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robert.jewi>@sunderland.ac.uk	
  

From	
  dub	
  to	
  disco:	
  	
  
Electronic	
  music	
  produc3on	
  and	
  crea3vity	
  
Overview	
  
•  Technology	
  
•  Technique	
  
•  Talent	
  
Useful	
  sources	
  
Wri>en	
  &	
  designed	
  by	
  Evan	
  Linardi	
  
“The	
  ability	
  to	
  remix	
  media,	
  hack	
  products,	
  
or	
  otherwise	
  tamper	
  with	
  consumer	
  
culture	
  is	
  their	
  birthright,	
  and	
  they	
  won't	
  
let	
  outmoded	
  intellectual	
  property	
  laws	
  
stand	
  in	
  their	
  way”	
  
-­‐	
  Tapsco>	
  &	
  Williams,	
  2008:	
  52	
  
	
  
Fairlight	
  CMI	
  (1979)	
  
ABC-­‐TV	
  -­‐	
  	
  1980	
  
Kate	
  Bush	
  –	
  ‘Babooshka’	
  –	
  Never	
  For	
  Ever	
  (1980)	
  
Afrika	
  Bambaataa	
  &	
  Soul	
  Sonic	
  Force	
  –	
  ‘Planet	
  Rock’	
  (1982)	
  
Kylie	
  Minogue	
  –	
  ‘Sweet	
  Music’	
  	
  -­‐	
  Body	
  Language	
  (2004)	
  
‘In	
  1979,	
  the	
  use	
  of	
  Page	
  C	
  and	
  Music	
  Composi3on	
  Language	
  (MCL)	
  meant	
  
that	
  not	
  only	
  was	
  the	
  Fairlight	
  a	
  synthesizer	
  and	
  sampler,	
  it	
  also	
  
incorporated	
  musical	
  composi3on	
  abili3es.	
  By	
  1982,	
  a	
  real-­‐3me	
  
programmable	
  sequencer	
  was	
  added.	
  In	
  1983,	
  the	
  Musical	
  Instrument	
  
Digital	
  Interface	
  (MIDI)	
  and	
  Society	
  for	
  Mo3on	
  Picture	
  and	
  TV	
  Engineers	
  
3me	
  code	
  (SMPTE)	
  were	
  supported’	
  
-­‐	
  Brabazon,	
  2012:	
  101-­‐2	
  
Akai	
  S-­‐series	
  
S612	
  pictured	
  
Deadmau5	
  on	
  DJing	
  

“It	
  takes	
  two	
  days	
  to	
  learn,	
  as	
  long	
  as	
  you	
  can	
  count	
  to	
  four”	
  
“People	
  are	
  […]	
  smartening	
  up	
  about	
  who	
  does	
  what	
  –	
  but	
  
there’s	
  s3ll	
  bu>on-­‐pushers	
  gemng	
  paid	
  half	
  a	
  million.”	
  
-­‐	
  Rolling	
  Stone,	
  2012	
  
2	
  ar3cles	
  on	
  Sunspace	
  
Part	
  1:	
  the	
  dub	
  
‘All	
  any	
  prime	
  minister	
  had	
  to	
  do	
  to	
  
gauge	
  the	
  winds	
  was	
  to	
  listen	
  closely	
  
to	
  the	
  week’s	
  45	
  rpm	
  single	
  releases;	
  
they	
  were	
  like	
  poli3cal	
  polls	
  set	
  to	
  
melody	
  and	
  riddim’	
  	
  
-­‐	
  Jeff	
  Chang,	
  2005:	
  31	
  	
  

Arthur	
  ‘Duke’ Reid:	
  
“King	
  of	
  Sound	
  &	
  Blues” 	
  
1956,	
  1957	
  and	
  1958	
  	
  
32	
  
1962	
  –	
  Jamaican	
  independence	
  
1964	
  –	
  Reid	
  built	
  recording	
  studio	
  
1967	
  –	
  The	
  Paragons	
  

Rudolph	
  ‘Ruddy’	
  Redwood	
  
&	
  Byron	
  Smith	
  	
  	
  
Part	
  2:	
  the	
  ‘mix’	
  

Nicky	
  Siano	
  
Part	
  3:	
  the	
  ‘edit’	
  
1972	
  –	
  Botel	
  club,	
  Fire	
  Island,	
  New	
  York	
  
 
Law	
  of	
  the	
  Land	
  starts	
  with	
  clapping	
  and	
  [Gibbons]	
  used	
  to	
  extend	
  that	
  sec3on	
  in	
  real	
  3me	
  but	
  
there	
  were	
  a	
  few	
  fuck-­‐ups,	
  so	
  I	
  said,	
  ‘Why	
  don’t	
  we	
  record	
  the	
  song	
  over	
  and	
  over	
  again,	
  just	
  the	
  
beginning	
  of	
  it,	
  and	
  then	
  splice	
  the	
  magne3c	
  tape	
  together?’...	
  Then	
  we	
  pressed	
  it	
  to	
  acetate.	
  	
  
-­‐	
  Lawrence,	
  2008:	
  288	
  
Part	
  4:	
  the	
  ‘break’	
  

1967	
  –	
  Clive	
  Campbell	
  (AKA	
  DJ	
  Kool	
  Herc)	
  arrives	
  in	
  the	
  Bronx	
  from	
  Jamaica	
  
“We	
  might	
  an3cipate	
  a	
  new	
  music	
  
based	
  on	
  reworking	
  MP3	
  recordings	
  
pulled	
  from	
  the	
  Internet	
  .	
  .	
  .	
  .	
  In	
  this	
  
respect,	
  the	
  Internet	
  is	
  more	
  than	
  
just	
  a	
  means	
  of	
  distribu3on,	
  it	
  
becomes	
  a	
  raison	
  d’être	
  for	
  a	
  culture	
  
based	
  on	
  audio	
  data”	
  
– 	
  Riddell,	
  2001,	
  p.341	
  cited	
  in	
  
Shiga,	
  2007:	
  94	
  
39	
  
40	
  
The	
  Prodigy	
  –	
  ‘Smack	
  My	
  Bitch	
  Up’	
  –	
  The	
  Fat	
  Of	
  The	
  Land	
  (1997)	
  	
  
"In	
  the	
  old	
  days,	
  samples	
  were	
  
$2,500	
  or	
  $1,500.	
  …	
  I	
  paid	
  $2,000	
  
for	
  a	
  Gladys	
  Knight	
  sample	
  for	
  'Can	
  
It	
  Be	
  All	
  So	
  Simple'	
  off	
  Enter	
  the	
  
Wu-­‐Tang	
  (36	
  Chambers).	
  That	
  was	
  
a	
  big	
  intro,	
  and	
  the	
  hook	
  was	
  
repe33ous.	
  Something	
  like	
  that	
  
nowadays	
  would	
  cost	
  $10,000."	
  
•  “mass	
  culture	
  provides	
  the	
  
building	
  blocks	
  for	
  the	
  stuff	
  
we	
  create” 	
  
–  Lessig	
  in	
  Lasica,	
  2005	
  
Industry	
  response 	
  	
  
• 
• 
• 
• 

lobbying	
  for	
  legisla3ve	
  changes	
  
court	
  ac3ons	
  
educa3on	
  and	
  propaganda	
  campaigns	
  
technological	
  means	
  

•  For	
  more	
  info	
  see	
  Allen	
  (2008)	
  and	
  Lessig	
  
(2004,	
  2008)	
  
Expansion	
  of	
  U.S.	
  copyright	
  law	
  (assuming	
  authors	
  create	
  their	
  works	
  35	
  
years	
  prior	
  to	
  their	
  death)	
  
Piracy	
  used	
  to	
  be	
  about	
  folks	
  who	
  
made	
  and	
  sold	
  large	
  numbers	
  of	
  
counterfeit	
  copies.	
  Today,	
  the	
  term	
  
“piracy”	
  seems	
  to	
  describe	
  any	
  
unlicensed	
  ac0vity,	
  especially	
  if	
  
the	
  person	
  engaging	
  in	
  it	
  is	
  a	
  male	
  
teenager.	
  The	
  content	
  industry	
  
calls	
  some	
  things	
  that	
  are	
  
unques3onably	
  legal	
  “piracy”’.	
  
-­‐	
  Litman,	
  2000:	
  7-­‐8	
  	
  
53	
  
h>p://remix.nin.com/	
  
h>p://www.djsasha.com/mailer/	
  	
  
Copyright/copywrong?	
  
•  Technological	
  shiys	
  
•  Cultural	
  shiys	
  
•  Legal	
  shiys	
  

•  DMCA	
  
•  Fair	
  use/dealing	
  
•  Sonny	
  Bono	
  Copyright	
  Term	
  Extension	
  Act	
  
If you were sued every time you accidentally violated copyright
law in a single day how much would you owe?	
  
Conclusion	
  
•  Less	
  than	
  2%	
  of	
  works	
  have	
  any	
  con3nuing	
  commercial	
  
value	
  (Lessig,	
  2004)	
  
•  CTEA	
  =	
  Mickey	
  Mouse	
  act?	
  
•  ‘Rent-­‐seeking’?	
  
•  S3fling	
  crea3vity?	
  
 
• 
• 

‘Sound	
  desk’	
  	
  -­‐	
  Rob	
  Jewi>	
  
‘The	
  Beatles	
  Part	
  2	
  8-­‐track’	
  -­‐	
  Paul	
  Riismandel	
  

• 

‘mixtape	
  from	
  a	
  friend	
  in	
  college’	
  –	
  jessamyn	
  west	
  

• 
• 
• 
• 
• 

‘BASF	
  DAT	
  Digital	
  Audio	
  Tape’	
  –	
  windthoek	
  
‘IMGP6827_minidisc’	
  –	
  Rae	
  Allen	
  
‘Moog	
  Li>le	
  Pha>y	
  Tribute	
  Edi3on’	
  –	
  Leo	
  Jun	
  
‘Radium	
  49	
  M-­‐Audio	
  Keyboard	
  –	
  5’	
  –	
  Dave	
  Sag	
  
‘roland	
  tb-­‐303	
  bass	
  line’	
  –	
  dr.	
  mo>e	
  
‘Sample	
  this’	
  –	
  John	
  Athayde	
  

• 
• 

‘Analog	
  music	
  playing	
  device’	
  –	
  Robert	
  Frieberger	
  
‘laws	
  for	
  atoms’	
  –	
  Will	
  Lion	
  

• 

60	
  

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Mac351 from dub to disco electronic music production and creativity

  • 1. #mac351   robert.jewi>@sunderland.ac.uk   From  dub  to  disco:     Electronic  music  produc3on  and  crea3vity  
  • 2. Overview   •  Technology   •  Technique   •  Talent  
  • 4. Wri>en  &  designed  by  Evan  Linardi  
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9. “The  ability  to  remix  media,  hack  products,   or  otherwise  tamper  with  consumer   culture  is  their  birthright,  and  they  won't   let  outmoded  intellectual  property  laws   stand  in  their  way”   -­‐  Tapsco>  &  Williams,  2008:  52    
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 18.
  • 19. Kate  Bush  –  ‘Babooshka’  –  Never  For  Ever  (1980)  
  • 20.
  • 21. Afrika  Bambaataa  &  Soul  Sonic  Force  –  ‘Planet  Rock’  (1982)  
  • 22.
  • 23. Kylie  Minogue  –  ‘Sweet  Music’    -­‐  Body  Language  (2004)  
  • 24.
  • 25. ‘In  1979,  the  use  of  Page  C  and  Music  Composi3on  Language  (MCL)  meant   that  not  only  was  the  Fairlight  a  synthesizer  and  sampler,  it  also   incorporated  musical  composi3on  abili3es.  By  1982,  a  real-­‐3me   programmable  sequencer  was  added.  In  1983,  the  Musical  Instrument   Digital  Interface  (MIDI)  and  Society  for  Mo3on  Picture  and  TV  Engineers   3me  code  (SMPTE)  were  supported’   -­‐  Brabazon,  2012:  101-­‐2  
  • 26.
  • 28.
  • 29. Deadmau5  on  DJing   “It  takes  two  days  to  learn,  as  long  as  you  can  count  to  four”   “People  are  […]  smartening  up  about  who  does  what  –  but   there’s  s3ll  bu>on-­‐pushers  gemng  paid  half  a  million.”   -­‐  Rolling  Stone,  2012  
  • 30. 2  ar3cles  on  Sunspace  
  • 31. Part  1:  the  dub  
  • 32. ‘All  any  prime  minister  had  to  do  to   gauge  the  winds  was  to  listen  closely   to  the  week’s  45  rpm  single  releases;   they  were  like  poli3cal  polls  set  to   melody  and  riddim’     -­‐  Jeff  Chang,  2005:  31     Arthur  ‘Duke’ Reid:   “King  of  Sound  &  Blues”   1956,  1957  and  1958     32  
  • 33. 1962  –  Jamaican  independence   1964  –  Reid  built  recording  studio   1967  –  The  Paragons   Rudolph  ‘Ruddy’  Redwood   &  Byron  Smith      
  • 34. Part  2:  the  ‘mix’   Nicky  Siano  
  • 35. Part  3:  the  ‘edit’   1972  –  Botel  club,  Fire  Island,  New  York  
  • 36.   Law  of  the  Land  starts  with  clapping  and  [Gibbons]  used  to  extend  that  sec3on  in  real  3me  but   there  were  a  few  fuck-­‐ups,  so  I  said,  ‘Why  don’t  we  record  the  song  over  and  over  again,  just  the   beginning  of  it,  and  then  splice  the  magne3c  tape  together?’...  Then  we  pressed  it  to  acetate.     -­‐  Lawrence,  2008:  288  
  • 37. Part  4:  the  ‘break’   1967  –  Clive  Campbell  (AKA  DJ  Kool  Herc)  arrives  in  the  Bronx  from  Jamaica  
  • 38. “We  might  an3cipate  a  new  music   based  on  reworking  MP3  recordings   pulled  from  the  Internet  .  .  .  .  In  this   respect,  the  Internet  is  more  than   just  a  means  of  distribu3on,  it   becomes  a  raison  d’être  for  a  culture   based  on  audio  data”   –   Riddell,  2001,  p.341  cited  in   Shiga,  2007:  94  
  • 39. 39  
  • 40. 40  
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43. The  Prodigy  –  ‘Smack  My  Bitch  Up’  –  The  Fat  Of  The  Land  (1997)    
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47. "In  the  old  days,  samples  were   $2,500  or  $1,500.  …  I  paid  $2,000   for  a  Gladys  Knight  sample  for  'Can   It  Be  All  So  Simple'  off  Enter  the   Wu-­‐Tang  (36  Chambers).  That  was   a  big  intro,  and  the  hook  was   repe33ous.  Something  like  that   nowadays  would  cost  $10,000."  
  • 48.
  • 49. •  “mass  culture  provides  the   building  blocks  for  the  stuff   we  create”   –  Lessig  in  Lasica,  2005  
  • 50. Industry  response     •  •  •  •  lobbying  for  legisla3ve  changes   court  ac3ons   educa3on  and  propaganda  campaigns   technological  means   •  For  more  info  see  Allen  (2008)  and  Lessig   (2004,  2008)  
  • 51. Expansion  of  U.S.  copyright  law  (assuming  authors  create  their  works  35   years  prior  to  their  death)  
  • 52. Piracy  used  to  be  about  folks  who   made  and  sold  large  numbers  of   counterfeit  copies.  Today,  the  term   “piracy”  seems  to  describe  any   unlicensed  ac0vity,  especially  if   the  person  engaging  in  it  is  a  male   teenager.  The  content  industry   calls  some  things  that  are   unques3onably  legal  “piracy”’.   -­‐  Litman,  2000:  7-­‐8    
  • 53. 53  
  • 56.
  • 57. Copyright/copywrong?   •  Technological  shiys   •  Cultural  shiys   •  Legal  shiys   •  DMCA   •  Fair  use/dealing   •  Sonny  Bono  Copyright  Term  Extension  Act  
  • 58. If you were sued every time you accidentally violated copyright law in a single day how much would you owe?  
  • 59. Conclusion   •  Less  than  2%  of  works  have  any  con3nuing  commercial   value  (Lessig,  2004)   •  CTEA  =  Mickey  Mouse  act?   •  ‘Rent-­‐seeking’?   •  S3fling  crea3vity?  
  • 60.   •  •  ‘Sound  desk’    -­‐  Rob  Jewi>   ‘The  Beatles  Part  2  8-­‐track’  -­‐  Paul  Riismandel   •  ‘mixtape  from  a  friend  in  college’  –  jessamyn  west   •  •  •  •  •  ‘BASF  DAT  Digital  Audio  Tape’  –  windthoek   ‘IMGP6827_minidisc’  –  Rae  Allen   ‘Moog  Li>le  Pha>y  Tribute  Edi3on’  –  Leo  Jun   ‘Radium  49  M-­‐Audio  Keyboard  –  5’  –  Dave  Sag   ‘roland  tb-­‐303  bass  line’  –  dr.  mo>e   ‘Sample  this’  –  John  Athayde   •  •  ‘Analog  music  playing  device’  –  Robert  Frieberger   ‘laws  for  atoms’  –  Will  Lion   •  60