The document discusses financial regulation and why it is important, focusing on regulations for banks. It addresses eight categories of banking regulations: (1) government safety nets like FDIC insurance that aim to protect depositors but can encourage moral hazard; (2) restrictions on asset holdings and capital requirements to reduce risk; (3) bank supervision through chartering and examinations; (4) assessing risk management; (5) disclosure requirements to provide transparency; (6) consumer protections; (7) restrictions on competition (now eliminated); and (8) lessons from the 1980s financial crisis when deregulation increased risks. While regulations aim to promote stability, they also sometimes introduce new problems or are insufficient to prevent crises.
The European Banking Authority are proposing to change fundamentally the prudential landscape for investment firms. In this briefing we looked at these proposals for strategic context around the update to your 2016 ICAAP.
Another year has gone by and the FCA’s combined Business Plan and Risk Outlook has been released… So what’s new and what does it mean for your firm?
Our briefing walked through the key messages of the document and took a look back at 2015’s release. We also explored what you might need to be doing differently in the year ahead.
This presentation serves as study notes for the e-learning material titled: "South African Hedge funds and international developments"
These notes focus on Dodd Frank and its Impact on the Hedge Fund Industry.
http://www.hedgefund-sa.co.za/dodd-frank
The European Banking Authority are proposing to change fundamentally the prudential landscape for investment firms. In this briefing we looked at these proposals for strategic context around the update to your 2016 ICAAP.
Another year has gone by and the FCA’s combined Business Plan and Risk Outlook has been released… So what’s new and what does it mean for your firm?
Our briefing walked through the key messages of the document and took a look back at 2015’s release. We also explored what you might need to be doing differently in the year ahead.
This presentation serves as study notes for the e-learning material titled: "South African Hedge funds and international developments"
These notes focus on Dodd Frank and its Impact on the Hedge Fund Industry.
http://www.hedgefund-sa.co.za/dodd-frank
WG Consulting held an early morning breakfast seminar at the Houston Junior League to discuss the Dodd-Frank Compliance landscape as it currently stands as is expected to shape out--and how that effects energy businesses of all sizes today.
The Practical Implementation of Dodd-Frank for End UsersWG Consulting
Jackson Walker, L.L.P. and WG Consulting presented a webinar focused on needs of End Users when implementing a Dodd-Frank Compliance Program. This practical webinar introduces the current landscape of the Dodd-Frank Rules and Regulations, explains the classifications and exceptions, the compliance requirements and the practical steps for achieving compliance. By being lead by experts in deregulated energy transactions and commodity-based financial derivatives as well as seasoned experts on the software and implementation side of Dodd-Frank, this webinar serves as an informative, accurate and practical guide to anyone facing Dodd-Frank Compliance today.
Financial crime hot topics: DPA's and Correspondent BankingBovill
At our February briefing in London, we looked at the evolution of and practical approaches to two current hot topics, Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) and Correspondent Banking.
Presentation is about #RegulatoryCompliance that #Financial Institutions need to ensure today. While regulators continue to publish regulations to enhance consumer protection and address safety and soundness, Financial Institutions are under pressure to meet these regulatory obligations.
Law and Regulations for Private and Retail Banking (Asia-Pacific, Hong Kong),...Raul A. Lujan Anaya
Notes on Certificate Course (Postgrad.) in Banking, Corporate and Finance Law: Law and Regulations for Private and Retail Banking (Hong Kong, Asia-Pacific), in the University of Hong Kong, First Semester of 2014.
Orderly Liquidation Authority under Dodd-FrankSimon Lacey
This is a presentation I prepared while at Georgetown University Law Center in 2001 on Orderly Liquidation Authority under the then newly enacted Dodd-Frank Act.
This presentation by Professor Spencer Weber Waller, Loyola University Chicago School of Law, was made during the discussion on "Addressing competition challenges in financial markets" held at the 2017 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum (4-5 April 2017 – Managua, Nicaragua). More papers and presentations can be found at oe.cd/laccf.
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docxalanfhall8953
Week-9 Bank Regulation
Money and Banking Econ 311
Tuesdays 7 - 9:45
Instructor: Thomas L. Thomas
Capital Adequacy Management
Bank capital helps prevent bank failure
The amount of capital affects return for the owners (equity holders) of the bank
Regulatory requirement – Regulatory Capital – Tier 1 and Tier 2 Basle Rules
Economic Capital - What is this
2
Capital Adequacy Management:
Returns to Equity Holders
3
Traditional Economic Capital Value-At-Risk (VaR) View
Frequency of Occurrence / Probability
Mean/Average Expected Losses (m)
Unexpected Losses @ 99.9% confidence Level (s)
Economic Capital
Reserves
Value-at-Risk
VAR
Before we can develop adequate credit stress testing we need to understand the differences between traditional credit loss measures and what stress tests incorporate.
Aside form standard concentration and coverage analysis, a standard portfolio credit risk analysis typically employs a Value-at-Risk view.
Credit risk in this view generally follows a positive skewed distribution (by definition one cannot have negative defaults and thus a normal distribution is not applicable).
Reserves ALLL generally cover average expected losses over a horizon. In reality these are usually allocated to general reserves since most ALLL have two components: general reserves and specific reserves for known credits that are detraining.
Economic capital functions as a cushion against unexpected loss up to some confidence level. In this case 99.9% or a single “A” rating is the regulatory standard (once every 10,000 years)
In addition to a loss cushion economic capital represents the amount of the firm’s equity that is at risk which requires a return sufficient to cover the associated risk.
The shape of the curve or tail will then reflect the underlying credit risk of the portfolio or product.
However this view has some assumptions that can miss important risk elements.
The distribution is generally based on one variable PD in this case and does necessarily fully account for other correlated factors that when combined either change the tail or increase the likelihood of default.
Second, while the event may be rare, this methodology does not tell how severe or the magnitude of the event when it occurs beyond the confidence level prescribed for economic capital.
4
Old Measure: New Ones
RAROC - Risk Adjusted Return on Capital
EVA - Economic Value Added.
Hurdle Rate – What is it. How is it measured?
5
Time Line of the Early History of Commercial Banking in the United States
6
Historical Development of the Banking System
Bank of North America chartered in 1782
Controversy over the chartering of banks.
National Bank Act of 1863 creates a new banking system of federally chartered banks
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Dual banking system
Federal Reserve System is created in 1913.
7
Asymmetric Information and Financial.
Financial Regulatory Reform: A New Foundation (1) Promote robust supervision and regulation of financial firms. Financial institutions that are critical to market functioning should be subject to strong oversight. No financial firm that poses a significant risk to the financial system should be unregulated or weakly regulated. We need clear accountability in financial oversight and supervision. We propose: • A new Financial Services Oversight Council of financial regulators to identify emerging systemic risks and improve interagency cooperation. • New authority for the Federal Reserve to supervise all firms that could pose a threat to financial stability, even those that do not own banks. • Stronger capital and other prudential standards for all financial firms, and even higher standards for large, interconnected firms. • A new National Bank Supervisor to supervise all federally chartered banks. • Elimination of the federal thrift charter and other loopholes that allowed some depository institutions to avoid bank holding company regulation by the Federal Reserve. • The registration of advisers of hedge funds and other private pools of capital with the SEC. (2) Establish comprehensive supervision of financial markets. Our major financial markets must be strong enough to withstand both system-wide stress and the failure of one or more large institutions. We propose: • Enhanced regulation of securitization markets, including new requirements for market transparency, stronger regulation of credit rating agencies, and a requirement that issuers and originators retain a financial interest in securitized loans. • Comprehensive regulation of all over-the-counter derivatives.
WG Consulting held an early morning breakfast seminar at the Houston Junior League to discuss the Dodd-Frank Compliance landscape as it currently stands as is expected to shape out--and how that effects energy businesses of all sizes today.
The Practical Implementation of Dodd-Frank for End UsersWG Consulting
Jackson Walker, L.L.P. and WG Consulting presented a webinar focused on needs of End Users when implementing a Dodd-Frank Compliance Program. This practical webinar introduces the current landscape of the Dodd-Frank Rules and Regulations, explains the classifications and exceptions, the compliance requirements and the practical steps for achieving compliance. By being lead by experts in deregulated energy transactions and commodity-based financial derivatives as well as seasoned experts on the software and implementation side of Dodd-Frank, this webinar serves as an informative, accurate and practical guide to anyone facing Dodd-Frank Compliance today.
Financial crime hot topics: DPA's and Correspondent BankingBovill
At our February briefing in London, we looked at the evolution of and practical approaches to two current hot topics, Deferred Prosecution Agreements (DPAs) and Correspondent Banking.
Presentation is about #RegulatoryCompliance that #Financial Institutions need to ensure today. While regulators continue to publish regulations to enhance consumer protection and address safety and soundness, Financial Institutions are under pressure to meet these regulatory obligations.
Law and Regulations for Private and Retail Banking (Asia-Pacific, Hong Kong),...Raul A. Lujan Anaya
Notes on Certificate Course (Postgrad.) in Banking, Corporate and Finance Law: Law and Regulations for Private and Retail Banking (Hong Kong, Asia-Pacific), in the University of Hong Kong, First Semester of 2014.
Orderly Liquidation Authority under Dodd-FrankSimon Lacey
This is a presentation I prepared while at Georgetown University Law Center in 2001 on Orderly Liquidation Authority under the then newly enacted Dodd-Frank Act.
This presentation by Professor Spencer Weber Waller, Loyola University Chicago School of Law, was made during the discussion on "Addressing competition challenges in financial markets" held at the 2017 Latin American and Caribbean Competition Forum (4-5 April 2017 – Managua, Nicaragua). More papers and presentations can be found at oe.cd/laccf.
Week-9 Bank RegulationMoney and Banking Econ 311Tuesdays 7 .docxalanfhall8953
Week-9 Bank Regulation
Money and Banking Econ 311
Tuesdays 7 - 9:45
Instructor: Thomas L. Thomas
Capital Adequacy Management
Bank capital helps prevent bank failure
The amount of capital affects return for the owners (equity holders) of the bank
Regulatory requirement – Regulatory Capital – Tier 1 and Tier 2 Basle Rules
Economic Capital - What is this
2
Capital Adequacy Management:
Returns to Equity Holders
3
Traditional Economic Capital Value-At-Risk (VaR) View
Frequency of Occurrence / Probability
Mean/Average Expected Losses (m)
Unexpected Losses @ 99.9% confidence Level (s)
Economic Capital
Reserves
Value-at-Risk
VAR
Before we can develop adequate credit stress testing we need to understand the differences between traditional credit loss measures and what stress tests incorporate.
Aside form standard concentration and coverage analysis, a standard portfolio credit risk analysis typically employs a Value-at-Risk view.
Credit risk in this view generally follows a positive skewed distribution (by definition one cannot have negative defaults and thus a normal distribution is not applicable).
Reserves ALLL generally cover average expected losses over a horizon. In reality these are usually allocated to general reserves since most ALLL have two components: general reserves and specific reserves for known credits that are detraining.
Economic capital functions as a cushion against unexpected loss up to some confidence level. In this case 99.9% or a single “A” rating is the regulatory standard (once every 10,000 years)
In addition to a loss cushion economic capital represents the amount of the firm’s equity that is at risk which requires a return sufficient to cover the associated risk.
The shape of the curve or tail will then reflect the underlying credit risk of the portfolio or product.
However this view has some assumptions that can miss important risk elements.
The distribution is generally based on one variable PD in this case and does necessarily fully account for other correlated factors that when combined either change the tail or increase the likelihood of default.
Second, while the event may be rare, this methodology does not tell how severe or the magnitude of the event when it occurs beyond the confidence level prescribed for economic capital.
4
Old Measure: New Ones
RAROC - Risk Adjusted Return on Capital
EVA - Economic Value Added.
Hurdle Rate – What is it. How is it measured?
5
Time Line of the Early History of Commercial Banking in the United States
6
Historical Development of the Banking System
Bank of North America chartered in 1782
Controversy over the chartering of banks.
National Bank Act of 1863 creates a new banking system of federally chartered banks
Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Dual banking system
Federal Reserve System is created in 1913.
7
Asymmetric Information and Financial.
Financial Regulatory Reform: A New Foundation (1) Promote robust supervision and regulation of financial firms. Financial institutions that are critical to market functioning should be subject to strong oversight. No financial firm that poses a significant risk to the financial system should be unregulated or weakly regulated. We need clear accountability in financial oversight and supervision. We propose: • A new Financial Services Oversight Council of financial regulators to identify emerging systemic risks and improve interagency cooperation. • New authority for the Federal Reserve to supervise all firms that could pose a threat to financial stability, even those that do not own banks. • Stronger capital and other prudential standards for all financial firms, and even higher standards for large, interconnected firms. • A new National Bank Supervisor to supervise all federally chartered banks. • Elimination of the federal thrift charter and other loopholes that allowed some depository institutions to avoid bank holding company regulation by the Federal Reserve. • The registration of advisers of hedge funds and other private pools of capital with the SEC. (2) Establish comprehensive supervision of financial markets. Our major financial markets must be strong enough to withstand both system-wide stress and the failure of one or more large institutions. We propose: • Enhanced regulation of securitization markets, including new requirements for market transparency, stronger regulation of credit rating agencies, and a requirement that issuers and originators retain a financial interest in securitized loans. • Comprehensive regulation of all over-the-counter derivatives.
In 1984, in 1990 and in 2005 Congress passed laws exempting certain financial contracts from the standard provisions of the bankruptcy code. In each case, the effect of the law was to protect collateral securing the contract from those provisions of the bankruptcy code that allow a judge to review the claims of secured creditors and to protect the interests of other creditors whenever necessary.
The introduction of inequitable treatment into the bankruptcy code would be acceptable, if in fact the financial contract exemptions worked to protect the stability of the financial system. Recent experience indicates, however, that the special treatment granted to repurchase agreements and over the counter derivatives tends to reduce the stability of the financial system by encouraging collateralized interbank lending and discouraging careful analysis of the credit risk of counterparties. The bankruptcy exemptions also increase the risk that creditors will run on a financial firm and bankrupt it. Thus, the bankruptcy code has been rewritten to favor financial firms and this revision of the law has had a profoundly destabilizing effect on the financial system.
Grant Thornton Banking Regulation: unravelling the regulatory spaghetti - mar...theitchik
Several years after the economic meltdown, banks are still struggling to navigate the waves of regulation designed to avoid further crises.
The necessity to re-regulate an industry that lacked transparency was indisputable; however, what started as a global action plan soon became a puzzle of diverging national agendas.
Dodd-Frank's Impact on Regulatory ReportingHEXANIKA
We previously analyzed how Dodd-Frank and how the new regulations have impacted large banks as well as midsize and small banks. This time, we will look at how the law meant to address one issue (avoid a financial meltdown similar to 2008) might have created other challenges for banks – the most important one that of regulatory reporting:
In the last few years, the financial markets have undergone dramatic change. While some of this is down to natural evolution, much of the change can be directly attributed to new rules introduced in the wake of the 2007 crisis. Regulators, legislators and central bank governors have been determined to avert another bubble bursting or an unexpected event that could threaten markets. Lawmakers have targeted key financial practices for reform, radically altering the expectations and behavior of industry participants. The combination of the Dodd-Frank Act, European Markets Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR), MiFID ll and Basel lll signify the biggest regulatory change in decades. These reforms have resulted in major change to how financial products are traded, settled, collateralized and reported, resulting in deep and ongoing structural changes to the markets.
There is no doubt that these new rules are directly impacting buy-side firms — be they asset managers, hedge funds, insurance companies or pension funds. But while the changes have certainly brought challenges, they have also brought opportunities. Firms that can proactively evaluate structural and operational dislocations in the marketplace and tailor business models to leverage the opportunities while addressing the challenges will be in the best position to stand apart from their competitors. Revised business models call for revisions to supporting processes and systems. Buy-side firms should look to re-architect their processes and technology infrastructure, with a goal to strengthen risk control and oversight, enhance transparency and improve efficiency of front-to-back office control functions.
The credit crisis, and the regulatory response it spawned have fundamentally reshaped financial markets for buy-side firms. But while the changes have brought about challenges, they have also ushered in opportunities. The key to success will be the speed with which firms are able to understand the changing marketplace and adapt their business models to align with the changes.
Forward-Looking Practices in Wealth ManagementCognizant
To keep up with growing regulations in wealth management sector, firms need to future-proof their operations with a robust risk-control system and transparent trading practices.
18 Bank RegulationCHAPTER OBJECTIVESThe specific objectives of t.docxaulasnilda
18 Bank Regulation
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
The specific objectives of this chapter are to:
· ▪ describe the key regulations imposed on commercial banks,
· ▪ explain capital requirements of banks,
· ▪ explain how regulators monitor banks,
· ▪ explain the issues regarding government rescue of failed banks, and
· ▪ describe how the Financial Reform Act of 2010 affects the regulation of commercial bank operations.
Bank regulations are designed to maintain public confidence in the financial system by preventing commercial banks from becoming too risky.18-1 BACKGROUND
Because banks rely on funds from depositors, they have been subject to regulations that are intended to ensure the safety of the financial system. Many of the regulations are intended to prevent banks from taking excessive risk that could cause them to fail. In particular, regulations are imposed on the types of assets in which banks can invest, and the minimum amount of capital that banks must maintain. However, there are trade-offs due to bank regulation. Some critics suggest that the regulation is excessive, and it restricts banks from serving their owners. Banks might be more efficient if they were not subject to regulations. Given these trade-offs, regulations are commonly revised over time in response to bank conditions, as regulators seek the optimal level of regulation that ensures the safety of the banking system, but also allows banks to be efficient.
Many regulations of bank operations were removed or reduced over time, which allowed banks to become more competitive. Because of deregulation, banks have considerable flexibility in the services they offer, the locations where they operate, and the rates they pay depositors for deposits.
Yet some banks and other financial institutions engaged in excessive risk taking in the 2005–2007 period, which is one the reasons for the credit crisis in the 2008–2009 period. Many banks failed as a result of the credit crisis, and government subsidies were extended to many other banks in order to prevent more failures and restore financial stability. This has led to much scrutiny over existing regulations and proposals for new regulations that can still allow for intense competition while preventing bank managers from taking excessive risks. This chapter provides a background on the prevailing regulatory structure, explains how bank regulators attempted to resolve the credit crisis, and describes recent changes in regulations that are intended to prevent another crisis.18-2 REGULATORY STRUCTURE
The regulatory structure of the banking system in the United States is dramatically different from that of other countries. It is often referred to as a dual banking system because it includes both a federal and a state regulatory system. There are more than 6,000 separately owned commercial banks in the United States, which are supervised by three federal agencies and 50 state agencies. The regulatory structure in other countries is much simpler.
W ...
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024 - Ricerca sulle Startup e il Sistema dell'Innov...Quotidiano Piemontese
Turin Startup Ecosystem 2024
Una ricerca de il Club degli Investitori, in collaborazione con ToTeM Torino Tech Map e con il supporto della ESCP Business School e di Growth Capital
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how can I sell pi coins after successfully completing KYCDOT TECH
Pi coins is not launched yet in any exchange 💱 this means it's not swappable, the current pi displaying on coin market cap is the iou version of pi. And you can learn all about that on my previous post.
RIGHT NOW THE ONLY WAY you can sell pi coins is through verified pi merchants. A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges and crypto whales. Looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale or ico offerings, the only way to get my coins is from buying from miners. So a merchant facilitates the transactions between the miners and these exchanges holding pi.
I and my friends has sold more than 6000 pi coins successfully with this method. I will be happy to share the contact of my personal pi merchant. The one i trade with, if you have your own merchant you can trade with them. For those who are new.
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram.
I wouldn't advise you selling all percentage of the pi coins. Leave at least a before so its a win win during open mainnet. Have a nice day pioneers ♥️
#kyc #mainnet #picoins #pi #sellpi #piwallet
#pinetwork
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
2. Introduction
Financial system is among the most heavily regulated
sectors of the economy.
Banks are among the most heavily regulated of
financial institutions.
Why?
Regulations could sometimes impede development of
banks.
Regulations sometimes can’t prevent financial crisis.
Are banking regulations beneficial
3. Regulation
Regulations are legal restrictions promulgated by
government authority.
Applies to a moving target
calls for resources and expertise
Political pressures
4. Outline
Eight basic categories of banking regulations
For each regulation, we ask:
What’s the problem, why do we need regulation to
solve this problem?
What regulation? How does it help solve
problems?
Does regulation introduce new problems?
5. Government safety net why do we
need the ‘safety net’?
Problems:
(1) hard for depositors to get information about banks;
(2) reluctant to produce information due to free-riding
may reluctant to deposit money.
depositors lose money when bad banks fail
depositors of good banks also might lose money, due to
contagion effect
financial crisis
6. Government safety net FDIC comes
to the rescue
Regulation: government safety net
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)
Payoff method: deposits of member banks paid up to
$100,000 in case of bank failure
Purchase and assumption method: promote M&A by
providing subsidized loans or buying some bad loans
so that:
Restore confidence
Prevent bank failure/ bank run (bank panic
7. Government safety net a mixed
blessing
Regulation created new problems:
Moral hazard:
Depositors sit back and relax.
Banks don’t have incentives to manage risks.
‘Heads banks win, tails the taxpayer loses’
Adverse selection
Risk-lovers find banking attractive
8. Review
Why are banks the most heavily regulated institutions?
Are banking regulations beneficial?
Use the example of ‘government safety net’, what’s the problem
between depositors and banks? What are regulation requirements?
Do these regulations cause new problems?
9. Government safety net ‘too big to
fail’?
Continental Illinois, 1984, FDIC guaranteed accounts
exceeding $100,000 and even bond holders.
Other large banks expect similar treatment and large infusion
of capital in case of insolvency.
Moral hazard
Larger and more complex banking organizations challenge
regulation
Increase “too big to fail” problem
Extends safety net to new activities such as securities
underwriting, insurance or real estate
10. Restrictions on asset holding
and bank capital requirements
Intention:
to restrict banks from too much risk taking
Restrictions on asset holding:
promote diversification;
prohibit holdings of stocks
Capital requirements:
Minimum leverage ratio: capital to total assets ratio
Minimum capital to risk-weighted assets ratio (Basel
Accord)
11. Bank supervision: chartering and
examination
Problem: adverse selection and moral hazard
Regulation: Bank supervision (prudential supervision) -
overseeing who operates banks and how they are operated.
Chartering: screening of proposals to open new banks to
prevent adverse selection.
On-site bank examinations: examinations to monitor capital
requirements and restrictions on asset holding, and CAMELS to
prevent moral hazard.
Filing periodic ‘call reports’
New problem: inadequate
12. Assessment of risk management
Problem: examine result at one point in time evaluate
processes of risk controlling
Trading Activities Manual of 1994 for risk management rating
based on
Quality of oversight provided
Adequacy of policies and limits
Quality of the risk measurement and monitoring systems
Adequacy of internal controls
Interest-rate risk limits
Internal policies and procedures
Internal management and monitoring
Implementation of stress testing and value-at-risk (VAR)
13. Disclosure requirements
Problem: depositors, shareholders and creditors lack
information about banks; free-riding
Regulation:
Require banks to adhere to standard accounting principles
and to disclose a wide range of information.
New problem and suggestions:
Source of information should extend from accounting books
to bank’s internal reports on risk management.
14. Consumer protection
Problem: depositors could not protect themselves due to
incomplete information
Regulation:
‘truth-in-lending’: banks need to explain provide full
information about cost of borrowing including interest
rate and finance charges on the loan
prohibit discrimination.
15. Restrictions on competition (now
mostly eliminated)
Problem: banks tend to take on more risk when
competition is hot
Regulation:
Branching restrictions (eliminated in 1994)
Glass Steaga ll Act (repealed in 1999)
New problems
Higher consumer charges
Decreased efficiency
17. New situation
In 1960s, 70s and early 80s, financial innovation and
new markets increase banks’ risks.
Increased deposit insurance led to increased moral
hazard.
Deregulation expand powers to S&Ls
Inexperienced S&Ls managers and Federal Savings
and Loan Insurance Corporation (FSLIC) can not keep
up with increasingly complicated business
Sharpe increase in interest rate and inflation rate
18. Aims of regulation
The objectives of financial regulators are usually:[
market confidence – to maintain confidence in the financial
system
financial stability – contributing to the protection and
enhancement of stability of the financial system
consumer protection – securing the appropriate degree of
protection for consumers.
reduction of financial crime – reducing the extent to which
it is possible for a regulated business to be used for a purpose
connected with financial crime.
regulating foreign participation in the financial markets.
19. Structure of supervision
Acts empower organizations, government or non-
government, to monitor activities and enforce actions. There
are various setups and combinations in place for the
financial regulatory structure around the global.
Supervision of stock exchanges -Exchange acts ensure that
trading on the exchanges is conducted in a proper manner.
Most prominent the pricing process, execution and
settlement of trades, direct and efficient trade
monitoring.[5][6]
20. Supervision of listed companies -Financial regulators ensure
that listed companies and market participants comply with
regulations under the trading acts. The trading acts demands that
listed companies publish regular financial reports, ad hoc
notifications or directors' dealings. Whereas market participants
required to Publish major shareholder notifications. The objective
of monitoring compliance by listed companies with their
requirements is to ensure that investors have access to essential
and adequate information for making an informed assessment of
listed companies and their securities.
21. Supervision of investment management - Asset
management supervision or investment acts ensures the
frictionless operation of those vehicles.[
Supervision of banks and financial services providers
Banking acts lay down rules for banks which they have to
when they are being established and when they are carrying on
their business. These rules are designed to prevent unwelcome
developments that might disrupt the smooth functioning of the
banking system. Thus ensuring a strong and efficient banking
system.
