The chapter discusses regulation of the banking industry, why regulation takes the forms that it does, and how regulation does not always work as intended. It covers topics such as asymmetric information and bank regulation, international banking regulation, the 1980s US banking crisis, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991. The document provides details on various types of bank regulation and their intended effects, but also how they can create unintended consequences like moral hazard.
Summerlin Asset Management, LLC (SAM), is a diversified real estate investment and management company. SAM's expertise is the purchase, service, and resale, of both performing and non-performing real estate notes secured by the Deed of Trust or Mortgage.
The volatility in today’s financial markets is making it impossible to know where to invest and grow your money without the fear of losing your lifetime savings. Historic low interest rates are making is difficult to provide the income needed by investing in safer investments such as CDs and annuities. Investing a portion of your overall portfolio in fixed income investments should be considered as a solution to reducing volatility and providing needed income.
In today’s world Banks, Financial Institutes and others alike are facing increasing pressure from regulators/governments around the globe to become more transparent regarding the business they conduct in there countries. Regulators are demanding complex reporting data, with every changing attributes and to add to the complexity hosing in-country solutions. This is much evident within Asia where Countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan and others are following suit, among the top is Singapore MAS, where they are demanding raw data feeds “as-is” to be part of the protect the core. Traditionally Banks / FI’s were the first adapters of the Mainframes sitting in there head office in US or UK, now the challenge is how do you move duplicate this infrastructure in Jakarta, where the country is not ready however the regulators are pushing the envelope for doing business in their country. With the help of Distributed Technologies and tools e.g. Pivotal Stack it is now very much possible to move / partition data per country and do reporting within the country on utility hardware. In this presentation I will cover the approach on how to effectively move / host traditionally bulky mainframe applications into a unstructured cluster and do flexible reporting or run BI tools.
A mutual fund is the money pooled in by a large number of investors and offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified and professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively lower cost. Read for more details.
Summerlin Asset Management, LLC (SAM), is a diversified real estate investment and management company. SAM's expertise is the purchase, service, and resale, of both performing and non-performing real estate notes secured by the Deed of Trust or Mortgage.
The volatility in today’s financial markets is making it impossible to know where to invest and grow your money without the fear of losing your lifetime savings. Historic low interest rates are making is difficult to provide the income needed by investing in safer investments such as CDs and annuities. Investing a portion of your overall portfolio in fixed income investments should be considered as a solution to reducing volatility and providing needed income.
In today’s world Banks, Financial Institutes and others alike are facing increasing pressure from regulators/governments around the globe to become more transparent regarding the business they conduct in there countries. Regulators are demanding complex reporting data, with every changing attributes and to add to the complexity hosing in-country solutions. This is much evident within Asia where Countries like Malaysia, Indonesia, Japan and others are following suit, among the top is Singapore MAS, where they are demanding raw data feeds “as-is” to be part of the protect the core. Traditionally Banks / FI’s were the first adapters of the Mainframes sitting in there head office in US or UK, now the challenge is how do you move duplicate this infrastructure in Jakarta, where the country is not ready however the regulators are pushing the envelope for doing business in their country. With the help of Distributed Technologies and tools e.g. Pivotal Stack it is now very much possible to move / partition data per country and do reporting within the country on utility hardware. In this presentation I will cover the approach on how to effectively move / host traditionally bulky mainframe applications into a unstructured cluster and do flexible reporting or run BI tools.
A mutual fund is the money pooled in by a large number of investors and offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified and professionally managed basket of securities at a relatively lower cost. Read for more details.
Banking Structure in India:
This presentation helps us to understand the basics of banking in India, its initiation, role and growth over the period of time.
“Forex Trading Strategies” is a complete guide of most popular and widely used strategies in Forex trade. You can read about day trading and its main types, understand the strategies based on market analysis, learn about portfolio and algorithmic trading, and many more. The book represents the ins and outs of each strategy - why and how it is used and how to get profit from trade. It is suitable for all traders who are novice in trade or want to improve their skills. All the strategies classified and explained here are for educational purposes and can be applied by each trader in a different way.
18 Bank RegulationCHAPTER OBJECTIVESThe specific objectives of t.docxaulasnilda
18 Bank Regulation
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The specific objectives of this chapter are to:
· ▪ describe the key regulations imposed on commercial banks,
· ▪ explain capital requirements of banks,
· ▪ explain how regulators monitor banks,
· ▪ explain the issues regarding government rescue of failed banks, and
· ▪ describe how the Financial Reform Act of 2010 affects the regulation of commercial bank operations.
Bank regulations are designed to maintain public confidence in the financial system by preventing commercial banks from becoming too risky.18-1 BACKGROUND
Because banks rely on funds from depositors, they have been subject to regulations that are intended to ensure the safety of the financial system. Many of the regulations are intended to prevent banks from taking excessive risk that could cause them to fail. In particular, regulations are imposed on the types of assets in which banks can invest, and the minimum amount of capital that banks must maintain. However, there are trade-offs due to bank regulation. Some critics suggest that the regulation is excessive, and it restricts banks from serving their owners. Banks might be more efficient if they were not subject to regulations. Given these trade-offs, regulations are commonly revised over time in response to bank conditions, as regulators seek the optimal level of regulation that ensures the safety of the banking system, but also allows banks to be efficient.
Many regulations of bank operations were removed or reduced over time, which allowed banks to become more competitive. Because of deregulation, banks have considerable flexibility in the services they offer, the locations where they operate, and the rates they pay depositors for deposits.
Yet some banks and other financial institutions engaged in excessive risk taking in the 2005–2007 period, which is one the reasons for the credit crisis in the 2008–2009 period. Many banks failed as a result of the credit crisis, and government subsidies were extended to many other banks in order to prevent more failures and restore financial stability. This has led to much scrutiny over existing regulations and proposals for new regulations that can still allow for intense competition while preventing bank managers from taking excessive risks. This chapter provides a background on the prevailing regulatory structure, explains how bank regulators attempted to resolve the credit crisis, and describes recent changes in regulations that are intended to prevent another crisis.18-2 REGULATORY STRUCTURE
The regulatory structure of the banking system in the United States is dramatically different from that of other countries. It is often referred to as a dual banking system because it includes both a federal and a state regulatory system. There are more than 6,000 separately owned commercial banks in the United States, which are supervised by three federal agencies and 50 state agencies. The regulatory structure in other countries is much simpler.
W ...
Financial Market Failure and Regulation of the Financial Systemtutor2u
This is a study presentation on different causes of financial market failure and also policies introduced designed better to regulate the activities of the financial sector.
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docxalanfhall8953
Week-9 Bank Regulation
Money and Banking Econ 311
Tuesdays 7 - 9:45
Instructor: Thomas L. Thomas
Capital Adequacy Management
Bank capital helps prevent bank failure
The amount of capital affects return for the owners (equity holders) of the bank
Regulatory requirement – Regulatory Capital – Tier 1 and Tier 2 Basle Rules
Economic Capital - What is this
2
Capital Adequacy Management:
Returns to Equity Holders
3
Traditional Economic Capital Value-At-Risk (VaR) View
Frequency of Occurrence / Probability
Mean/Average Expected Losses (m)
Unexpected Losses @ 99.9% confidence Level (s)
Economic Capital
Reserves
Value-at-Risk
VAR
Before we can develop adequate credit stress testing we need to understand the differences between traditional credit loss measures and what stress tests incorporate.
Aside form standard concentration and coverage analysis, a standard portfolio credit risk analysis typically employs a Value-at-Risk view.
Credit risk in this view generally follows a positive skewed distribution (by definition one cannot have negative defaults and thus a normal distribution is not applicable).
Reserves ALLL generally cover average expected losses over a horizon. In reality these are usually allocated to general reserves since most ALLL have two components: general reserves and specific reserves for known credits that are detraining.
Economic capital functions as a cushion against unexpected loss up to some confidence level. In this case 99.9% or a single “A” rating is the regulatory standard (once every 10,000 years)
In addition to a loss cushion economic capital represents the amount of the firm’s equity that is at risk which requires a return sufficient to cover the associated risk.
The shape of the curve or tail will then reflect the underlying credit risk of the portfolio or product.
However this view has some assumptions that can miss important risk elements.
The distribution is generally based on one variable PD in this case and does necessarily fully account for other correlated factors that when combined either change the tail or increase the likelihood of default.
Second, while the event may be rare, this methodology does not tell how severe or the magnitude of the event when it occurs beyond the confidence level prescribed for economic capital.
4
Old Measure: New Ones
RAROC - Risk Adjusted Return on Capital
EVA - Economic Value Added.
Hurdle Rate – What is it. How is it measured?
5
Time Line of the Early History of Commercial Banking in the United States
6
Historical Development of the Banking System
Bank of North America chartered in 1782
Controversy over the chartering of banks.
National Bank Act of 1863 creates a new banking system of federally chartered banks
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Dual banking system
Federal Reserve System is created in 1913.
7
Asymmetric Information and Financial.
PAGE 280APPLYING THE CONCEPTTRUTH OR CONSEQUENCES PONZI SCHEM.docxsmile790243
PAGE 280
APPLYING THE CONCEPT
TRUTH OR CONSEQUENCES: PONZI SCHEMES AND OTHER FRAUDS
In the financial world, you always have to be on the lookout for crooks. Fraud is the most extreme version of moral hazard, and it is remarkably common.
The term Ponzi scheme has its origins in a 1920 scam run by serial con artist Charles Ponzi. Promising a 50 percent profit within 45 days, he swindled unsuspecting investors out of something like $250 million in 2014 dollars. Ponzi never invested their money. Instead, he paid off early investors handsomely with the money he obtained from subsequent investors.
Financial laws are now far more elaborate than in Ponzi’s day, and governments spend much more to enforce them, but frauds persist.
Bernie Madoff is the leading recent example. For decades, Madoff was a respected member of the investment community and able to escape detection. In the same manner as Ponzi, Madoff was redeeming requests for funds with the money he collected from more recent investors. Madoff’s con, which may have begun as early as the 1970s, failed only when the financial crisis of 2007–2009 depleted his funds, making it impossible for him to pay off the final cohort of wealthy, sophisticated—yet apparently quite gullible—investors and financial firms. The Madoff scandal dwarfed Ponzi’s racket: at the time the scheme blew up, the losses were estimated at $17.5 billion, and extensive efforts at recovery have put final losses in the neighborhood of $7 billion.
Unfortunately, in a complex financial system, the possibilities for fraud are widespread. Most cases are smaller and more mundane than those of Madoff or Ponzi, but their cumulative size is significant. One source devoted to tracking just Ponzi-type frauds in the United States listed 70 schemes worth an estimated $2.2 billion in 2014 alone.*
We aren’t going to get rid of Ponzi schemes and other frauds (see In the Blog: Conflicts of Interest in Finance). But the mission of ferreting them out and prosecuting those responsible is essential. A well-functioning financial system is based on trust. That is, when we make a bank deposit or purchase a share of stock or a bond, we need to believe that the terms of the agreement are being accurately represented and will be carried out. Economies where property rights are weak and enforcement is unreliable also usually supply less credit to worthy endeavors. That means lower production, lower income, and lower welfare.
imagesIN THE BLOG
Conflicts of Interest in Finance
Financial corruption exposed in the years since the financial crisis is breathtaking in its scale, scope, and resistance to remedy. Traders colluded to rig the foreign exchange (FX) market, where daily transactions exceed $5 trillion, and to manipulate LIBOR, the world’s leading interest rate benchmark (see Chapter 13, Applying the Concept: Reforming LIBOR). Firms have facilitated tax evasion and money laundering. And Bernie Madoff engineered what was arguably the largest Ponzi.
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
US Economic Outlook - Being Decided - M Capital Group August 2021.pdfpchutichetpong
The U.S. economy is continuing its impressive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic and not slowing down despite re-occurring bumps. The U.S. savings rate reached its highest ever recorded level at 34% in April 2020 and Americans seem ready to spend. The sectors that had been hurt the most by the pandemic specifically reduced consumer spending, like retail, leisure, hospitality, and travel, are now experiencing massive growth in revenue and job openings.
Could this growth lead to a “Roaring Twenties”? As quickly as the U.S. economy contracted, experiencing a 9.1% drop in economic output relative to the business cycle in Q2 2020, the largest in recorded history, it has rebounded beyond expectations. This surprising growth seems to be fueled by the U.S. government’s aggressive fiscal and monetary policies, and an increase in consumer spending as mobility restrictions are lifted. Unemployment rates between June 2020 and June 2021 decreased by 5.2%, while the demand for labor is increasing, coupled with increasing wages to incentivize Americans to rejoin the labor force. Schools and businesses are expected to fully reopen soon. In parallel, vaccination rates across the country and the world continue to rise, with full vaccination rates of 50% and 14.8% respectively.
However, it is not completely smooth sailing from here. According to M Capital Group, the main risks that threaten the continued growth of the U.S. economy are inflation, unsettled trade relations, and another wave of Covid-19 mutations that could shut down the world again. Have we learned from the past year of COVID-19 and adapted our economy accordingly?
“In order for the U.S. economy to continue growing, whether there is another wave or not, the U.S. needs to focus on diversifying supply chains, supporting business investment, and maintaining consumer spending,” says Grace Feeley, a research analyst at M Capital Group.
While the economic indicators are positive, the risks are coming closer to manifesting and threatening such growth. The new variants spreading throughout the world, Delta, Lambda, and Gamma, are vaccine-resistant and muddy the predictions made about the economy and health of the country. These variants bring back the feeling of uncertainty that has wreaked havoc not only on the stock market but the mindset of people around the world. MCG provides unique insight on how to mitigate these risks to possibly ensure a bright economic future.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Exploring Abhay Bhutada’s Views After Poonawalla Fincorp’s Collaboration With...beulahfernandes8
The financial landscape in India has witnessed a significant development with the recent collaboration between Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank.
The launch of the co-branded credit card, the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card, marks a major milestone for both entities.
This strategic move aims to redefine and elevate the banking experience for customers.
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247