Homogeneous epoxy coating containing polymer nanocomposite (PNC) was successfully synthesized and
applied on carbon steel substrates by room temperature curing of fully mixed epoxy slurry. (PNC) containing
both ZNO nanoparticles and epoxy hyper branched polymer (EHBP), a new double layer thin film which
comprises ZNO-epoxy as a primer coat and ZNO-EHBP-epoxy as a top coat offers better corrosion protection
compared to the purely inorganic ZNO-epoxy coating and hybrid ZNO-EHBP-epoxy coating. Chemical
structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by FTIR, H1NMR spectroscopy and GPC. The surface
morphology and phase structure of the produced Zno nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron
microscopy SEM, transmission electron microscopy TEM and X-ray diffraction. Chemical resistance of theses
coatings to NaOH and HCL was investigated. The effect of incorporating polymer nanocomposite and new
double layer coating on corrosion resistance of epoxy coated steel was investigated by salt spray test.
Resistance of Fly Ash and Silica Fume Based Glass Fiber Reinforced High-Perfo...RSIS International
Improvements in concrete properties have been achieved by the invention of High- Performance Concrete (HPC). The ductility of HPC can be improved by altering its composition through the addition of glass fibers in the design mix. This paper presents the details of an experimental investigation planned to utilize fly ash and silica fume in the production of Glass fibre reinforced high Performance Concrete. The investigation examines the progressive deterioration of concrete mixtures containing various combinations of fly ash and silica fume based Glass fibre reinforced High-Performance concrete mixes exposed to chloride solution. Acid attack tests have been conducted to measure the durability. Cubes of 100X100X100 mm have been cast, cured and then kept immersed in 5% concentrated solutions of HCl for 30 and 60days and then tested to record the residual compressive strengths produced with the fly ash and silica fume mineral admixtures. The results have been analysed and useful conclusions have been drawn
PEEK is one of the material options that could replace titanium and zirconia in dental applications .It can be used as dental implants,abutments ,removable partial dentures .
Resistance of Fly Ash and Silica Fume Based Glass Fiber Reinforced High-Perfo...RSIS International
Improvements in concrete properties have been achieved by the invention of High- Performance Concrete (HPC). The ductility of HPC can be improved by altering its composition through the addition of glass fibers in the design mix. This paper presents the details of an experimental investigation planned to utilize fly ash and silica fume in the production of Glass fibre reinforced high Performance Concrete. The investigation examines the progressive deterioration of concrete mixtures containing various combinations of fly ash and silica fume based Glass fibre reinforced High-Performance concrete mixes exposed to chloride solution. Acid attack tests have been conducted to measure the durability. Cubes of 100X100X100 mm have been cast, cured and then kept immersed in 5% concentrated solutions of HCl for 30 and 60days and then tested to record the residual compressive strengths produced with the fly ash and silica fume mineral admixtures. The results have been analysed and useful conclusions have been drawn
PEEK is one of the material options that could replace titanium and zirconia in dental applications .It can be used as dental implants,abutments ,removable partial dentures .
An Experimental Investigation on Normal Concrete using Rice Husk Ash, Dolomit...IJASRD Journal
Generally concrete is good in compression and weak in tension. The fibre in concrete generally increases both the compression and tension in concrete cement is the most important constituent material, since it binds the aggregate and resists the atmosphere action. Since the production of Portland cement clinker is an energy intensive process a partial substitution of clinker by mineral like dolomite and abundantly available agriculture wastes like Rice husk ash obviously represents considerable energy servings and reduction of Co2 emission. In this project work banana fibre are added with 2% by volume of cement, dolomite powder and Rice husk ash is partially replaced by 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% by the volume of cement. The concrete was determined for mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength they are also tested and studied.
Synthesis and Characterization of High Quality Mesoporous Material SBA-16 wit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
EFFECT OF STEEL AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This experimental work describes the mechanical properties of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced concrete(HFRC).HFRC is prepared by adding any two fibres to the conventional concrete to make it a composite mixture and that derives benefits from each of the added fibre and exhibits significant response. The fibres which are used in the present experimental work is steel fibres and polypropylene fibres. Here the polypropylene fibres helps in resists initial cracks and shrinkage ,steel fibres helps in increase the strength of concrete. In present work M30 grade of concrete can be prepared according to the IS 10262:2009 reference code. these steel and polypropylene fibres are added by 50% each with different hybridization from 0% to 1.5%.For calculating strength parameters specimens are casted and cured for 28 days and tested in the lab for Compressive Test, Tensile Test, Flexural test. From the present investigation the strength parameter increases with the percentage of increase in fibre. Therefore here the hybrid ratio of 1.5% gives the more result when compared to other hybrid ratio.
Study of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Materials in Reinforced Concrete Structures...Girish Singh
Around the world we are having several upcoming projects near the coast line so the study is needed to understand the effect on cost when we use FRP in the structure because FRP is a costly material compare to steel which may or may not increase the structure overall cost.
It will may or may not increase the structure cost because if we use FRP in a structure then we can avoid the problem that we face in a structure caused due to corrosion which reduce strength of the structure, foundation loosing plaster from the surface of the reinforced section due to expansion caused due to rusting as well as in building envelopes.
The objectives of this seminar report are to study about FRP Manufacturing and its properties, study about the various applications of FRP, design and analyze a FRP member, Finite element analysis of a simple beam using FRP as a reinforcement, role of FRP in the sustainable world, to find out the cost benefit of the elements used in a corrosive environment structure which can be replaced by the FRP.
This study will cover all the forms of FRP that can be used in a building and give a brief about FRP rebars its properties, design, analysis, uses and the effect on cost of a build during construction as well as the cost analysis of the structure.
This study will give an idea on the advantage of FRP over steel when we are using FRP in a corrosive environment like coast line and it will give an initial idea to the designer about the advantage and disadvantage of FRP over steel.
In the final part of this seminar report analysis results are used to give a base that FRP can sustain in structure as FRP reinforced bar and an example of a LCC is also used to give a satisfactory conclusion and on the final page the summery of the seminar is present.
An Experimental Investigation on Normal Concrete using Rice Husk Ash, Dolomit...IJASRD Journal
Generally concrete is good in compression and weak in tension. The fibre in concrete generally increases both the compression and tension in concrete cement is the most important constituent material, since it binds the aggregate and resists the atmosphere action. Since the production of Portland cement clinker is an energy intensive process a partial substitution of clinker by mineral like dolomite and abundantly available agriculture wastes like Rice husk ash obviously represents considerable energy servings and reduction of Co2 emission. In this project work banana fibre are added with 2% by volume of cement, dolomite powder and Rice husk ash is partially replaced by 5.0%, 7.5% and 10% by the volume of cement. The concrete was determined for mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength they are also tested and studied.
Synthesis and Characterization of High Quality Mesoporous Material SBA-16 wit...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
EFFECT OF STEEL AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETEIAEME Publication
This experimental work describes the mechanical properties of Hybrid Fibre Reinforced concrete(HFRC).HFRC is prepared by adding any two fibres to the conventional concrete to make it a composite mixture and that derives benefits from each of the added fibre and exhibits significant response. The fibres which are used in the present experimental work is steel fibres and polypropylene fibres. Here the polypropylene fibres helps in resists initial cracks and shrinkage ,steel fibres helps in increase the strength of concrete. In present work M30 grade of concrete can be prepared according to the IS 10262:2009 reference code. these steel and polypropylene fibres are added by 50% each with different hybridization from 0% to 1.5%.For calculating strength parameters specimens are casted and cured for 28 days and tested in the lab for Compressive Test, Tensile Test, Flexural test. From the present investigation the strength parameter increases with the percentage of increase in fibre. Therefore here the hybrid ratio of 1.5% gives the more result when compared to other hybrid ratio.
Study of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Materials in Reinforced Concrete Structures...Girish Singh
Around the world we are having several upcoming projects near the coast line so the study is needed to understand the effect on cost when we use FRP in the structure because FRP is a costly material compare to steel which may or may not increase the structure overall cost.
It will may or may not increase the structure cost because if we use FRP in a structure then we can avoid the problem that we face in a structure caused due to corrosion which reduce strength of the structure, foundation loosing plaster from the surface of the reinforced section due to expansion caused due to rusting as well as in building envelopes.
The objectives of this seminar report are to study about FRP Manufacturing and its properties, study about the various applications of FRP, design and analyze a FRP member, Finite element analysis of a simple beam using FRP as a reinforcement, role of FRP in the sustainable world, to find out the cost benefit of the elements used in a corrosive environment structure which can be replaced by the FRP.
This study will cover all the forms of FRP that can be used in a building and give a brief about FRP rebars its properties, design, analysis, uses and the effect on cost of a build during construction as well as the cost analysis of the structure.
This study will give an idea on the advantage of FRP over steel when we are using FRP in a corrosive environment like coast line and it will give an initial idea to the designer about the advantage and disadvantage of FRP over steel.
In the final part of this seminar report analysis results are used to give a base that FRP can sustain in structure as FRP reinforced bar and an example of a LCC is also used to give a satisfactory conclusion and on the final page the summery of the seminar is present.
GreenStreamin Mika Sulkinojan esitys 3. kansallisessa cleantech-investointifoorumissa 11.12.2014 Finladia talolla. Esitys käsittelee kansainvälisiä hankerahoitusmahdollisuuksia pk-yrityksille sekä työkalua kansainvälisen cleantech-rahoituksen etsintään.
NM i havredyrking 2014 på Værnes, Brandval, Hvam og Øsaker er arrangert av Norsk Havreforening i samarbeid med Norsk Landbruksrådgiving og Trøndersk kornutvalg med støtte fra Felleskjøpet, Yara, Lantmannen, Fiskå Mølle, Graminor, Strand Unikorn, Norgesfôr, Eurofins og Fylkesmannens landbruksavdeling i Nord-Trøndelag og Østfold.
Cardiopatie e problematiche psicogeriatricheangelo1958-bs
The paper discusses the most frequent clinical conditions characterized by cardiac problems and psychogeriatric diseases. In particular, it analyzes the impact of depressive disorders and dementia on treatment strategies and on patient's short- and long-term outcomes as well.
An advisory firm delivering services to the investors may help you in this sector. They use to provide such professionals who give such tips and hints which benefits the traders and help them to achieve the desired success.
Etuma Customer Feedback Analysis - how to keep your customers loyalEtuma
Etuma Customer Feedback Analysis - Making Sense of Customer Emotions. Companies are facing ever increasing competion. How can Etuma help to make sure your customers remain loyal?
This research was conducted by using the electrochemical anodizing technique in oxalate solution. This research focused on the effects of coating parameters on the fabrication of hard nano-CuO coating with hydrophobic properties, studying the effect of coating grain size on the coating characteristics and heat transfer performance.
Review of Tribological characteristics of Modified PEEK Compositesvivatechijri
The behavior of and structure with use of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composites are summarized
here in details. The research progress of friction and wear resistance properties as a tribological charaterstics
of PEEK composites with modified by carbon fiber, other nano scale and micro-scales particles, are also
summarized scopes for further future research ahead are put forward
Electrospun Nanofibers Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites, A Trial to Imp...IJAMSE Journal
A comparison between TiO2 nanofibers and carbon nanofibers as fibers reinforced metal matrix composites with respect to mechanical properties improvements have been made in this paper. Al and Mg have been chosen as metal matrices. The used carbon and ceramic nanofibers (Titanium Oxide) were successfully synthesized using electrospinning technique. Various weight percentage of calcined
electrospun TiO2 and carbon nanofibers (1, 3, 5 and 10%) were mixed with metal matrix and fabricated by route of powder metallurgy using High Frequency Induction heat Sintering (HFIHS). Mechanical properties of the sintered composites have been investigated. The manufactured pellets were tested for compression test, hardness and microstructures by the field emission scanning electron microscopes (FESEM), which reveals the homogeneous distribution of nanofibers in the Al/Mg matrices. In addition,
energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was employed to obtain the chemical analysis of each composite. The result shows that, the ultimate compressive strength increased to 415 MPa at 5% TiO2, which is 13.5% more than the pure Al. The hardness increased up to 64% in case of using the ceramic nanofibers as reinforcement. While using CNFs as reinforcement to the Al matrix deteriorates the
mechanical properties.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SIC AL2O3FILLED GLASS EPOXY COMPOSITESIAEME Publication
In the present study, glass-epoxy based composites were fabricated by filling with nano size SiC and Al2O3 filler particles. The hand lay-up approach was used for fabrication of random oriented short E-glass fibre reinforced epoxy composites filled with SiC and Al2O3 powder particles. The volume percentage of filler materials in the composites were varied, SiC was varied from 0, 5 and 10%, whereas Al2O3 was kept constant at 5%. Mechanical characterization were studied effectively. The filled and unfilled SiC and Al2O3particles, were tested for micro-hardness, tensile strength, and flexural strength in according with ASTM standards. It was observed from the studies that using particles as fillers improved the mechanical properties of the E-glass fibre substantially.
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...IJRTEMJOURNAL
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
The effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on thermalmechanical performanc...journal ijrtem
The new approaches for preparing nanocomposite coating by modificated carbon nanonotubes
(CNTs) and epoxy resin was done in the study. thermal-mechanical performance of nanocomposite coating was
investigated and the results were reported in this paper. The physic-chemical techniques such as Differential
scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal
performance of Epoxy nanocomposite coating. The test techniques for mechanical properties of paint coating as
adhesion, hardness, impact resistance and bending strength were employed in the work. The results indicated
that CNTs were dispersed in epoxy coating with only ratio of 0.1 wt% enhanced the Glass Transition
Temperature (Tg), decomposition temperature of epoxy coating and improved mechanical properties
significantly. Also functionalized CNTs can be reinforced thermal-mechanical of the epoxy coating better than
neat CNTs.
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF)
membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of
PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the
fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced
phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of
discrete TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced
hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to
unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES
membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil
sands of Alberta was used. The TiO2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a
higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of
discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection
(53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane).
An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in
flux recovery ratio experiments.
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF) membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of discrete TiO 2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil sands of Alberta was used. The TiO 2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m 2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection (53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane). An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in flux recovery ratio experiments. View Full-Text
Polyethersulfone (PES) is a polymeric permeable material used in ultrafiltration (UF)
membranes due to its high thermomechanical and chemical stability. The hydrophobic nature of
PES membranes renders them prone to fouling and restricts the practical applications of PES in the
fabrication of water treatment membranes. The present study demonstrates a non-solvent-induced
phase separation (NIPS) approach to modifying PES membranes with different concentrations of
discrete TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs). Zeta potential and contact angle measurements showed enhanced
hydrophilicity and surface negative charge in TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes compared to
unmodified PES membranes. To discern the antifouling and permeation properties of the TNTs/PES
membranes, steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) wastewater obtained from the Athabasca oil
sands of Alberta was used. The TiO2 modified polymer nanocomposite membranes resulted in a
higher organic matter rejection and water flux than the unmodified PES membrane. The addition of
discrete TNTs at 1 wt% afforded maximum water flux (82 L/m2 h at 40 psi), organic matter rejection
(53.9%), and antifouling properties (29% improvement in comparison to pristine PES membrane).
An enhancement in fouling resistance of TNTs/PES nanocomposite membranes was observed in
flux recovery ratio experiments.
Influence of reaction medium on morphology and crystallite size of zinc oxidejournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared by reacting zinc chloride and sodium hydroxide in different mediums such as chitosan, poly vinyl alcohol, ethanol and starch. The materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Elemental analysis was done by energy dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX).
KEY WORDS : Nano zinc oxide, morphology, crystallite size
Similar to A new double layer epoxy coating for corrosion protection of Petroleum Equipments (20)
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
A new double layer epoxy coating for corrosion protection of Petroleum Equipments
1. Morsy Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 11(Version - 5), November 2014, pp.65-73
www.ijera.com 65 | P a g e
f A new double layer epoxy coating for corrosion protection of Petroleum Equipments Maher A. El Sockarya, Ashraf M. El-Saeeda, Samya I. El Sherbinyb, Fatma A. Morsyb , Ehab A. Dawoodc and Mohamed A. ELleithyb, c aPetroleum Applications Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City 11727, Cairo, Egypt. bHelwan University, Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department, Helwan, Egypt. cEgyption town gas company, Giza, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Homogeneous epoxy coating containing polymer nanocomposite (PNC) was successfully synthesized and applied on carbon steel substrates by room temperature curing of fully mixed epoxy slurry. (PNC) containing both ZNO nanoparticles and epoxy hyper branched polymer (EHBP), a new double layer thin film which comprises ZNO-epoxy as a primer coat and ZNO-EHBP-epoxy as a top coat offers better corrosion protection compared to the purely inorganic ZNO-epoxy coating and hybrid ZNO-EHBP-epoxy coating. Chemical structures of synthesized compounds were confirmed by FTIR, H1NMR spectroscopy and GPC. The surface morphology and phase structure of the produced Zno nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy SEM, transmission electron microscopy TEM and X-ray diffraction. Chemical resistance of theses coatings to NaOH and HCL was investigated. The effect of incorporating polymer nanocomposite and new double layer coating on corrosion resistance of epoxy coated steel was investigated by salt spray test.
Keywords: double layer coating, Epoxy coatings, Hyper branched polymers, polymer nanocomposites, ZNO nanoparticles.
I. INTRODUCTION
Epoxy has been widely used as a coating material to protect the steel structures [1–3], because of its outstanding process ability, excellent chemical resistance, good electrical insulating properties and strong adhesion to heterogeneous materials. Epoxy coatings generally reduce the corrosion of a metallic substrate subject to an electrolyte in two ways: First, they act as a physical barrier layer to control the ingress of deleterious species. Second, they can serve as a reservoir for corrosion inhibitors to aid the steel surface in resisting attack by aggressive species such as chloride anions. Nonetheless, the successful application of epoxy coatings is often hampered by their susceptibility to damage by surface abrasion and wear [4, 5]. They also show poor resistance to the initiation and propagation of cracks [6], such processes introduce localized defects in the coating and impair their appearance and mechanical strength. The defects can also act as pathways accelerating the ingress of water, oxygen and aggressive species onto the metallic substrate, resulting in its localized corrosion. Furthermore, being hydrophobic in nature, epoxy coatings experience large volume shrinkage upon curing and can absorb water from surroundings [7, 8]. The pores in the cured epoxy coating can assist in the migration of absorbed water and other species to the epoxy–metal interface, leading to initiation of
corrosion of metallic substrate and delamination of the coating. The barrier performance of epoxy coatings can be enhanced by incorporation of a second phase that is miscible with epoxy coating. incorporation of zinc oxide nanoparticles into epoxy resins offers environmentally benign solutions to enhancing the integrity and durability of coatings, since the fine particles dispersed in coatings can fill cavities, decreasing the porosity, zigzagging the diffusion paths for deleterious species [9–11] and cause crack bridging, crack deflection and crack bowing [12]. Nanoparticles tend to occupy small hole defects formed from local shrinkage during curing of epoxy resin and they act as a bridge interconnecting more molecules. This results in a reduction of total free volume and grain boundaries size, as well as an increase in the cross-linking density of epoxy resin matrix, so that the trend of coating to blister or delaminate is reduced [13 - 16].
The main problem with Incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles into an epoxy polymer matrix is the prevention of particles aggregation. It is difficult to produce mono dispersed nanoparticles in an epoxy polymer matrix because of agglomeration nanoparticles due to their high specific surface area and volume effects, which lead to lower dispersion stability in epoxy resin, in addition to incorporation of
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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inorganic nanoparticles cause some of rigidity to epoxy matrix. These problems can be overcome by applying polymer nanocomposite modification where the surface of the inorganic nanoparticles is modified through core–shell structure such that inorganic nanoparticles work as core and masked by polymer which work as shell, core-shell structure improves the interfacial interactions between the inorganic nanoparticles and epoxy matrix that improve dispersion stability of nanoparticles into epoxy matrix, in addition the surfaces of nanoparticles become hydrophobic that important in miscibility and compatibility of nanoparticles with epoxy resin matrix. Polymer nanocomposite consist of two components zinc oxide nanoparticles and epoxy terminated hyperbranched polymer. Recently, epoxy terminated hyperbranched polymers (EHBP) have been widely used for improving toughness of epoxy resin. The small dimensions of the hyperbranched polymer (HBP) molecules compared to their molecular weight and their low viscosity make them extremely suitable as toughness modifiers in epoxy resins [17-22]. EHBP can create core-shell structure with Zno nanoparticles which can improve the dispersion stability of nanoparticles in epoxy matrix [23]. Toughness implies energy absorption that causes some deformation during the curing reaction of final epoxy network, where curing reaction is exothermic reaction. incorporation of second flexible homogenous dispersed phase (EHBP) to the epoxy matrix allow better dissipation to energy evolved during curing reaction so, the stress and strain that occur up on curing were reduced [24-26]. The improvement of fracture toughness by the addition of EHBP modifiers is frequently associated with softening of the epoxy matrix due to flexibilization of final network structure by decreasing the cross linking density of epoxy matrix. Since the glassy transition temperature of the EHBP is much lower than that of the epoxy polymer [27]. According to the literature, organic–inorganic hybrid coatings improve corrosion resistance more effectively than do inorganic coatings [28], but the adhesion of inorganic coatings to metallic substrates is better than that of organic–inorganic coatings [29]. This paper presents results of a new strategy to produce a new double layer thin film coating which comprises ZNO-epoxy as a primer coat and ZNO- EHBP-epoxy as a top coat. A new double layer coating offers corrosion protection to carbon steel higher than (PNC) modified epoxy coating, such that ZNO-epoxy layer work as sacrifial layer and form strong bonds and strong adhesion with steel substrate while ZNO-EHBP-epoxy layer work as physical barrier layer, comprise high flexibility and it offer excellent mechanical properties as high impact resistance and high bending stability.
II. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1. Materials
The commercial epoxy resin and its commercial hardener used in this research were obtained from trans-ocean Company, Egypt. Methyl acrylate was purchased from (Merck A. G.), Diethanol amine, Trimethlol propane, Para toluene sulfonic acid, Zinc nitrate hexahydrate, Epi-cholrohydrine and Boron trifluoride were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Company. Ammonium carbonate, Sodium hydroxide, Acetic acid, Ethyl alcohol, methyl alcohol and Hydrochloric acid were purchased from El- Gomhouria chemical company, Egypt. 2.2. Preparation of zinc oxide nano particles ZnO Nanoparticles were prepared by a direct precipitation method. Zn (NO3)26H2O and (NH4)2CO3 were firstly dissolved in de-ionized water to form solutions with a 0.5 mol/L concentration. The Zn(NO3)2 solution was slowly dropped into the (NH4)2CO3 solution with vigorous stirring at 40oC and the mole ratio of (CO3 2−) ions to (Zn2+) ions kept to 1.5, The reaction between the Zn (NO3)2 solution and the (NH4)2CO3 solution was kept for 60 minutes. Then, the precipitates derived from the reaction were collected by filtration and rinsed three times with de- ionized water and ethanol, respectively. The washed precipitate was dried at 80oC to form the precursors of ZnO. Finally, the precursors were calcinated at 500oC for 2 hours in a muffle Furnace to obtain white nano- sized ZnO particles. 2.3. Synthesis of hydroxyl terminated hyper branched polymer The hyperbranched polymer was synthesized as mentioned elsewhere in the literature [30]. N, N-diethylol-3-amine methyl propionate (AB2 monomer) was prepared via Michael addition of methyl acrylate and diethanolamine in methanol solvent. Faint yellow oily liquid (AB2 monomer) was obtained. Subsequently, 0.1 mol of 1, 1, 1- trimethylolpropane, 0.3 mol of (AB2 monomer) and 0.5 wt% of para-toluene sulphonic acid as catalyst were stirred at 120°C for 2.5 h to give hydroxyl terminated hyperbranched poly amine ester (HBP). 2.4. Epoxidation of hyper branched polymer In a 500 ml glass reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer, dropping funnel and condenser, 1 mol of hydroxyl terminated hyper branched polymer and 1% of BF3.OET2 (based on weight of reactants) were placed and heated at 40oC then 6 mol of Epi- cholro hydrine was added drop wise during 2h. The reaction mixture was heated at 60C for 30 minutes and then, cooling to 40C. Subsequently, 6 mol of NaOH 50% aqueous was added drop wise to the reaction mixture. Finally, the mixture was neutralized with acetic acid.
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2.5. Polymer nanocomposite preparation and application Firstly ZnO nanoparticles were continuously sonicated in ethanol solvent by ultrasonic waves using sonicator model (Sonics& materials, VCX-750, USA, with a frequency of 20 kHz equipped with a titanium probe with a diameter =13 mm) for 15 minutes Before mixing, secondly both ZNO nanoparticles which account for (2%) of the total weight of (resin & hardener) and EHBP that account for (3%) of total weight of (resin & hardener) were mixed and stirred at speed up to 1200 rpm for 15 minutes. thirdly both epoxy resin and its hardener were diluted separately by ethanol solvent with 20% weight by weight ratio. Subsequently, the mixture of ZNO Nanoparticles (2%) and EHBP (3%) were added to the resin-ethanol solution, followed by stirring at speeds up to 1200 rpm for 15 minutes. after that, the hardener ethanol solution was added to the mixture, followed again by stirring for 15 min. then the coating mixture was applied to steel substrate by using spray gun and then kept in a dry place at room temperature for 7 days to allow full curing, which lead to the formation of a uniform coating for the anticorrosion and surface indentation tests in this work. 2.6. New double layer thin film preparation and application First layer (primer coat), Zno nanoparticles were continuously sonicated in ethanol solvent by ultrasonic waves for 15 minutes Before mixing, Nanoparticles which account for (2%) of the total weight of resin and hardener were added to the resin- ethanol solution, followed by stirring at speed up to 1200 rpm for 15 minutes. After that, the hardener ethanol solution was added to the mixture, followed by stirring for 15 min. then the coating mixture was applied to steel substrate by using air spray and then kept in a dry place for 7 days to allow full curing. Double layer (topcoat), top layer containing Zno- EHBP-epoxy that prepared as mentioned above, Was applied on the first layer (primer coat) of steel substrate by using spray gun and then kept in a dry place at room temperature for 7 days to allow full curing. 2.6. Characterization of synthesized materials
The structure and functional groups of epoxy terminated hyperbranched polymer and ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by (FTIR) [Nicolet iS10 thermo scientific, (USA)]. The phase structure of the produced Zno nanoparticles was identified by the powder X-ray diffraction. [X’pent PRO (Netherlands)]. The Size of ZnO nanoparticles was characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) [JEM 2100 LaB6, Japan]. The surface morphology of the obtained ZnO nanoparticles was characterized by (JEOL JSM530). The number average molecular weight and the polydispersity index of the HBP and EHBP were measured by GPC via GPC-1100 Agilent technologies by using polystyrene (PS) as standard and N, N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) as eluent with flow rate 1 ml/min. H1NMR spectra were obtained by Varian Mercury VXR-300 (USA) 300 MHz where demso-d6 was used as a solvent and tetra methyl- silane Me4Si (TMS) as internal standard. 2.7. Evaluation of anticorrosion, mechanical and chemical resistance properties of coatings It is common to use mild steel panels (7cm x 9 cm) to evaluate the different properties of coatings. The panels were prepared according to British standard specification 1449. The other side of the panels was coated and protected against corrosion environments by using coal tar epoxy primer. Then the panels were subjected to different testing procedures to evaluate their mechanical properties (adhesion strength, pencil hardness test, impact resistance and T-bend test) and their durability. The coated panels were evaluated for salt-spray resistance in accordance with ASTM B117. The acid and alkali resistances of coated panels were determined after immersion in 10% of HCl and 5% of NaOH solutions using distilled water. The degree of adhesion and visual inspection of blister and cracks were tested for the coated panels [31]. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION application of polymer nanocomposites has increased due to their specific properties. Anticorrosion paints have considered an important industry segment where coatings should protect the surface of the artificial structures exposed to corroded environment. These structures usually made of iron are highly susceptible to corrosion in the moisture environment. Therefore, they should been protected from the corrosion. A new alternative way is to use nontoxic anticorrosion coating comprising chromate coating. In the current study, a polymer nanocomposite added to epoxy resin to increase corrosion resistance properties of epoxy coating, but a new double layer thin film coating which comprises ZNO-epoxy as primer coat and ZnO-EHBP-epoxy as atop coat was determined to has better corrosion protection properties than (PNC) coating. A typical XRD spectrum of synthesized ZnO nanoparticles had depicted in Fig.1. In order to discuss the phase and structural characteristics, The XRD pattern well matched with the standard database library. No further peaks had observed in the XRD pattern indicating that the purity of ZnO nanoparticles is high. Sharp nature of the distinguished peaks in the XRD pattern implies high crystalline nature of ZnO nanoparticles.
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Fig.1. X-ray diffraction spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles TEM images of ZnO nanoparticles were showed in Fig.2. The TEM analysis of ZnO nanoparticles showed that these nanoscaled materials have diameters ranging between 35 and 66 nm. The smaller of nanometer materials, the higher building block properties in the coating film can be attained. ZnO nanoparticles can reduce penetration and water absorption in paint film, therefore swelling and degradation of paint film considerably reduced. Fig.2. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of ZnO nanoparticles Fig.3. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of Zno nanoparticles The surface morphology of the ZnO nano-particles showed in Fig.3. Represent the formation of Zinc oxide nanoparticles in single phase and the constituents are nanospheres shape. Fig.4. IR spectrum of ZnO nanoparticles IR spectrum of the prepared Zno nanoparticles showed in fig.4. The absorption bands at about 500 cm-1 can be attributed to the stretching mode of Zn- O and the weak band in the range of 3343 cm-1 is probably attributed to the presence of water in the KBr matrix. IR spectrum of the synthesized HBP was showed in fig.5. The two bands at 2881 cm–1 and 2941 cm–1 were due to C–H stretching of CH3 and CH2 respectively. The band at 1729 cm–1 represented the α-unsaturated carbonyl of the ester group. The broad absorption band at 3377cm–1 was assigned to hydroxyl groups, which were H-bonded, and those bands at 1191 cm–1 and 1259 cm–1 were attributed to C–O and C–N stretching respectively. Fig.5. IR spectrum of hyper branched polymer
IR spectrum of EHBP was showed in fig.6. The intensity of peak around (3300 cm-1 - 3500 cm−1) was decreased due to epoxidation reaction on hydroxyl groups in HBP. The peaks at about 1726 cm−1 are due to the presence of strong absorption corresponding to the –COO– groups resulting from the ester bond formation by the polymerization reaction. The appearance of peak at 1063 cm−1 was due to C-O-C stretching mode of epoxy group confirms the reaction between HBP and epichlorohydrin, and those bands at 1121 cm–1 and
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1189 cm–1 were attributed to C–O and C–N stretching respectively. Fig.6. IR spectrum of EHBP The molecular weight of hyperbranched polymer and EHBP was characterized by gel permeation chromatography. GPC recorded the number average molecular weight (Mn) and the poly dispersity index (PDI) for HBP as 9096.8 g/mol and 2.633 respectively, Where weight average molecular weight (Mw) is equal to 23954 g/mol. GPC recorded the number average molecular weight (Mn) and the poly dispersity index (PDI) for EHBP as 11632 g/mol and 2.259 respectively, where weight average molecular weight (Mw) was equal to 26282 g/mol. Fig.7. GPC trace of HBP Fig.8. GPC trace of EHBP Fig.9. H1NMR spectrum of HBP H1NMR spectrum of hyperbranched polymer showed in Fig.9. Distinguished signals of chemical shifts at 0.83 ppm which were associated with the methyl protons. Peaks that appeared at 1.26 ppm were due to methylene protons (CH3CH2CR3). Peak appeared at 4.62 ppm was due to (O-H) end function groups. And peaks appeared at 2.31 - 2.80 ppm were assigned to methylene protons of (OCOCH2CH2NR2) respectively. Peaks that appeared at 2.59 - 3.52 ppm were assigned to methylene protons (NCH2CH2OH) respectively. Signal at 3.92 ppm was assigned to methylene protons of (R3CCH2OCO). The representative H1NMR spectrum of EHBP is supported, as shown in Fig.10. Distinguished signals of chemical shifts at 0.86 ppm which were associated with the methyl protons. Peaks that appeared at 1.28 ppm were due to methylene protons (CH3CH2CR3). And those from 2.32 - 2.74 ppm were assigned to methylene protons (OCOCH2CH2NR2) respectively, 2.62 - 3.45 ppm were assigned to methylene protons (NCH2CH2O) respectively. Signal at 3.95 ppm was assigned to (R3CCH2OCO). Signal at 3.69 ppm was due to methylene protons of (OCH2CH). Signals at 2.95 ppm and 2.51 ppm were due to protons of oxirane ring (CHOCH2) respectively. Fig.10 H1NMR spectrum of EHBP Anticorrosion studies
Salt spray tests are probably the most common tests applicable to corrosion resistance and the most
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controversial. There are two tests: the continuous salt spray test and the intermittent test. In the present work the continuous salt spray test was used to study the effect of salts on the properties of coating films. The duration times of test were determined for all cured epoxy systems. The test was stopped when the films show poor adhesion. It is clear from salt spray images that neat epoxy coating (E-blank) show poor corrosion resistance on long term such that after 170 hours blank coating started to form cracks and micro holes that assist in migration of moisture and water molecules inside coating, after 500 h (E-blank) coating suffered from localized corrosion and corrosion product started to appear on the metal surface, after 1000 h (E-blank) Fig.11. images of coating films after 170 h (week) in salt spray chamber. [(A: Commercial epoxy + 0.5% ZnO) (B: Commercial epoxy + 2 % ZnO) (C: Commercial epoxy + Polymer nanocomposite PNC that contain 2% ZnO + 3% EHBP) (D: Commercial epoxy + 4 % ZnO) (E: Commercial epoxy only, blank) (H: Commercial epoxy + EHBP 3%) (R: double layer) (S: Commercial epoxy + 1 % ZnO)]. coating was completely failure. Modification of epoxy resin with both Zno nanoparticles and EHBP can enhance corrosion resistance property of epoxy coating. a new double layer coating (R) offers corrosion protection to carbon steel substrate better than other coatings, where it provide protection up to 1000 h in salt spray chamber conditions, polymer nanocomposite (C) coating offer corrosion resistance higher than inorganic Zno-epoxy coating (B) due to core-shell structure that enhance dispersion stability of ZnO nanoparticles in epoxy polymer matrix, reduce grain boundaries size, cause crack bridging and crack deflection.
Fig.12. images of coating films after 500 h in salt spray chamber [(A: Commercial epoxy + 0.5% ZnO) (B: Commercial epoxy + 2 % ZnO) (C: Commercial epoxy + Polymer nanocomposite PNC that contain 2% ZnO + 3% EHBP) (D: Commercial epoxy + 4 %
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ZnO) (E: Commercial epoxy only, blank) (H: Commercial epoxy + EHBP 3%) (R: double layer) (S: Commercial epoxy + 1 % ZnO)]. The effect of Zno nanoparticles increase as its loaded percent increase until 2% (B) that represent the optimum percent at which corrosion resistance of epoxy coating is excellent, where any increase in this percent cause particles agglomeration and the effect of Zno nanoparticles is neglected as was showed in a coating (D) that contain 4% Zno nanoparticles. Modification of epoxy coating with only EHBP 3% (H) can improve corrosion resistance, such that EHBP assist in decreasing the
Fig.13. images of coating films after 1000 h in salt spray chamber [(A: Commercial epoxy + 0.5% ZnO) (B: Commercial epoxy + 2 % ZnO) (C: Commercial epoxy + Polymer nanocomposite PNC that contain 2% ZnO + 3% EHBP) (D: Commercial epoxy + 4 % ZnO) (E: Commercial epoxy only, blank) (H: Commercial epoxy + EHBP 3%) (R: double layer) (S: Commercial epoxy + 1 % ZnO)].
number of hole defects that formed during the curing reaction resulting in more durable and more corrosion protection of epoxy coating to carbon steel substrate. Mechanical properties The effect of both EHBP and Zno nanoparticles modification on the hardness, impact strength, bending stability and the adhesion of epoxy coatings Table 1: show results of mechanical tests
Sample name Hardness (Newton) Impact strength (joule) Pull off Test (Pascal) Cross hatch test Bending A - (0.5%) zno 12 N 10J 4Mpa pass pass S - (1%) Zno 15 N 10J 5Mpa pass pass B - (2%) Zno 18 N 10J 7Mpa pass pass D - (4%) Zno 10 N 10J 3Mpa pass pass E - (blank) 10 N 10J 3Mpa pass pass R – (two layer) 18 N 15J 7Mpa Pass Pass C – (PNC) 18 N 15J 5Mpa Pass Pass H – (ETMP 3%) 10 N 15J 3.5Mpa pass pass
Table 2: show results of chemical resistance tests
showed in table 1. Coatings that loaded with (2%) Zno nanoparticles [(R), (C) and (B)] showed higher hardness than other coatings. There is an enhance- ment in epoxy hardness with addition of Zno nanoparticles which blocks grain boundaries of epoxy matrix so the grain boundaries size between epoxy molecules decrease and resistance of epoxymatrix coating to dislocation movement under applied load increase. Coated samples were tested for their adhesion to the metallic substrate, according to pull off test both a new double layer coating (R) and modified Zno (2%) coating (B) were show higher adhesion to steel substrate than other coatings that Sample name NaoH (5%) (days) HCL (10%) (days) A - (0.5%) zno 30 21 S - (1%) Zno 45 30 B - (2%) Zno 60 42 D - (4%) Zno 30 12 E - (blank) 21 9 R – (two layer) 90 63 C – (PNC) 72 48 H – (ETMP 3%) 39 30
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because of strong bonds that formed between Zno nanoparticles and steel surface. It seemed that adhesion of inorganic modified coating (B) to metallic substrates is better than that of organic modified coatings (H) or organic-inorganic modified coating (c). Where all specimens were pass the adhesion (crosshatch) test. Coated samples were tested for their bending stability, (E-blank) neat epoxy coating show poor stability on bending such that there were some of micro cracks that appeared on bending area, where all specimens modified with EHBP (R) (C) (H) showed bending area without any cracks that prove the addition of EHBP enhance the flexibility of epoxy coating matrix and improve the bending stability. Incorporation of zno nanoparticles reflected in reinforcing effect that cause some of rigidity and restrict the impact strength of epoxy coating compared to coatings that modified with EHBP. Addition of EHBP leads to an improvement of about 50% on impact strength with respect to neat epoxy coating (E) or coatings that were modified only with ZnO nanopsrticles, that because of highly branched structure of EHBP which provide plasticizing effect and more flexibility to epoxy matrix. Chemical resistance of epoxy coatings
Durability of coats may be defined as the capacity of a paint to endure; that is, to remain unchanged by environment and events. The coated panels have subjected to chemical environments (alkalie and acid) to study the durability of coats. The data of alkalie and acid resistance were determined for cured epoxy systems [32]. Results of chemical resistance tests showed in table 2. Blank epoxy coating (E) show poor chemical resistance up to 9 days in HCL and 21 days in NaOH, coating lost its adhesion with panels and showed cracking and flaking after short time in comparison with other coatings, where it can be considered test failure such that (E-blank) coating was the weakest chemical resistance coat. Double layer coating (R) showed chemical resistance up to 63 days in HCL and 90 days in NaOH that were higher than other coatings because of addition of ZnO nanoparticles improves the adhesion forces between polymeric epoxy coating and metal substrate that prevent coating delamination, also ZnO nanoparticles enhance cohesive forces between epoxy molecules and work as a bridge interconnecting more molecules so that, grain boundaries size was reduced which prevent initiation and propagation of cracks, where (R) coating is the most durable coating in comparison with other coatings. Coating (B) with 2% ZnO nanoparticles also showed good chemical resistance up to 42 days in HCL and 60 days in NaOH for the same reasons. Addition of EHBP to epoxy resin affect the chemical resistance of epoxy coating because of EHBP allows better dissipation to energy evolved during the curing reaction so, the stress and strain that occur up on curing were reduced resulting in decreasing the number of hole defects in epoxy matrix which lead to more durable coating. Therefore, modifications of epoxy coating (C) with PNC can improve the chemical resistance of epoxy coating up to 48 day in HCL and 72 days in NaOH. IV. CONCLUSIONS In this work, a new double-layer coating, comprising ZNO-epoxy as a primer layer and Zno- EHBP-epoxy as the top layer, was synthesized and applied on carbon steel substrate. According to salt spray test, double-layer coating offered better corrosion protection, compared to the purely inorganic ZNO-epoxy and hybrid ZNO-EHBP-epoxy coatings. The reason is that the primer inorganic layer provide better adhesion to the metal substrate and it work as sacrificial layer where the topcoat layer filled the physical defects in the film, there by rendering the top layer to be a denser, less porous barrier for blocking the electrochemical processes that otherwise would occur on the metal substrate also, topcoat layer improves mechanical properties of coating. REFERENCES [1] F. Galliano and D. Landolt, Evaluation of corrosion protection properties of additives for waterborne epoxy coatings on steel, Progress in Organic Coatings, 44(3), 2002, 217- 225. [2] A. Talo, O. Forsén, S. Yläsaari, Corrosion protective polyaniline epoxy blend coatings on mild steel, Synthetic Metals, 102(1), 1999, 1394-1395.
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