care focuses on preoperative teaching, postoperative monitoring for complications, managing pain, and providing education on mobility restrictions and home care.
The document provides information about Club foot, Congenital Hip Dysplasia, and Fractures that was taught to nursing students. Key points include definitions, types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and management for each condition. Students learned to define, explain, list, enumerate, and describe various aspects of Club foot, Congenital Hip Dysplasia, and Fractures.
Prof. Muhammad Shahiduzzaman discusses fractures in pediatric patients. He notes that 60% of the population in Bangladesh is under 20 years old, and fractures account for 15% of injuries in children. Fracture patterns differ from adults due to children having stronger ligaments, more cartilage, and growth plates that allow for remodeling. Common fractures include buckle fractures, greenstick fractures, and Salter-Harris fractures of the physis. Treatment depends on the fracture type but often involves closed reduction and casting, with surgery reserved for more complex cases. Children generally heal faster than adults from fractures.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly, leaving an opening in the spine. It occurs in about 1-2 per 1000 live births. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta which has no symptoms, meningocele which is a sac protruding from the spine containing fluid and membranes, and myelomeningocele which is the most severe form where the spinal cord and membranes protrude out. Treatment depends on the type but may include surgery to close the opening after birth along with management to prevent infections and complications.
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way.
Quadriplegia is a form of paralysis that affects all four limbs and the torso, caused by damage to the spinal cord or brain. It can be complete or incomplete. Complete quadriplegia results in total paralysis of the arms and legs while incomplete allows some movement or sensation. Spastic quadriplegia involves muscle spasms. Damage levels also impact symptoms, with higher damage carrying worse prognoses like loss of breathing control. Common causes are vehicle accidents, falls, and injuries. Treatment involves immobilization, imaging, steroids, surgery if needed, and long-term rehabilitation.
Paget's disease is a chronic bone disorder that causes abnormal bone remodeling, resulting in weakened, deformed bones. It occurs when the normal bone breakdown and formation process becomes imbalanced. Symptoms include bone pain, fractures, arthritis, and neurological problems if the skull or spine are affected. It is diagnosed through x-rays, blood tests, bone scans or biopsies. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms through medications like bisphosphonates, calcitonin, exercise, diet, and sometimes surgery for severe cases. Nursing care involves pain management, fall prevention, education, and addressing mobility issues or other complications.
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy for nursing studentsPreeths Roshan
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. It results from an increase in the number and size of cells in the prostate and affects around 50% of men by age 50 and 90% of men by age 80. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, urgency, and dribbling. Risk factors include family history, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Treatment options range from medication to minimally invasive procedures like TUNA to more invasive surgeries like TURP. Nursing care focuses on restoring urinary drainage, treating any infections, educating patients, and managing
This document discusses osteomalacia, a disease characterized by softening of the bones due to defective mineralization. It is caused by vitamin D deficiency and/or phosphate deficiency. Signs include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragile bones. Laboratory findings show low calcium and phosphate levels as well as elevated alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment involves vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Exercise and sunlight exposure can also help strengthen bones affected by osteomalacia.
Rehabilitation for paraplegia and quadriplegiaJose Anilda
This document discusses the rehabilitation of patients with paraplegia and quadriplegia. It begins by defining the terms and explaining the rehabilitation team and measures used. These include stretching, aerobic, and strengthening exercises. Physical agents like heat therapy and electrical stimulation are also used. Symptomatic treatments address issues like pain, spasticity, and nutrition. Orthotics like braces and wheelchairs assist mobility. Gait training helps achieve balance. Home programs and ergonomic advice aid daily living. Therapeutic exercises target specific muscle groups and functions. Rehabilitation aims to return patients to their highest functional ability.
Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during the third week of gestation. Symptoms include paralysis of the lower limbs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and cognitive impairments. Treatment requires multidisciplinary care and focuses on preventing infections, promoting urinary function, and managing complications through surgery, medications, bracing and rehabilitation.
1. Herniation of an intervertebral disc occurs when the nucleus of the disc protrudes into the annulus, compressing nerves and causing pain. It most commonly affects the lumbar spine.
2. Risk factors include age, trauma, congenital predisposition, occupational stresses, obesity, and smoking. Symptoms depend on location and severity of compression but usually involve neck/back pain radiating into extremities.
3. Diagnosis is confirmed by CT/MRI imaging. Treatment involves rest, analgesics, physical therapy, steroid injections, and possibly surgery to decompress nerves if conservative measures fail. Patient education focuses on lifestyle changes and proper body mechanics to prevent recurrence.
This document provides information about clubfoot and developmental dysplasia of the hip. It defines clubfoot as a congenital deformity where the foot is twisted out of shape. It describes various types of clubfoot deformities and treatments which may include serial casting and surgery. It also defines developmental dysplasia of the hip as imperfect development of the hip joint which can lead to subluxation or dislocation. Clinical signs and tests for diagnosis are outlined as well as nonsurgical treatments like splinting and casting and potential surgical interventions.
CDM - L. SUNEETHAsddfdfdfdfdfdffddfd.pptxLankeSuneetha
Congenital deformities of the musculoskeletal system can involve abnormalities at single sites or be part of a syndrome. Common types include clubfoot, limb deficiencies, and polydactyly. Clubfoot is a twisted foot position present at birth that is typically treated through manipulation and casting. Limb deficiencies can be longitudinal, involving specific bone abnormalities, or transverse, with all elements beyond a certain level absent. Polydactyly involves extra digits, most commonly an extra thumb or toes. Diagnosis involves imaging and genetic testing. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include prosthetics or surgery.
Clubfoot is a birth defect where one or both feet are twisted into an abnormal position. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors and affects males more than females. Treatment involves stretching the feet into correct position with casting or taping and bracing to maintain correction. Parents are taught exercises and bracing is worn long-term to prevent recurrence. Nursing focuses on monitoring for skin issues from casting, teaching parents exercises and brace use, and supporting the child's development.
Club foot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a deformity where the foot is twisted inward and downward. It occurs in about 1 in 1000 live births and is more common in boys. Causes may include genetic factors or excessive pressure on the fetus. Club foot is classified based on the direction the foot is twisted. Treatment involves manipulation and casting, known as the Ponseti method, to gradually correct the deformity in most cases. For resistant cases, surgery may be needed to reshape bones. Nursing care focuses on skin integrity during casting and addressing parental anxiety or potential body image issues.
Osteomyelitis is an infection of the bone that results in inflammation, necrosis, and new bone formation. It is classified as hematogenous, contiguous focus, or associated with vascular insufficiency. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common causative organism. Clinical manifestations include pain, swelling, and drainage from non-healing ulcers. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics, surgical debridement, and stabilization of the bone. Nursing care focuses on pain management, preventing complications like sepsis, and educating patients.
Congenital anomalies include structural, functional, and biochemical disorders present at birth. The global incidence is 30-70 per 1000 live births, and in India it is 2.5-4%. Genetic and environmental factors can cause congenital anomalies. Genetic counseling provides information to families about genetic disorders and helps prevent transmission of hereditary conditions. Measures to prevent congenital anomalies include promoting pre-pregnancy health, immunizations, avoiding teratogens and infections during pregnancy, and prenatal screening and diagnosis.
The document discusses traction, which is a treatment method for fractures that involves applying pulling forces to the broken bone. It defines traction and outlines its purposes, which include maintaining proper bone alignment and reducing pain. The document describes the two main types of traction - skin traction and skeletal traction. Skin traction applies force directly to the skin, while skeletal traction uses pins or wires implanted in the bone. The document provides details on application procedures and precautions for both skin and skeletal traction.
The document describes the "Rule of Nines", which is a method used to estimate the percentage of total body surface area that is burned. The body is divided into 11 sections, with each section representing approximately 9% of the total body surface area. Adding up the burned areas according to this scale allows healthcare providers to quickly assess the severity and extent of the burns.
Paraplegia is a spinal cord injury that paralyzes the lower limbs, caused by damage to the spinal cord and nervous system. It affects movement in the trunk, legs, and pelvic region. Causes include spinal fractures, tumors, infections, and trauma. Paraplegia is categorized as complete or incomplete based on the extent of movement loss. Complications include pressure sores, urinary issues, muscle tightness, osteoporosis, and respiratory problems. Physiotherapy focuses on prevention of complications, strengthening, stretching, mobility training, and achieving independence through exercise and assistive devices.
An intervertebral disc prolapse occurs when a tear in the outer ring of an intervertebral disc allows the inner nucleus pulposus to bulge out. The document discusses the anatomy and functions of intervertebral discs, causes and types of disc prolapses, symptoms, diagnostic tests, treatment options including medications, physical therapy, injections, and various surgical procedures. Nursing care focuses on preoperative teaching, postoperative monitoring for complications, managing pain, and providing education on mobility restrictions and home care.
The document provides information about Club foot, Congenital Hip Dysplasia, and Fractures that was taught to nursing students. Key points include definitions, types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests and management for each condition. Students learned to define, explain, list, enumerate, and describe various aspects of Club foot, Congenital Hip Dysplasia, and Fractures.
Prof. Muhammad Shahiduzzaman discusses fractures in pediatric patients. He notes that 60% of the population in Bangladesh is under 20 years old, and fractures account for 15% of injuries in children. Fracture patterns differ from adults due to children having stronger ligaments, more cartilage, and growth plates that allow for remodeling. Common fractures include buckle fractures, greenstick fractures, and Salter-Harris fractures of the physis. Treatment depends on the fracture type but often involves closed reduction and casting, with surgery reserved for more complex cases. Children generally heal faster than adults from fractures.
Spina bifida is a birth defect where the spine and spinal cord do not form properly, leaving an opening in the spine. It occurs in about 1-2 per 1000 live births. There are three main types: spina bifida occulta which has no symptoms, meningocele which is a sac protruding from the spine containing fluid and membranes, and myelomeningocele which is the most severe form where the spinal cord and membranes protrude out. Treatment depends on the type but may include surgery to close the opening after birth along with management to prevent infections and complications.
Spina bifida is a condition that affects the spine and is usually apparent at birth. It is a type of neural tube defect (NTD). Spina bifida can happen anywhere along the spine if the neural tube does not close all the way.
Quadriplegia is a form of paralysis that affects all four limbs and the torso, caused by damage to the spinal cord or brain. It can be complete or incomplete. Complete quadriplegia results in total paralysis of the arms and legs while incomplete allows some movement or sensation. Spastic quadriplegia involves muscle spasms. Damage levels also impact symptoms, with higher damage carrying worse prognoses like loss of breathing control. Common causes are vehicle accidents, falls, and injuries. Treatment involves immobilization, imaging, steroids, surgery if needed, and long-term rehabilitation.
Paget's disease is a chronic bone disorder that causes abnormal bone remodeling, resulting in weakened, deformed bones. It occurs when the normal bone breakdown and formation process becomes imbalanced. Symptoms include bone pain, fractures, arthritis, and neurological problems if the skull or spine are affected. It is diagnosed through x-rays, blood tests, bone scans or biopsies. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms through medications like bisphosphonates, calcitonin, exercise, diet, and sometimes surgery for severe cases. Nursing care involves pain management, fall prevention, education, and addressing mobility issues or other complications.
Benign Prostate Hypertrophy for nursing studentsPreeths Roshan
Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) is a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs in most men as they age. It results from an increase in the number and size of cells in the prostate and affects around 50% of men by age 50 and 90% of men by age 80. Symptoms include difficulty urinating, frequent urination, urgency, and dribbling. Risk factors include family history, diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, and alcohol consumption. Treatment options range from medication to minimally invasive procedures like TUNA to more invasive surgeries like TURP. Nursing care focuses on restoring urinary drainage, treating any infections, educating patients, and managing
This document discusses osteomalacia, a disease characterized by softening of the bones due to defective mineralization. It is caused by vitamin D deficiency and/or phosphate deficiency. Signs include diffuse body pains, muscle weakness, and fragile bones. Laboratory findings show low calcium and phosphate levels as well as elevated alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone levels. Treatment involves vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Exercise and sunlight exposure can also help strengthen bones affected by osteomalacia.
Rehabilitation for paraplegia and quadriplegiaJose Anilda
This document discusses the rehabilitation of patients with paraplegia and quadriplegia. It begins by defining the terms and explaining the rehabilitation team and measures used. These include stretching, aerobic, and strengthening exercises. Physical agents like heat therapy and electrical stimulation are also used. Symptomatic treatments address issues like pain, spasticity, and nutrition. Orthotics like braces and wheelchairs assist mobility. Gait training helps achieve balance. Home programs and ergonomic advice aid daily living. Therapeutic exercises target specific muscle groups and functions. Rehabilitation aims to return patients to their highest functional ability.
Meningomyelocoele is the most severe type of spina bifida where the meninges and spinal cord protrude through an opening in the spine. It occurs due to failure of the neural tube to close during the third week of gestation. Symptoms include paralysis of the lower limbs, bladder and bowel dysfunction, and cognitive impairments. Treatment requires multidisciplinary care and focuses on preventing infections, promoting urinary function, and managing complications through surgery, medications, bracing and rehabilitation.
1. Herniation of an intervertebral disc occurs when the nucleus of the disc protrudes into the annulus, compressing nerves and causing pain. It most commonly affects the lumbar spine.
2. Risk factors include age, trauma, congenital predisposition, occupational stresses, obesity, and smoking. Symptoms depend on location and severity of compression but usually involve neck/back pain radiating into extremities.
3. Diagnosis is confirmed by CT/MRI imaging. Treatment involves rest, analgesics, physical therapy, steroid injections, and possibly surgery to decompress nerves if conservative measures fail. Patient education focuses on lifestyle changes and proper body mechanics to prevent recurrence.
This document provides information about clubfoot and developmental dysplasia of the hip. It defines clubfoot as a congenital deformity where the foot is twisted out of shape. It describes various types of clubfoot deformities and treatments which may include serial casting and surgery. It also defines developmental dysplasia of the hip as imperfect development of the hip joint which can lead to subluxation or dislocation. Clinical signs and tests for diagnosis are outlined as well as nonsurgical treatments like splinting and casting and potential surgical interventions.
CDM - L. SUNEETHAsddfdfdfdfdfdffddfd.pptxLankeSuneetha
Congenital deformities of the musculoskeletal system can involve abnormalities at single sites or be part of a syndrome. Common types include clubfoot, limb deficiencies, and polydactyly. Clubfoot is a twisted foot position present at birth that is typically treated through manipulation and casting. Limb deficiencies can be longitudinal, involving specific bone abnormalities, or transverse, with all elements beyond a certain level absent. Polydactyly involves extra digits, most commonly an extra thumb or toes. Diagnosis involves imaging and genetic testing. Treatment depends on the type and severity but may include prosthetics or surgery.
Clubfoot is a birth defect where one or both feet are twisted into an abnormal position. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors and affects males more than females. Treatment involves stretching the feet into correct position with casting or taping and bracing to maintain correction. Parents are taught exercises and bracing is worn long-term to prevent recurrence. Nursing focuses on monitoring for skin issues from casting, teaching parents exercises and brace use, and supporting the child's development.
accessory navicular is sure is one of foot problems that affect life of teen age group than adult it pull them out of daily activities, knowing a bit of it will enlighten some information about it
Congenital talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot, is a common birth defect where the foot is twisted out of shape. It occurs in about 1 in 1000 births and is more common in males. Genetic factors are believed to play a role. Treatment usually begins within the first weeks of life and involves casting and stretching to realign the foot, sometimes with minor surgery. Properly fitted braces are then worn long term to maintain the corrected position and allow normal walking. With early treatment, most children with clubfoot can walk normally.
This document discusses congenital talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot, which is a common birth defect where the foot is twisted out of shape. It occurs in about 1 in 1000 births. Clubfoot is usually an isolated problem in otherwise healthy newborns and is twice as common in males. Treatment typically begins within the first weeks of life and involves casting and stretching to realign the foot, sometimes with minor surgery. Proper use of braces after treatment is needed to prevent the foot from returning to its original position. The cause is usually unknown but genetics and environmental factors may play a role. Nursing care focuses on supporting parents, educating on treatment and self-care, and protecting the skin during casting.
SKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG CHILDREN BY NASIR AHMADNASIR AHMAD
This document provides information on congenital talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot, which is a common birth defect where the foot is twisted out of shape. It affects about 1 in 1000 births. Clubfoot is caused by shortened tendons in the foot and can be either idiopathic (no known cause) or associated with genetic factors or other conditions. Treatment typically begins within the first few weeks of life and involves casting and stretching to realign the foot, sometimes with minor surgery. Proper bracing after treatment is needed to prevent recurrence. The document outlines nursing assessments and care goals for managing clubfoot.
This document discusses various angular deformities of the knee, including genu varum (bowlegged), genu valgus (knock-kneed), genu recurvatum, and genu procurvatum. It provides details on the causes, presentations, treatments, and assessments of genu varum and genu valgus. For genu varum, treatment may involve observation, bracing, or osteotomy, while genu valgus can be treated with observation, bracing, hemiepiphysiodesis, or osteotomy in more severe cases. Assessments involve measurements like intermalleolar distance and Q angle to evaluate deformities.
Myelomeningocele is a type of spina bifida where the backbone and spinal canal do not fully close before birth, resulting in a sac-like protrusion of the spinal cord and meninges through the defect. It is the most common and severe type of spina bifida and can cause paralysis, loss of bladder/bowel control, and other neurological issues. Discitis is an infection of the intervertebral disc that causes severe back pain and lack of mobility. Erb's palsy is paralysis of the arm caused by injury to the brachial plexus nerves during difficult childbirth, resulting in weakness and loss of movement in the arm.
Clubfoot is a birth defect where the foot is twisted into an abnormal position. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors and affects males more than females. Treatment involves stretching the foot into correct position with casting or taping and bracing to maintain correction. The Ponseti method uses weekly casting and bracing while the French method uses daily taping. Surgery is reserved for severe cases that do not respond to non-surgical treatment. Proper treatment can result in normal foot function in most cases.
Hirschsprung's disease is a congenital condition caused by the lack of nerve cells in parts of the colon, preventing normal contraction. It is most commonly due to mutations in RET, EDNRB or EDN3 genes. Symptoms include constipation, abdominal distension and vomiting in newborns. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging showing dilated bowel above a narrowed transition zone. Treatment is initially with colostomy, then definitive surgery like pull-through procedures to remove the affected bowel segment. Complications can include infection and incontinence.
Clubfoot, also known as talipes, is a birth defect where the foot is twisted out of shape or position. It is caused by genetic and environmental factors and occurs when the foot fails to form properly in the womb. Treatment involves stretching and casting the foot into correct position according to the Ponseti method, followed by bracing to maintain the correction. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for skin breakdown and impaired circulation during treatment, educating parents on the condition and management, and addressing the psychosocial impacts of the deformity.
Orthopedic disorders were summarized including:
1. Club foot, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, hip displacement, fractures, osteomyelitis, kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis, bow leg, knock knee, polydactyly, and syndactyly were defined and their causes, clinical manifestations, and management were described.
2. Various orthopedic conditions like club foot, hip displacement, fractures are managed through medical and surgical interventions along with nursing care including immobilization, exercise, skin care, and patient/family education.
3. Genetic and developmental factors can cause certain orthopedic disorders while trauma, infections, and nutritional deficiencies also contribute to conditions affecting the
Clubfoot, also known as congenital talipes equinovarus, is a birth defect where one or both feet are twisted out of shape or position. It is caused by an abnormality in the foot and ankle structure present at birth. Treatment involves stretching and casting the foot into correct position (Ponseti method) or stretching and taping (French method), along with bracing to maintain the correction. Nursing care focuses on assessing for skin issues, promoting circulation, providing comfort, and educating parents on treatment and importance of physical therapy. Congenital dislocation of the hip occurs when the femoral head is not in close contact with the acetabulum. It can range from mild acetabular dysplasia to
Neural tube defects are birth defects that result from the failure of the neural tube to close properly during early embryonic development. The most common types are spina bifida, anencephaly, and encephalocele. Prevention focuses on women getting adequate folic acid before and during early pregnancy. Treatment depends on the specific type of defect but may involve surgery to repair the opening and protect the exposed tissues, management of any related conditions like hydrocephalus, and lifelong care for resulting physical, neurological, and functional impairments. Prognosis depends on the severity of the defect and can include permanent disability.
This document provides information about clubfoot including its definition, types, incidence, etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostics, management, and nursing management. Clubfoot is a congenital deformity where the foot is twisted out of its normal position. It most commonly presents as talipes equinovarus. The incidence is approximately 1 in 1000 live births and it is more common in males. Etiology is multifactorial and can be related to genetic and environmental factors. Types include talipes varus, valgus, equinus, and calcaneus. Management involves medical treatment including manipulation and casting or surgical procedures like soft tissue releases or bony corrections. Nursing care focuses on preventing skin breakdown and managing parental anxiety.
Club foot in child pediatric nursing. Brief presentation
It includes
Introduction
Definition
Risk factors
Etiology
Classification
Sign and symptoms
Management
Nursing diagnosis
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2. INTRODUCTION
Congenital deformities :
A physical defect present at birth that may involve one or many
different parts of the body
Congenital deformities can be genetic
It can result from exposure of the fetus to a malforming agent
(such as alcohol), or it can be of unknown
3. Introduction cont.
musculoskeletal abnormalities may involve only a single,
specific site (e.g., cleft lip, cleft palate, clubfoot) Or be part
of a syndrome of multiple congenital anomalies
4. Defination
“Deformity is an alteration in shape due to unusual pressure
and/or positioning in utero during late pregnancy. “
“congenital disorder, also known as a congenital disease, birth
defect, or anomaly is a condition existing at or before birth
regardless of cause “
5. EPIDEMYOLOGY.
India.
India being the second most populous country
with a large number infant born annually with birth
defects
The prevalence of congenital deformities in new-
borns are about 2.22% in India
Overall About 3 percent to 4 percent of babies
are born with some type of birth defect
6. CONT.
Major birth defects in India include congenital
heart defects, neural tube defects (NTDs) and
Down syndrome
7. EPIDEMYOLOGY CONT.
World
WHO classification -2.4% were diagnosed as being
congenitally deformities
Total 94% of these births occur in the middle and low
income countries
According to reports of WHO , birth defects account for
7% of all neonatal mortality and 3.3 million under five
deaths
.
8. Cont.
The most common system involved is musculoskeletal
system (33.2%)
Gastro-intestinal tract (GIT(15%)
CNS (11.2%), genitourinary (10.5%),
Cardiovascular system (9.1%), skin (8.7%) etc
9. ETIOLOGY
Most birth defects are caused by genetic or
environmental factors or a combination of the two
(multifactorial birth defects)
However In most cases, the cause is unknown
10. Cont.
Chromosomal defects –
Caused by few or many chromosomes, or problems in the
structure of the chromosomes
Example includes Down syndrome (and extra copy of
chromosome 21 and sex chromosome abnormalities
(missing or extra copies of the sex chromosomes X or Y).
Single gene defects – a mutation in one gene causes the
defect.
11. Cont.
An environmental and others causes…
Drugs, alcohol or a disease the mother has that can
increase the chance for the baby to be born with a birth
defect
Multifactorial birth defects are caused by a combination of
genes and environmental exposures.
13. DIAGNOSIS
Many genetic disorders can be detected early in pregnancy
using various noninvasive and invasive techniques
Non invasive techniques
Fetal visualization includes the following non invasive
modalities like
Ultrasound
Fetal echocardiography
MRI
Screening for neural tube defects (NTDs) involves
14. CONT.
In vasive techniques
Fetal visualization techniques that are invasive include
the following:
Embryoscopy
The direct examination of an embryo by insertion of a lighted instrume
nt
Fetoscopy
Use of a fiberoptic endoscope to view the fetus and the fetal surfa
ce of the placenta
15. CONT.
Invasive fetal tissue sampling techniques include
the following:
Amniocentesis
Percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS)
Percutaneous skin biopsy
Other organ biopsies, including muscle and liver biopsy
16. CONT.
Benefits of Pre natal Diagnosis
The outcome of pregnancy and identifies possible
complications that can arise during birth
Screening can help couples determine whether to
continue the pregnancy
17. Congenital Limb Defects
Congenital limb defects involve missing, incomplete or
abnormally developed limbs present at birth
Most are due to primary intra uterine growth inhibition
The upper extremities are more commonly affected
18. Limb Deficiencies
Limb deficiencies can be
1. Longitudinal
2. Transverse
Longitudinal deficiencies
Involve specific maldevelopments (eg, complete or partial
absence of the radius, fibula, or tibia
transverse deficiencies
All elements beyond a certain level are absent, and the
limb resembles an amputation stump
19. CONGENITAL LIMB DEFICIENCIES
Longitudinal deficiencies
Involve specific mal developments (eg, complete or partial
absence of the radius, fibula, or tibia).
Radial ray deficiency is the most common upper-limb
deficiency, and hypoplasia of the fibula is the most common
lower-limb deficiency
20. MANAGEMENT
Specific evaluation, including clinical examination and
laboratory testing, is necessary
At this time, there are many surgical approaches that can be used
for treatment of radial longitudinal deficiency
The procedures should be specifically tailored to the patient and
family to improve overall function and clinical outcome.
21. CONT.
Best surgical option is a rotationplasty procedure
The procedure involves rotation of the foot 180
degrees through removal of the distal femoral and
proximal tibial epiphyses,
The rotated foot can now act as a knee
23. Transverse deficiencies
All elements beyond a certain level are absent, and the
limb resembles an amputation stump
Amniotic bands are the most common cause
The remaining cases are mostly due to underlying genetic
syndromes such chromosomal abnormalities
24. Cont.
Treatment
Treatment consists mainly of prosthetic devices
Which are most valuable for lower-limb deficiencies and
for completely or almost completely absent upper limbs
Functioning capacity must be thoroughly assessed before
a prosthesis or surgical procedure is recommended
26. Pre axial polydactyly
This is an extra thumb or great toe
The manifestations range from a broad or duplicated distal
phalange to complete duplication of the digit.
It may occur in isolation, possibly with autosomal
dominant
27. MANAGEMENT
Surgery is indicated to improve day to day life .
The goal of surgical reconstruction is to make a straight,
mobile, and stable thumb of good appearance in size and
shape.
It is usually performed when the baby is aged
approximately 1 year, so the effect on development and
walking is minimal.
However, parents may choose not to excise the duplicate
digit for personal reasons.
28. Post axial polydactyly
Postaxial polydactyl is most common and involves an
extra digit on the ulnar/fibular side of the limb.
Most commonly, the extra finger is rudimentary, but it can
be completely developed.
29. CONT.
Diagnosis by usually x-rays
Sometimes genetic testing
Typically, x-rays are done to determine which bones are
involved
Treatment
Treatment consists mainly of prosthetic devices
Children use a prosthesis most successfully when it is
fitted early and becomes an integral part of their body and
body image during the developmental years
30. surgery
If the digit is better formed, surgeon can removes it by
operating when child is about 1 year old.
The surgery may involve carefully cutting through or around
bones, ligaments, muscles, tendons and other tissues to
remove the extra digit.
32. Club foot (CTEV)
Clubfoot is a condition in which one or both feet are
twisted into an abnormal position at birth.
Common birth defect
Other terms Giles Smith Syndrome, congenital talipes
aquinovarus (CTEV)
The condition is also known as talipes. It is a general term
used to describe a range of unusual positions of the foot.
33. CTEV (club foot)-ETIOLOGY
The true etiology of congenital clubfoot is unknown
Idiopathic
Mechanical-intra uterine pressure
Ischemia of calf muscles
Genetic
Secondary Paralytic disorders
Oligohydramnios
34. TYPES
t. calcaneoval´gus
the foot is turned outwards with the toes pointing
upwards
t. calcaneova´rus
the foot points inwards and up
t. equinoval´gus
the foot points outwards and down
35. CONT.
t. equinova´rus
most common type
foot is fixed in plantar flexion (downward) and deviated
medially (inward)
37. CTEV- DIAGNOSTIC AND CLINICAL
FEATURES
club foot deformity is readily apparent at birth
Or can be detected antenatally during the
routine Usg visit
Development ultrasound scan around 20 weeks
X-rays may be needed to confirm
diagnosis.Normally-foot dorsiflexed to touch the
chin of tibia
Foot is smaller, in equinus, varus and adduction..
38. CTEV-TREATMENT
Therapeutic
Treatment is most successful when started early in infancy
Delayed treatment causes musclesand bones of legs to
develop abnormally, with shortening of tendons
40. CTEV-TREATMENT
Non-operative
Manipulation
Manipulation and corrective plastergentle, manipulation of foot
with casting
Done every few days for 1 to 2 weeks then at 1- to 2-week
Operative
Done if nonsurgical treatment not effective
Tight ligaments can released
Limited soft tissue released
Tendon transfers
42. PROGNOSIS
· Approximately 50-60% of club feet in newborns
can be corrected non-operatively
· About 20% of infants requiring surgery need
further surgery at a later stage.
43. Spina Bifida
A congenital disorder in which the two halves of the
posterior vertebral arch fail to fuse at one or more levels
Spina bifida, is the incomplete development of the brain,
spinal cord, and/or meninges (the protective covering
around the brain and spinal cord).
44. TYPE
There are types of spina bifida:
Occulta
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele
45.
46. Occulta
Occulta is the mildest and most common form in which
one or more vertebrae are malformed.
This form of spina bifida, present in 10-20 percent of the
general population, rarely causes disability or symptoms
47. This condition is a result of a spinal underdevelopment
The only thing to see on the back may be a dimple, tuft of
hair, or a red mark
Spina Bifida Occulta is rarely linked with complications or
symptoms.
Although there may be a slightly increased chance of a
slipped disc; very few people with Spina Bifida Occulta will
ever have any problems because of it.
48. MENINGOCELE
Meningocele
Spinal fluid and meninges protrude through an abnormal
vertebral opening; the malformation contains no neural
elements and may or may not be covered by a layer of
skin.
Some patients with meningocele may have few or no
symptoms while others may experience such symptoms as
complete paralysis with bladder and bowel dysfunction.
49. MYELOMENINGOCELE
Myelomeningocele
This is the most severe and occurs when the spinal
cord/neural elements are exposed through the opening in
the spine, resulting in partial or complete paralysis of the
parts of the body below the spinal opening.
The impairment may be so severe that the affected
individual is unable to walk and may have bladder and
bowel dysfunction.
50. Myelomeningocel cont.
After baby is born, surgery to repair the defect is most often
recommended within the first few days of life.
This may include special care and positioning, protective
devices, and changes in the methods of handling, feeding,
and bathing.
51. ETIOLOGY
What causes spina bifida?
The exact cause of spina bifida remains a mystery
No one knows what disrupts complete closure of the neural tube,
causing this malformation to develop
Scientists suspect the factors that cause spina bifida are multiple:
Genetic
Nutritional
Environmental factors all play a role
52. Cont.
Research studies indicate that insufficient intake of folic
acid—a common B vitamin—in the mother’s diet is a key
factor in causing spina bifida and other neural tube
defects.
54. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
An abnormal tuft of hair
A collection of fat
A small dimple or birthmark
Muscle weakness of the legs,
Sometimes involving paralysis
Bowel and bladder problems
Seizures, especially if the child requires a shunt
55. DIAGNOSIS
Pre natal Diagnosis
The most common screening methods used to look for
spina bifida during pregnancy are second trimester (16-18
weeks of gestation)
Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening and
fetal ultrasound.
56. CONT.
The second trimester
Multiple-marker screens
Signs of spina bifida are not evident until the second
trimester
Amniocentesis— Although amniocentesis can not reveal
the severity of spina bifida, finding high levels of AFP and
other proteins may indicate that the disorder is present.
.
57. Cont.
Postnatal Diagnosis
Mild cases of spina bifida (Occulta, closed) not diagnosed during
prenatal testing may be detected postnatally by plain film X-ray
examination
MRI or CT scan to get a clearer view of the spinal cord and
vertebrae.
58. TREATMENT
There is no complete cure for spina bifida
Treatment depends on the type and severity of the disorder
Generally, children with the mildest form need no treatment,
although some may require surgery as they grow
Still, the benefits of fetal surgery are promising
59. Congenital dislocation of hip
(CDH)
Spontaneous dislocation of the hip occurring before, during or shortly
after birth.
61. CDH-CLINICAL FEATURES
Early child hood-asymmetry of groin creases, limitation of
hip movements, click
Older children-peculiar gait
limitation in abduction of leg on affected Side
Asymmetry of gluteal, popliteal, and thigh folds
64. GALEAZZI TEST
With child in a
supine position,
the right knee
on the side of
the subluxation
appears lower
than the left
because of
malposition of
the femur head.
68. Refers to non union of a tibia fracture that develops
spontaneously or after a minor trauma.
A pseudarthrosis is defined as a “false joint” and is a break
in the bone that fails to heal on its own.
The pseudarthrosis usually develops within the first two
years of life
Pseudarthrosis of tibia-presentation cont.
69. Pseudarthrosis of tibia-
treatment
Due to the complex and difficult nature of CPT, these
treatment strategies have had varying degrees of success.
Most of these treatments focused on stimulating the
healing process through the use of bone grafts and fixation
techniques.
Many different bone grafts and fixation methods have
been proposed
70. CLEFT PALATE
A cleft palate may just be an opening at the back of the
mouth, or it may be a split in the palate that runs all the
way to the front of the mouth.
Sometimes it can be hidden by the lining of the roof of the
mouth.
72. Cleft lip
The gap is there because parts of the baby's face didn't join
together properly during development in the womb
A cleft lip may just affect one side of the lip or there may be
two clefts
It can range from a small notch to a wide gap that reaches
the nose.
73. Etiology of Clift lip and Clift palate
Maternal smoking (especially more than
20/day) and exposure to passive smoke
Drugs: Accutane, phenytoin, warfarin
Ethanol
Maternal folic acid deficiency
Ingest large quantities of Vit A
74. diagnosis
Cleft lips are usually picked up during the mid
pregnancy anomlie scan carried out between 18
and 21 weeks pregnancy
Not all cleft lips will be obvious on this scan and
it's very difficult to detect a cleft palate on a
routine ultrasound scan.
75. CONT.
The main treatments are:
surgery
To correct a cleft lip is usually carried out at 3-6 months
and an operation to repair a cleft palate is usually
performed at 6-12 months
Monitoring hearing – babies born with cleft palates have a
higher chance of glue ear, which may affect hearing;
76. How to lower chances of having a
child with a birth defect?
How can lower chances of having a child with a birth defect?
There are many steps a woman can take to lower her
chances of having a child with a birth defect, including
Staying healthy before and time of pregnancy
Stop smoking – Babies born to mothers who smoke tend
to be lower birth weight in addition exposure to second-
hand smoke can harm the fetus
77. Cont.
Vaccination Status – to assess immunity to diseases such
as rubella (German measles) that can cause miscarriage or
birth defects.
Infection screening – to determine if a woman has
sexually transmitted infection, or urinary tract
78. prevention
Pre conception examination
A preconception examination, also known as a
preconception visit, is one of the best ways to ensure a
healthy pregnancy
The goals are to assess your overall health and identify any
risk factors that can complicate a pregnancy
79. CONT.
Family Medical History – Assess the medical history of
family member such as high blood pressure, diabetes or
mental retardation.
Genetic Testing – Assess any possible genetic disorders
that can be passed down to child, some genetic disorders
can be detected by blood tests before pregnancy.
Infection or another type of infection that can be harmful
to her or to the fetus.
80. NUTRITION
Eating a balanced diet before and during pregnancy is not
only good for the mother's overall health
Maintain a healthy weight–
Women who are overweight may experience medical
problems such as high blood pressure and diabetes and
women who are underweight may have babies with low
birth weight
81. CONT.
Medical management of pre-existing conditions – such as
diabetes or high blood pressure.
Folic acid – Taking 400 micrograms of folic acid each day
can help lower the risk of neural tube defects, or birth
defects of the brain and spinal cord.
Avoid exposure to alcohol and drugs during pregnancy
82. Study on Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies
in Neonates and Associated Risk Factors in a
Tertiary Care Hospital in Eastern India year 2013
During the study period, 12896 newborns were born in R. G. Kar
Medical College and Hospital during the period of September 2011 to
August 2012 institution; of which 286 had congenital malformations
The congenital anomalies affected significantly higher proportion of
male babies (2.9%) than their female counterparts (1.5%).
Musculo-skeletal system (33.2%)
gastro-intestinal (GI) system (15%)
and central nervous system (CNS) (11.2%)
Talipes (17.1%) was the most common anomaly seen in the
musculoskeletal group and likewise cleft lip (6.6%) and cleft palate
(3.5%) in GI system and meningomyeleceole (6.3%) in CNS.
Shatanik Sarkar, Chaitali Patra, Malay Kumar Dasgupta, Kaustav
Nayek, and Prasanta Ray Karmakar1
83. Congenital malformations at birth in Central India:A
rural medical college hospital based data,( Mahatma
Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram,
Wardha,) 1 January 2005 and 31 July 2007
Out of the total 9386 deliveries, 9194 were live births and 192
were stillbirths. The total number of babies with congenital
malformations was 179 (1.91%). Out of the 9262 births, 177
(1.05%) were malformed. Nine of the 179 malformed babies
(5.02%) were still born. Prematurity, increased maternal age,
increasing birth order and low birth weight were found to have
a higher risk of congenital anomalies.
Cardiovascular malformations were most common in live
births, followed by musculoskeletal and genitourinary
anomalies
Amar Taksande, Krishna Vilhekar, Pushpa
Chaturvedi, and Manish Jain
84. Nursing diagnosis
1. Risk for disproportionate growth related to congenital
disorders.
2. Impaired physical mobility related to musculoskeletal
impairment.
3. Impaired skin integrity related to musculoskeletal
impairment.
4. Disturbed body image related to developmental changes.
5. Social isolation related to alterations in physical
appearance
86. References
Lewis, Dirksen, Heitkemper, Bucher, Chintamani, Mrinalini Mani, Lewis’s
Medical Surgical Nursing, Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd, 2014,2nd South Asia
Edition, page no: 1719-1731.
LeMone Pricilla and Burke Karen, Medical Surgical Nursing, Pearson
Publishers, India, 4th Edition(2008), page no:1353-1364
Joyce M Black, Jane Hokanson Hawks, Medical Surgical Nursing,
Elsevier India, 2009, 8th edition, Page no 1635-1653