The Avabahuka disease is nearer to Frozen shoulder of musculoskeletal disorders.
Avabahuka is a Vata vikar as per Ayurveda that affects the ansha sandhi i.e. shoulder joint. The description available in Charak samhita, Sushruta samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya etc. The pain, stiffness, and decreased ROM range of motion is a classical feature of a frozen shoulder.
The treatment of frozen shoulder is possible in Ayurveda through drugs and various treatment modalities depending on the stages of the case.
The concept of pathya apathya w.s.r. to charak samhitabrijeshbhu
Ayurveda has holistic and scientific approach in health management. It emphasizes much more on diet and regimen along with medicines. The diet and regimen which is beneficial to the body and gives the happiness to the mind is known as Pathya and opposite to that is known as Apathya. Most of the health problems develop due to the faulty eating habits and regimen. Ayurveda deals with the pathya vyavastha (planning of diet- dietetics) in a very scientific way. The planning of diet mentioned in our classical literature is very rational and based on certain principles. Lot of importance is given to the diet with regard to its processing, quality, quantity and so on.
Due consideration is given to the atmosphere, psychological condition, status of health, digestion etc. of the person while dealing with this issue. The diet should also be planned according to the age, season, habitat and the preference of the person.
Ayurveda a Food Science perfectly deals with the different kinds of food preparation which can be utilized in day to day life according to prakritti(basic constitution), desha(place), dosha(humors), kala(time).
The Avabahuka disease is nearer to Frozen shoulder of musculoskeletal disorders.
Avabahuka is a Vata vikar as per Ayurveda that affects the ansha sandhi i.e. shoulder joint. The description available in Charak samhita, Sushruta samhita, Ashtanga Hridaya etc. The pain, stiffness, and decreased ROM range of motion is a classical feature of a frozen shoulder.
The treatment of frozen shoulder is possible in Ayurveda through drugs and various treatment modalities depending on the stages of the case.
The concept of pathya apathya w.s.r. to charak samhitabrijeshbhu
Ayurveda has holistic and scientific approach in health management. It emphasizes much more on diet and regimen along with medicines. The diet and regimen which is beneficial to the body and gives the happiness to the mind is known as Pathya and opposite to that is known as Apathya. Most of the health problems develop due to the faulty eating habits and regimen. Ayurveda deals with the pathya vyavastha (planning of diet- dietetics) in a very scientific way. The planning of diet mentioned in our classical literature is very rational and based on certain principles. Lot of importance is given to the diet with regard to its processing, quality, quantity and so on.
Due consideration is given to the atmosphere, psychological condition, status of health, digestion etc. of the person while dealing with this issue. The diet should also be planned according to the age, season, habitat and the preference of the person.
Ayurveda a Food Science perfectly deals with the different kinds of food preparation which can be utilized in day to day life according to prakritti(basic constitution), desha(place), dosha(humors), kala(time).
Excessive urination which may be associated with excessive thirst and hunger, lethargy, numbness or burning sensation in the extremities, calf muscle cramps or sudden loss of weight with raised blood sugar levels
(BSL).
In Charaka explains Dashavidha Pariksha Bhavas and
while explaining the aspect of of Desha, Desha is divided into
Bhumi and Deha Desha,Under Deha Desha, Dasha Vidha Atura Pariksha are explained,Dashavidha pariksha is one of important daignostic tool explained in Ayurveda ,in the context of दशविध परीक्षा भािा’ s.
ANALYSIS OF PANCHAKARMA RESEARCHES DONE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GRIDHRASI
Presented by Dr.Annie sebastien ,PG Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, SDMCAH Hassan
Excessive urination which may be associated with excessive thirst and hunger, lethargy, numbness or burning sensation in the extremities, calf muscle cramps or sudden loss of weight with raised blood sugar levels
(BSL).
In Charaka explains Dashavidha Pariksha Bhavas and
while explaining the aspect of of Desha, Desha is divided into
Bhumi and Deha Desha,Under Deha Desha, Dasha Vidha Atura Pariksha are explained,Dashavidha pariksha is one of important daignostic tool explained in Ayurveda ,in the context of दशविध परीक्षा भािा’ s.
ANALYSIS OF PANCHAKARMA RESEARCHES DONE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF GRIDHRASI
Presented by Dr.Annie sebastien ,PG Scholar, Department of Panchakarma, SDMCAH Hassan
Ayurvedic treatment includes vijayasar anti-diabetes herbal wood glass that can control diabetes, high blood pressure, joint pains, and obesity in natural way.
This PPT describes the ayurvedic and herbal remedies for the Diabetes.And it’s really helpful.It summarize the maximum herbal techniques which are helpful to Diabetes.
Diabetes means to pass something abnormal with urine and mellitus means honey and this is the exact translation of term Madhumeh which was first mentioned by Sushrut in 200 AD. Term Diabetes Mellitus is invented in last century only so it is evident that Ayurvedic Seers were already knowing about all the details about disease. Sushrut despite dealing with Surgery wrote a full chapter on Madhumeh viz Diabetes Mellitus in Nidan Sthan and then in Chikitsa Sthan. Sushrut emphasised on Diabetes Mellitus may be coz he was counteracting the complications during surgeries.
Update on Ayurveda & Unani - 2009 on 14-15th November 2009 in Bal Gandharv Rangmandir, Pune organised by Maharastra University of Health Sciences, Regional Centre, AUNDH, Pune
A COMPARATIVE AND COMBINED EFFICACY OF HARISHANKAR RAS AND KHADIR-KRAMUK KWAT...VIKAS NARIYAAL
In present study,drugs were selected with the help of textual references of Rasendra Sara Sangraha prameha Chikitsa-1 Harishankar-Ras and Sushruta Samhita Chikitsa sthana11-8 Khadir-KramukaKwatha.30 clinically diagnosed patients were randomly divided into 3 Groups of 10 each.
Enlargement of the male breast tissue.
Greek word Gynae-women
mastos-breast
Presence of >2cm of palpable,firm,sub areolar gland and ductal breast tissue.
A benign enlargement of the male breast resulting from a proliferation of the glandular component of the Brest.
It may cause due to the changes in endocrine system, presence of chronic diseases, certain metabolic dysfunctions.
Gynaecomastia is the enlargement of male breast tissue. It’s a common, benign (not cancer) condition that mainly affects teenage boys and older men, but it can affect men at any age.
Polycystic ovarian Syndrome ( PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder (i.e Endocrinopathy) in women of Reproductive age. In which the Harmones secretion rate and the metabolism of the androgens and estrogens are disturbed and disrupted, resulting in the chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism it also occurs from the insulin resistance and the compensatory Hyperinsulinemia. Adverse effect on multiple organ can cause the abnormal Uterus bleeding and Infertility. Symptoms of POCS can be Irregular menstrual cycle, Hirsutism and Dyslipidemia etc. The prevalence of POCS is generally thought to be between 3% and 12% based on the geographical locations and race.According to Ayurveda point of view POCS can be correlated with Aarthava Kshaya related to the subfertility patients presented Osuki Ayurvedila Centre.The Pharmaceutical treatment significs single symptoms and may be contra- indicated in some cases. According to the ayurvedic theories of Shodhana, Shamana and Tarpana, the treatment held in 3 stages for around 6-7 months. around 40 patients was taken for the test. The response to the treatment was recorded and therapeutic effects were evaluated by symptomatic rest and the LH and FSH hormone levels. The results showed that subfertility due to POCS can be Cured by Ayurveda treatment.
Pregnancy is considered to be an important phase in woman’s life. During the nine months journey, the pregnant lady goes through certain mild illnesses such as nausea and vomiting in the first trimester. Other garbhopdrava’s such as fever, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, constipation and miscarriage can occur during pregnancy. Ayurveda has given prime importance to antenatal care as women gives birth to a new life. Antenatal care helps to assess and improve the wellbeing of the mother and the baby throughout the pregnancy. It helps to reduce the risks and other complications that arise during pregnancy. In ayurveda, the care of the pregnant lady and the new born baby has been well explained in Samhita’s. Also, ayurveda has mentioned certain formulations which can reduce the symptoms that occur during the phase of pregnancy. One such formulation is garbhapal rasa which is mentioned in rasatantrasara siddhaprayoga sangraha which counteracts the minor ailments during pregnancy and prevents miscarriage and ensures better nourishment to the fetus. In this study, we will review on the application of garbhapal rasa in pregnancy.
Training Program for Panchakarma Assistant
(20-24/05-2024)
Department of Panchkarma, Gurukul Campus
Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand
Training Program for Panchakarma Assistant
(20-24/05-2024)
Department of Panchkarma, Gurukul Campus
Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand
Technoayurveda’s Practical SOP Panchakarma - 2nd edition
by Ayurmitra Prof Prasad KSR & Prof Meena S Deogade
High lights: 4 sections, 38 Chapters, A4 size 272 + 18 Pages Full color
Detailed Explanation, SOP formats with appropriate illustrations
Paper: 70 GSM Maplitho (Text) 300 GSM Art Card (Cover)
Pages: 292 (Text) 4 Pages (Cover)
Print: 4-color (1-sided & inner side no print) (Text and Cover)
Size: 8.25 x 10.75 inches
Finish: Matte Lamination for Cover & Back, Perfect-binding for book with side-stitching
More Details of the Book at - https://technoayurveda.com/practical-sop-panchakarma/
Ayurmitra Nadi Bhishak Jyotisha Vaidya Prof Dr KSR Prasad explanation on Ayur-Jyotisham (Ayurveda Astrology) on the basis of Nakshatra Vriksha and Unique method of technoayurveda developed Cosmic anatomy and Cosmic Energy Garden - Jyotisha (Nakshtra) Vana.
Virechana Introduction, Seasonal administration and Agni intervention Guest lecture by Ayurmitra Nadibhishak, Jyotisha Vaidya Dr KSR Prasad at GAC Varanasi
Ayurmitra & Nadi Guru
Prof KSR Prasad (Technoayurveda)
9290566566/9503227966 / technoayurveda@yahoo.com
Lifestyle is a combination of determining intangible or tangible factors – the diseases generates because of are Lifestyle disorders
Jariatric (Geriatric) Psychological Trauma Management Through Ayurveda by Ayurmitra, Nadi Bhishak Prof KSR Prasad on 20-02-2021 @ SHRI HINGULAMBIKA AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL KALABURGI, KANATAKA
Selection of Bahya Snehana Techniques in Panchakarma by Ayurmitra, Nadi Bhishak, Prof KSR Prasad (Technoayurveda), Professor & Head, Panchakarma, LN Ayurved College, Bhopal, MP, 9290566566/9503227966 - technoayurveda@yahoo.com at eAyurshala Web Learning Ayurved Academy online lecture series on *Keraliya Panchakarma, 21st October 2020
Role of Vamana & Virechana in Lifestyle disorders by Ayurmitra Nadi Bhishak Prof KSR Prasad (Technoayurveda) in National Webinar On Role of Panchakarma in Lifestyle Disorders
On 15-09-2020 @ 2PM Panchakarma Dept, Govt PG Ayurveda College, Varanasi
Ayurmitra Nadi Bhishak Prof KSR Prasad (Technoayurveda) lecture on Precautionary measures & post COVID
management through Panchakarma
All Panchakarma are done even in COVID and
post COVID situations as per Ayurveda principles
following precautions
Viruddha Ahara referred in terms of food to food interactions or food processing interactions develops Toxicity because of antagonism. - by Ayurmitra Nadi Guru Prof KSR Prasad (Technoayurveda) 9290566566/9503227966 ‐ technoayurveda@yahoo.com
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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1. In the Memory of VVS Sastry
20-11-1932 to 12-08-1999
Prof. Dr. K. Shiva Rama Prasad
Dept. of Kayachikitsa (PG)
PGARC, DGMAMC, Gadag
+91-9448746450
doctorksrprasad@gmail.com
2. A step towards healing
Sharing of the information of Madhumeha in
front of many intellectuals of Ayurveda is a
Herculean Task
Gnosis of Diabetes makes ones to attend it
either curative or prophylaxes forms.
Nosology of Madhumeha is necessary to
manage it full length.
Apart from many classifications - Susruta 7
fold classification has much importance to
understand the disease Madhumeha.
13-8-2007 doctorksrprasad@gmail.com 2
4. Adibala Pravrutta
Matruja Madhumeha – probably developed because of
Matruja beeja avayava Medo vikruti – kostanga – kloma
(Pancreas-?)
Pitruja Madhumeha – Asthi beeja avayava – Acetylcholine –
citrus acid cycle disturbance – neo glycolysis - ketone bodies
Genetically influenced Madhumeha – where Beeja – Beeja
bhaaga avayava are influenced to give rise MM child
The genetics and involvement of Genes are even though not
new – medically to treat a patient of Shisava MM is not
possible.
But “Eugenics” – is provided by the Ayurveda to combat the
disease to eradicate or to avoid “predominance” of Beeja –
Pumsavana - sadvrutta etc.
Apart from this the colonial prophylaxis management as –
Atulya Grotriya is followed.
iÉjÉ +ÉÊnù¤É±É|É´ÉÞkÉÉ ªÉä ¶ÉÖGò¶ÉÉäÊhÉiÉ nùÉä¹ÉÉx´ÉªÉä:
EÖò¹`öɶÉÇ|ɦÉÞiɪÉ:, iÉä +Ê{É ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ: ¨ÉÉiÉÞVÉÉ: Ê{ÉiÉÞVÉɶSÉ
-ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ºÉÚjÉ 24/5
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5. Janmabala Pravrutta
Rasakruta (Apatarpanajanaya MM) &
Douhrudapacharaja (Santarpanajanya MM)
Rasakruta MM is, where mother irregular food
habits or lack of food or incapacities of taking food
leaves an impression over the baby to develop
accumulation of food for future use habituated to
develop as Juvenile DM. – 2nd World war impression
over German population
Douhrudapacharaja literally mother’s deviated
habits influence the baby for deranged segregations
of Shareera Kleda (Blood Sugar) to develop JDM as
result of impaired metabolic functions
VÉx¨É¤É±É |É´ÉÞkÉÉ ªÉä ¨ÉÉiÉÖ®úÉ{ÉSÉÉ®úÉiÉ {ÉRÂóMÉÖVÉÉiɺlÉ
¤ÉÊvÉ®ú ¨ÉÚEò ʨÉÎx¨ÉxÉ ´ÉɨÉxÉ |ɦÉÖiɪÉÉä:
VÉɪÉxiÉäiÉä +Ê{É ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ: ®úºÉEÞòiÉÉ: nùÉè¾þnùÉ{ÉSÉÉ®úEÞòiÉɶSÉ
- ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ºÉÚjÉ 24/5
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6. Doshabala Pravrutta
Amashaya Samutha MM & Pakwashaya
Samutha MM
We always behind the Dosha and Dhatu, which
are altering all the time to target for any illness
in the body. Off course the Dosha are
dependent over the food and digestion.
The pre digestive manifested MM and post
digestive manifested MM has to be
differentiated before treatment
nùÉä¹É¤É±É |É´ÉÞkÉÉ ªÉä +ÉiÉÆEòºÉ¨ÉÖi{ÉzÉÉ Ê¨ÉvªÉɽþÉ®úÉSÉÉ®ú EÞòiÉɶSÉ iÉä +Ê{É ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ,
+ɨɶɪɺɨÉÖilÉÉ: {ÉC´ÉɶɪɺɨÉÖilÉɶSÉ {ÉÖxɶSÉ ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ: ¶É®úÒ®ú ¨ÉÉxɺÉɶSÉ - ¨ÉÉxɺÉÉÊ{É
ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ: ®úÉVɺÉÉ: iÉɨɺÉɶSÉ iÉ BiÉä +ÉvªÉÉÎi¨ÉEòÉ: - ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ºÉÚjÉ 24/5
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7. Sanghatabala Pravrutta
Shastra (armed fight) and Vyala
(animal) should be concerned to
exogenous causes of MM
Viral DM is said to be a new invention
in contemporary but the Krimija MM
even though not classified, its
existence is proved through usage of
Anti retroviral management in MM.
ºÉÆPÉÉiÉ¤É±É |É´ÉÞkÉÉ ªÉä +ÉMÉxiÉ´ÉÉä nÖù¤ÉDZɺªÉ ¤É±É´ÉÊuùOɽþÉiÉ iÉä +Ê{É ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ: ¶ÉºjÉEÞòiÉÉ:
´ªÉɱÉEÞòiÉɶSÉ BiÉä +ÉÊnù¦ÉÉèÊiÉEòÉ: - ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ºÉÚjÉ 24/6
ºÉÆPÉÉiÉ¤É±É |É´ÉÞkÉÉ <ÊiÉ ºÉÆPÉÉiÉÉä +jÉ +iªÉʪÉEò: ºÉƺÉMÉÇ: - ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ºÉÚjÉ 24/6 ½þÉ®úhÉSÉÆpù
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8. Kalabala Pravrutta
Seasonal influences are common in
manifestation of disease. This cause Agni
disturbances. The MM of seasonal variations
dependent on food habits which are of external
causes implies influence on shareera kleda to
cause Amashaya samutha MM with apakwa rasa
kleda. In some seasons sugar levels alters to
high and low even – as we see in summer
hypoglycemia – so as the usage of madhura rasa
EòÉ±É¤É±É |É´ÉÞkÉÉ ªÉä ¶ÉÒiÉÉä¹hÉ´ÉÉiɴɹÉÉÇiÉ{É |ɦÉÞÊiÉ ÊxÉʨÉkÉÉ: iÉä +Ê{É ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ:
´ªÉÉ{ÉzÉ @ñÊiÉEÞòiÉÉ: +´ªÉÉ{ÉzÉ @ñiÉÖEÞòiÉɶSÉ
- ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ºÉÚjÉ 24/7
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9. Daivabala Pravrutta
In it Vidud-ashanikruta – is said to be any
external shock referred to execute
electrical impulses that disturb the body
environment and cause Hyper or
Hypoglycemia
Pishacha once again fingers towards the
infectious origins - which could be
sudden or communicated viral or
Bacterial origins could occur either by
contact or epidemiological or transfusion
nèù´É¤É±É |É´ÉÞkÉÉ ªÉä näù´ÉpùÉä½þnùʦɶÉ{iÉEòÉ: +vÉ´ÉÇhÉEÞòiÉÉ ={ɺÉMÉÇVÉɶSÉ iÉä +Ê{É ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ:
Ê´ÉtÖnù¶ÉÊxÉEÞòiÉÉ: Ê{ɶÉÉSÉÉÊnùEÞòiÉɶSÉ - {ÉÖxɶSÉ ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ: - ºÉƺÉMÉÇVÉÉ: +ÉEòκ¨ÉEòɶSÉ
- ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ºÉÚjÉ 24/7
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10. Swabhavabala Pravrutta
In this the diseases manifested during the un
time/time schedule routine course pathological
conditions are discussed – like gestational DM
etc which may ultimately leads to precipitate
MM/DM permanently as marker
In the old age hypoglycemia (Vata) and
children with hyperglycemia (Kapha) are
common
º´É¦ÉÉ´É¤É±É |É´ÉÞkÉÉ ªÉä IÉÖÎi{É{ÉɺÉÉVÉ®úɨÉÞiªÉÖ ÊxÉpùÉ |ɦÉÞiɪÉ:, iÉä +Ê{É ÊuùÊ´ÉvÉÉ: - EòɱÉVÉÉ:
+EòɱÉVÉɶSÉ iÉjÉ {ÉÊ®ú®úIÉhÉ EÞòiÉÉ: EòɱÉVÉÉ: +{ÉÊ®ú®úIÉhÉEÞòiÉÉ: +EòɱÉVÉÉ:
- ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ºÉÚjÉ 24/7
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11. Sahaja MM
Sahaja MM is Krusha – Rooksha – Alpashi
– Always Parisarana sheela (hyperactive) -
is not indicated with any elimination but to
treat with “Samskruta Annpana” pathya –
transformed food regulations and
Samshamana chikitsa – palliative
management – along with diseases or
conditions associated to even treat is
indicated.
iÉjÉ ºÉ½þVÉÉä ¨ÉÉiÉÉÊ{ÉiÉÞ ¤ÉÒVÉnùÉä¹ÉEÞòiÉ: - - - iɪÉÉä {ÉÚ´ÉæhÉÉä{ÉoùiÉ: EÞò¶ÉÉä°üIÉÉä,+±{ÉɶÉÒ Ê{É{ÉɶÉɺÉÖ¦ÉÞǶÉÆ {ÉÊ®úºÉ®úhÉ ¶ÉұɶSÉ
¦É´ÉÊiÉ - iÉjÉ EÞò¶É¨ÉzÉ{ÉÉxÉ |ÉÊiɺÉƺEÞòiÉÉʦÉ: ÊGòªÉÉʦÉζSÉÊEòiºÉäiÉ ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ÊSÉÊEòiºÉ - 11/3-4
ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉÆ xÉɽÇþÊiÉ ªÉ: |ɨÉäʽþ iɺªÉ ºÉƶɨÉxÉÒ |ɪÉÉäVªÉÉ - SÉ®úEò ÊSÉÊEòiºÉ 6/18
iÉiÉÉä%xÉÖ¤ÉÆvÉ ®úIÉxÉÉlÉÈ ¶É¨ÉxÉɽÇþºªÉ ¶É¨ÉxÉÉxªÉ´ÉSÉÉ®úªÉäiÉ - +¹]õÉÆMÉ ºÉÆOɽþ ÊSÉÊEòiºÉ 14/4
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12. Apathyanimittaja MM
Apathya nimitta MM is Sthoola –
snigdha – wants comforts of food and
sleep – is to be treated with Apatarpana
Chikitsa – Samshodhana following the
“Samutha Vishesha” as either with
Vamana in case of Amashaya samutha
and Virechana fro Pakwashaya
samutha MM
+ʽþiÉɽþÉ®úVÉÉä%{ÉlªÉ ÊxÉʨÉkɶSÉ - =kÉ®äúhÉ ºlÉÚ±ÉÉä ¤É¼´ÉɶÉÒ ÎºxÉMvÉ: ¶ÉªªÉɺÉxÉ º´É{xɶÉұɶSÉ |ÉɪÉähÉäÊiÉ - - - -
ºlÉڱɨÉ{ÉiÉ{ÉÇhɪÉÖHòÉʦÉ: - ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ÊSÉÊEòiºÉ - 11/3-4
ºlÉÚ±É|ɨÉäʽþ ¤É±É´ÉÉxÉèEò: - - ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉ nùÉä¹É¤É±ÉÉÊvÉEòºªÉ - SÉ®úEò ÊSÉÊEòiºÉ 6/1
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14. Murphy's Fourth Law states that - If there
is a possibility of several things going
wrong, the one that will cause the most
damage will be the one to go wrong.
“Management” rather than “treatment”, is
the appropriate term in MM/DM, and
involves diet, regulations, exercise,
insulin, oral hypoglycemic, patient
education and counseling.
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15. Points of observation @ MM
Sahaja meha (Beejadosha) - krusha MM
Apathyanimittaja - sthula MM
Amashaya Samutha MM indicated with Vamana
even (Kapha or Kapha Pitta MM)
Pakwashaya samutha MM indicated with Virechana
(Pitta MM)
Avruta Vata janaya MM
Dhatu kshaya Janya MM
Krimija MM
Garbhini MM
Chintajanya MM, etc.
nùÉè|ɨÉä½þÉè¦É´ÉiÉ: ºÉ½þVÉÉä%{ÉlªÉÊxÉʨÉkɶSÉ - - ºÉÖ¸ÉÖiÉ ÊSÉÊEòiºÉ - 11/3-4
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16. Prabhoota (more than 4 Anjali - Dushya
dravibhootata) – Avila (Samala) - Madhura
(Kleda- Ojas) Mootra as common symptoms are
developed due to – Shareera kleda (blood
sugar) added to urine as – glycosuria is
“Pratyatma Niyata Lakshana” requires
management
Usually the MM patient is with – impaired Agni
where in pathology has transformed meda as
mootra and the tejas of it augment Kleda with
Abhishyanna Deha – Drava Pradhana deha
|ÉɪÉähÉʽþ |ɨÉäʽþhÉÉä%ʦɹªÉhhÉnäù½þi´ÉÉnÖù{ɽþiÉÉMxÉä - ¨ÉÚjÉɪɨÉänùºÉäSÉ Ê´É{ÉÊ®úhɨÉiÉä - iɺ¨ÉnùºªÉ iÉäVÉÉävÉÉiÉÖ ´ÉÞqùªÉä
C±Éänù¨Éänù: |ɶɨÉxÉɪÉSÉ ¤ÉʱÉxÉ: ºÉƶÉÉävÉxÉÉÊxÉ |ɪÉÖÆVÉÒiÉ - +¹]õÉÆMÉ ºÉÆOɽþ ÊSÉÊEòiºÉ 14/2
+ʦɹªÉhhÉ: pù´É |ÉvÉÉxÉ ¶±É乨ÉÊ´ÉEòÉ®úÒ - SÉGò{ÉÉÊhÉ
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17. In a nut shell - Ahara consumed
Absorbed from Amashaya (Madhura rasa ahara) = Amashaya
samutha MM = Vamana indicated
Food absorbed and transformed at Pakwashaya (Madhura
vipaka ahara) = Pakwashaya samutha MM = Virechana
indicated
Rasa nimittaja or santarpana janya or Apathya nimittaja MM is
pathological state of excess rasa in shareera as (Dhatu
vruddhi) understood as intracellular glucose excess (many
times we are not considering this condition)
Excess is mala always – so the excess rasa from the dhatu is
brought in to system (interstitial glucose excess) to name as –
Shareera Kleda (Blood glucose)
Shareera kleda along with “Apdhatu” is filtered by Mootravaha
srotas to get Madhura Mootra where the re-absorption
capacities of “Vrukka” or Shareera is failed
Excess kleda (glucose) attracts 16 molecules of water so as
to get Prabhoota and Avila Mootra in MM – thus the
Baddhamootra drvaya along with Amedaskara as palliative
management
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22. Pathya Vihara
To have walk as much as possible
traveling on elephants, horses
different plays and games
different forms of marshal arts practice
roaming in different places other than
temples
using umbrella
Following “Sadvrutta”
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23. Apathya in Madhumeha
(High caloric diet)
Aahara: Jala, Milk, Ghee, Oils, Curd, Sugar,
Different types of rice preparations, anupa,
gramya and audaka mamsa, Ikshurasa,
Pishtanna, Navanna.
Vihara: Eksthana asana, Divaswapa,
Dhoompana, Sweda, Raktamoksha,
Mutravega dharana.
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27. Revalidation of Management
Two entities viz. Shareera Kleda Vruddhi
(Hyperglycemia) and Madhura Mutra
(Glycosuria) are specific w.s.r. to Madhumeha
management.
Increase in blood glucose depends upon the
tolerance and threshold of body and the action
counter depends upon the Vikara vighata bhava
in the body
Urine out put with sugar is lack of re absorption
capacity of kidney
The management is proposed - based upon the
level of pathology embedded in Amashaya
(Pancreatic) or Pakwashaya (Renal) influence
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28. In Amashaya Samutha MM –
Excess glucose absorption from Amashaya because of –
Navanna, Guda vikruti etc. makes initially temporary
increase of glucose levels there by the Santarpanotha
vikara MM develops.
The MM from Amashaya is combated from regulating
food – use of Pathya Ahara and medicines that inhibit the
absorption of glucose from stomach
Best example to block glucose absorption is “Indrayava”
and “Apamarga Tandula”
Here the importance of Vata regulation plays an important
role in terms of regulating the pancreas.
We should not only see that the shareera kleda is re
absorbed from Henley's loop but also re absorption from
gut – which could be controlled by controlling the
Vyanavata
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29. Pakwashaya Samutha MM is a condition which
is developed because of the post digestive
metabolism or protein/fat transformation or at the
interference of Citrus acid cycle which in turn
excreted through kidney
Mainly the action which regulate the fat
metabolism and additional glucose release in to
the blood as “Shareera Kleda” has to be
controlled by either burning it or eliminating it.
Here the management which is said is –
Virechana – Mootra virechana. Such as Asana –
Pashanabheda – Punarnava etc. along with
Anulomana – Virechana for Vata
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30. Krimija Madhumeha – a uncommon name –
practically observed should be treated by the
Krimihara – pramehahara – medohara –
Brumhana – Amedskara such as – (used in
Prameha & Madhumeha management)
Nisha – Amalaki – Akuli combination
The drugs such as – Vidanga etc.
The drugs acting on skin – Manjista etc
ºÉ´ÉǺªÉSÉ ¤Érù¨ÉÚjÉÉhªÉɨÉänùºEò®úÉhªÉ ¤ÉÞƽþhÉÉxªÉÎMxÉnùÒ{ÉxÉÉÊxÉ ¤É±ÉVÉxÉxÉÉÊxÉ +zÉ{ÉÉxÉÉÊxÉ
-+¹]õÉÆMÉ ºÉÆOɽþ ÊSÉÊEòiºÉ 14/2
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31. Dhatukshaya janya MM managed with the Dhatu
Pusti kara bhavas
Avaranajanya MM treated by controlling Vata
Chintajanya MM pacified by controlling Vata,
counseling and relieving from causative factors
Vastijanya MM (Hexosis) (defect of Hexose
transport or active Na+-glucose co-transporters
(SGLT) and the facilitative glucose transporters)
even though not new a condition, where the
glycosuria is observed with out rise of blood sugar –
shareera kleda because of filter disturbances in the
kidney
In the management of MM the role of Vanga and
Vatsaka are memorable
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32. Present trends of utilising hypoglycemic
agents to regulate the disease may give
temporary hypoglycemic conditions but the
understanding of the “Vikara Vighata Bhava”
and utilising them in right way offers the MM
management in full length.
Much to confer on Madhumeha and Diabetes
and to unveil – a never end saga
It is my privilege to speak on this topic at
“World Diabetic Capital” - Hyderabad
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