The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes. Lymph vessels circulate lymph fluid through the body and drain into two main ducts in the neck. Lymph nodes along the vessels filter bacteria and foreign bodies from the lymph. The spleen, thymus, tonsils, and other lymphoid tissues also aid the immune system. The endocrine system is made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. These glands regulate processes throughout the body by producing hormones like insulin, estrogen, and adrenaline.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Blood contains plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen. They have a lifespan of about 120 days before being destroyed and recycled in the spleen. Iron is essential for erythropoiesis and hemoglobin production.
The document describes the structure and function of the lymphatic system and immune system. The lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils and other lymphatic tissues that work to remove excess fluid from tissues, absorb fatty acids, and transport white blood cells. The immune system protects the body from infection with non-specific defenses like skin and mucous membranes, and specific defenses like antibodies and lymphocytes that recognize and destroy pathogens.
The lymphatic system functions to:
1) Transport clean fluids back to the blood from tissues;
2) Drain excess fluids from tissues; and
3) Remove debris from cells of the body.
Lymph is transported through lymphatic vessels in a passive, one-way system toward the heart, where it is returned to circulation. Along the way, lymph passes through lymph nodes which filter the lymph and provide an immune response. Other lymphoid organs like the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches also contribute to lymphatic function and immune defense.
This document presents a case report of a 35-year-old man who presented with fever, night sweats, cough, pallor, fatigue, sore throat, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and bone tenderness over 4 months. Initial biopsy suggested Hodgkin's lymphoma but review suggested non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Further workup found pancytopenia, lymphoblasts on peripheral smear, and nodular lymphoma infiltration on bone marrow biopsy, consistent with a diagnosis of both NHL and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations for NHL and its association with autoimmune diseases like AIHA are discussed.
Update on treatment for lymphoma, Lymphoma Support Ireland meeting - feb 2011...Lymphoma Support Ireland
This document summarizes key information from a presentation on the treatment of lymphoma. It discusses:
1) The classification, incidence, and etiology of both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
2) Updates on treatment approaches for different lymphoma subtypes including chemotherapy regimens, monoclonal antibodies, and stem cell transplantation.
3) Results from clinical trials evaluating new agents and regimens for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas, and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma.
The document summarizes the lymphatic system and immunity. It describes the components of the lymphatic system including lymph, lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland. It then explains innate immunity which provides immediate protection and adaptive immunity which involves B and T lymphocytes and provides specific long-term memory-based protection. Adaptive immunity can be antibody-mediated using B cells and antibodies or cell-mediated using cytotoxic T cells. Immunity can be acquired naturally through exposure or artificially through vaccines.
This document discusses indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas, including their classification, most common subtypes, presentation, workup, staging, histopathological examination, treatment approaches, and follow up. It focuses on follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Key points include the most common NHL subtypes by incidence, presentations involving lymph nodes or extranodal sites, investigations including imaging and biopsy, and stage-based and subtype-based treatment options such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, surgery, and clinical trial approaches.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes. Lymph vessels circulate lymph fluid through the body and drain into two main ducts in the neck. Lymph nodes along the vessels filter bacteria and foreign bodies from the lymph. The spleen, thymus, tonsils, and other lymphoid tissues also aid the immune system. The endocrine system is made up of ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, including the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. These glands regulate processes throughout the body by producing hormones like insulin, estrogen, and adrenaline.
The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body to deliver oxygen and nutrients and remove waste. Blood contains plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen. They have a lifespan of about 120 days before being destroyed and recycled in the spleen. Iron is essential for erythropoiesis and hemoglobin production.
The document describes the structure and function of the lymphatic system and immune system. The lymphatic system includes lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus gland, tonsils and other lymphatic tissues that work to remove excess fluid from tissues, absorb fatty acids, and transport white blood cells. The immune system protects the body from infection with non-specific defenses like skin and mucous membranes, and specific defenses like antibodies and lymphocytes that recognize and destroy pathogens.
The lymphatic system functions to:
1) Transport clean fluids back to the blood from tissues;
2) Drain excess fluids from tissues; and
3) Remove debris from cells of the body.
Lymph is transported through lymphatic vessels in a passive, one-way system toward the heart, where it is returned to circulation. Along the way, lymph passes through lymph nodes which filter the lymph and provide an immune response. Other lymphoid organs like the spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches also contribute to lymphatic function and immune defense.
This document presents a case report of a 35-year-old man who presented with fever, night sweats, cough, pallor, fatigue, sore throat, anorexia, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and bone tenderness over 4 months. Initial biopsy suggested Hodgkin's lymphoma but review suggested non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Further workup found pancytopenia, lymphoblasts on peripheral smear, and nodular lymphoma infiltration on bone marrow biopsy, consistent with a diagnosis of both NHL and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. The diagnostic challenges and treatment considerations for NHL and its association with autoimmune diseases like AIHA are discussed.
Update on treatment for lymphoma, Lymphoma Support Ireland meeting - feb 2011...Lymphoma Support Ireland
This document summarizes key information from a presentation on the treatment of lymphoma. It discusses:
1) The classification, incidence, and etiology of both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
2) Updates on treatment approaches for different lymphoma subtypes including chemotherapy regimens, monoclonal antibodies, and stem cell transplantation.
3) Results from clinical trials evaluating new agents and regimens for indolent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphomas, and relapsed Hodgkin's lymphoma.
The document summarizes the lymphatic system and immunity. It describes the components of the lymphatic system including lymph, lymphocytes, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, and thymus gland. It then explains innate immunity which provides immediate protection and adaptive immunity which involves B and T lymphocytes and provides specific long-term memory-based protection. Adaptive immunity can be antibody-mediated using B cells and antibodies or cell-mediated using cytotoxic T cells. Immunity can be acquired naturally through exposure or artificially through vaccines.
This document discusses indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas, including their classification, most common subtypes, presentation, workup, staging, histopathological examination, treatment approaches, and follow up. It focuses on follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma, and small lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Key points include the most common NHL subtypes by incidence, presentations involving lymph nodes or extranodal sites, investigations including imaging and biopsy, and stage-based and subtype-based treatment options such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation, surgery, and clinical trial approaches.
The document provides information about the lymphatic and immune systems. It discusses the function of lymph capillaries and organs like lymph nodes and spleen. It also covers topics like Hodgkin's disease, hives, and vaccinations. The lymph capillaries drain fluid into vessels and have valves to allow fluid movement. Lymph organs include bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus glands which help produce and store lymphocytes and other immune cells.
The lymphatic system is a network of thin tubes that branches throughout the body similar to blood vessels. It drains fluid from tissues into lymph nodes and transports a clear fluid called lymph, which contains white blood cells, back to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes filter the lymph and help fight infection by trapping bacteria and producing antibodies. Together with organs like the spleen and thymus, the lymphatic system plays a vital role in the immune system.
Pamper yourself with massages that would rejuvenate you while helping you detox and move lymphatics. At AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource center Dr. Dalal Akoury Help designing healing therapeutic massages for you.
Lymphoma is cancer that arises in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system contains lymph nodes and vessels that help fight infection and disease. There are two main types of lymphoma - Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed using biopsies of swollen lymph nodes and contains abnormal B-cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can involve many types of abnormal white blood cells and can spread beyond lymph nodes. Both types are staged based on spread and tested using lymph node biopsies, imaging, and bone marrow samples. Treatment depends on type and stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, and stem cell transplants
Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It most commonly presents as a slowly expanding lymph node in the neck, underarms, or groin. There are four main subtypes classified by the type of cells in the background tissue. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both, with prognosis depending on stage and tumor burden rather than histological subtype.
The document provides information about the lymphatic and immune systems. It discusses:
1) The functions of the lymphatic system include maintaining fluid balance, protecting the body from infection and disease, absorbing lipids and fluid, and returning fluid to the bloodstream.
2) Lymph flows through lymphatic capillaries, vessels, and ducts before emptying into veins. Valves in the vessels help propel the lymph forward. Lymphatic flow is aided by muscle contractions and pumps.
3) The immune system includes innate defenses like skin, mucus, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammation as well as adaptive defenses involving lymphocytes and antigen presentation.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers that develop from lymphocytes. They are distinguished from Hodgkin's lymphoma by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells. The cause is often genetic mutations or translocations that affect cell growth and survival. Symptoms depend on the type and location of the tumor. Biopsy and testing are needed for diagnosis and to classify the specific lymphoma. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplants. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor stage, grade, the patient's age and health. Common types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma.
This document discusses tumors of infancy and childhood. It begins by describing tumor-like lesions such as hamartomas and choristomas. It then discusses common benign tumors including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and sacrococcygeal teratomas. Malignant tumors that are discussed include leukemias, lymphomas, brain tumors, liver tumors, kidney tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and bone tumors. Specific malignant tumors that are common in different age groups are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing characteristics of common childhood cancers like leukemia, lymphomas, brain tumors, and others.
This document summarizes the key components of the innate and adaptive immune system. It discusses phagocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages that engulf and destroy pathogens. It also describes inflammation, a protective response to infection or injury. Finally, it outlines the adaptive immune system involving antigens, antibodies, and cellular immunity mediated by T cells and B cells that provides a highly specific long-lasting response against pathogens.
Lecture 11 the lymphatic system and immunityNada G.Youssef
The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system and immunity. It describes the lymphatic system's role in returning excess fluid from tissues, transporting lipids, and helping immune defenses. It also outlines the two main types of immunity - innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection while adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and memory cells that provide a slower but more specific response. The adaptive immune response includes both cell-mediated immunity involving T cells and antibody-mediated immunity involving B cells and antibodies.
This document provides an overview of the circulatory system, including blood vessels and circulation. It describes the anatomy and layers of blood vessels, distinguishing between arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries are divided based on size into conducting, distributing, and resistance arteries. The roles of elastic tissue and smooth muscle in blood vessel walls are explained. Capillary types and their selective permeability is covered. Control of blood flow and factors influencing blood pressure such as resistance are summarized.
1. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that was initially described as an inflammatory disease but is now recognized and treated as a malignant lymphoma.
2. Treatment has evolved from radiation alone to a combined approach using chemotherapy and radiation or chemotherapy alone. Common chemotherapy regimens include ABVD and BEACOPP. Radiation therapy doses and fields depend on disease stage and other factors.
3. Side effects of treatment depend on factors like radiation dose, fields, and prior chemotherapy. Acute side effects are usually mild and resolve over time. Late effects can include hypothyroidism, infertility, and in rare cases pneumonitis or pericarditis. Ongoing research aims to reduce treatment
The lymphatic system carries a clear fluid called lymph throughout the body via networks of thin tubes. The lymph transports infection-fighting lymphocytes, removes infectious cells, and carries fats from the intestine to the blood. Key organs involved include the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Lymph nodes and the spleen filter the lymph and blood, respectively. Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that causes painless bumps in lymph nodes and general symptoms like fevers and weight loss. Treatment depends on the grade of lymphoma and may include waiting, radiation, or chemotherapy. Life expectancy with lymphoma varies significantly depending on the treatment received and response. Lymphatic obstructions can be caused by
The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system to return fluid to the bloodstream that has escaped into tissues. Lymph is tissue fluid that is picked up by lymph capillaries from interstitial fluid and contains oxygen, proteins, glucose and white blood cells. Lymph vessels carry lymph through lymph nodes which filter the lymph before returning it to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct. Key components of the lymphatic system include lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen and thymus which help fight infection and return fluid to circulation.
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system, including its history, development, components, and functions. It discusses how the lymphatic system developed from lymph sacs in the embryo and transformed into nodes. The key components are lymphatic capillaries that collect fluid from tissues, vessels that connect to nodes, ducts like the thoracic duct that return lymph to blood circulation, and lymphoid organs like the thymus, bone marrow, spleen and nodes that help fight infection. The lymphatic system works to remove excess fluid, distribute nutrients, and fight pathogens throughout the body.
The lymphatic system helps destroy microorganisms, absorbs tissue fluid and transports it back to the bloodstream, and helps fight illnesses and infections. It is composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphocytes like B and T cells, the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and bone marrow. Together these parts work to filter lymph, produce white blood cells, and defend the body against pathogens.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes connected by lymph vessels that carry lymph fluid throughout the body. It plays an essential role in the immune system by filtering pathogens and other foreign materials. When illness occurs, lymph nodes may swell as the lymphatic system works to produce more white blood cells and filter pathogens from the lymph. Several diseases can affect the lymphatic system, including lymphedema which causes fluid accumulation, lymphomas which are cancers of the lymph system, and infections that cause swelling of lymph nodes. Treatment for lymphatic diseases depends on the specific condition but may include antibiotics, surgery, chemotherapy or other medications.
Lymphoma can be divided into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and typically presents with enlarged, painless lymph nodes. Risk factors include certain viruses and age. Treatment involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy depending on the stage. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more likely to involve extralymphatic sites and the bone marrow. It can be further divided into low-grade and high-grade subtypes depending on aggressiveness. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy regimens like CHOP.
The document provides information about the lymphatic and immune systems. It discusses the function of lymph capillaries and organs like lymph nodes and spleen. It also covers topics like Hodgkin's disease, hives, and vaccinations. The lymph capillaries drain fluid into vessels and have valves to allow fluid movement. Lymph organs include bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen and thymus glands which help produce and store lymphocytes and other immune cells.
The lymphatic system is a network of thin tubes that branches throughout the body similar to blood vessels. It drains fluid from tissues into lymph nodes and transports a clear fluid called lymph, which contains white blood cells, back to the bloodstream. Lymph nodes filter the lymph and help fight infection by trapping bacteria and producing antibodies. Together with organs like the spleen and thymus, the lymphatic system plays a vital role in the immune system.
Pamper yourself with massages that would rejuvenate you while helping you detox and move lymphatics. At AWAREmed Health and Wellness Resource center Dr. Dalal Akoury Help designing healing therapeutic massages for you.
Lymphoma is cancer that arises in the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system contains lymph nodes and vessels that help fight infection and disease. There are two main types of lymphoma - Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Hodgkin's lymphoma is diagnosed using biopsies of swollen lymph nodes and contains abnormal B-cells called Reed-Sternberg cells. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can involve many types of abnormal white blood cells and can spread beyond lymph nodes. Both types are staged based on spread and tested using lymph node biopsies, imaging, and bone marrow samples. Treatment depends on type and stage but may include chemotherapy, radiation, and stem cell transplants
Hodgkin's lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It most commonly presents as a slowly expanding lymph node in the neck, underarms, or groin. There are four main subtypes classified by the type of cells in the background tissue. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both, with prognosis depending on stage and tumor burden rather than histological subtype.
The document provides information about the lymphatic and immune systems. It discusses:
1) The functions of the lymphatic system include maintaining fluid balance, protecting the body from infection and disease, absorbing lipids and fluid, and returning fluid to the bloodstream.
2) Lymph flows through lymphatic capillaries, vessels, and ducts before emptying into veins. Valves in the vessels help propel the lymph forward. Lymphatic flow is aided by muscle contractions and pumps.
3) The immune system includes innate defenses like skin, mucus, antimicrobial proteins, and inflammation as well as adaptive defenses involving lymphocytes and antigen presentation.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers that develop from lymphocytes. They are distinguished from Hodgkin's lymphoma by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells. The cause is often genetic mutations or translocations that affect cell growth and survival. Symptoms depend on the type and location of the tumor. Biopsy and testing are needed for diagnosis and to classify the specific lymphoma. Treatment options include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and stem cell transplants. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor stage, grade, the patient's age and health. Common types of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma include diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and mantle cell lymphoma.
This document discusses tumors of infancy and childhood. It begins by describing tumor-like lesions such as hamartomas and choristomas. It then discusses common benign tumors including hemangiomas, lymphangiomas, and sacrococcygeal teratomas. Malignant tumors that are discussed include leukemias, lymphomas, brain tumors, liver tumors, kidney tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and bone tumors. Specific malignant tumors that are common in different age groups are also outlined. The document concludes by discussing characteristics of common childhood cancers like leukemia, lymphomas, brain tumors, and others.
This document summarizes the key components of the innate and adaptive immune system. It discusses phagocytes such as neutrophils and macrophages that engulf and destroy pathogens. It also describes inflammation, a protective response to infection or injury. Finally, it outlines the adaptive immune system involving antigens, antibodies, and cellular immunity mediated by T cells and B cells that provides a highly specific long-lasting response against pathogens.
Lecture 11 the lymphatic system and immunityNada G.Youssef
The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system and immunity. It describes the lymphatic system's role in returning excess fluid from tissues, transporting lipids, and helping immune defenses. It also outlines the two main types of immunity - innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific protection while adaptive immunity involves lymphocytes and memory cells that provide a slower but more specific response. The adaptive immune response includes both cell-mediated immunity involving T cells and antibody-mediated immunity involving B cells and antibodies.
This document provides an overview of the circulatory system, including blood vessels and circulation. It describes the anatomy and layers of blood vessels, distinguishing between arteries, capillaries, and veins. Arteries are divided based on size into conducting, distributing, and resistance arteries. The roles of elastic tissue and smooth muscle in blood vessel walls are explained. Capillary types and their selective permeability is covered. Control of blood flow and factors influencing blood pressure such as resistance are summarized.
1. Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that was initially described as an inflammatory disease but is now recognized and treated as a malignant lymphoma.
2. Treatment has evolved from radiation alone to a combined approach using chemotherapy and radiation or chemotherapy alone. Common chemotherapy regimens include ABVD and BEACOPP. Radiation therapy doses and fields depend on disease stage and other factors.
3. Side effects of treatment depend on factors like radiation dose, fields, and prior chemotherapy. Acute side effects are usually mild and resolve over time. Late effects can include hypothyroidism, infertility, and in rare cases pneumonitis or pericarditis. Ongoing research aims to reduce treatment
The lymphatic system carries a clear fluid called lymph throughout the body via networks of thin tubes. The lymph transports infection-fighting lymphocytes, removes infectious cells, and carries fats from the intestine to the blood. Key organs involved include the bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus. Lymph nodes and the spleen filter the lymph and blood, respectively. Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that causes painless bumps in lymph nodes and general symptoms like fevers and weight loss. Treatment depends on the grade of lymphoma and may include waiting, radiation, or chemotherapy. Life expectancy with lymphoma varies significantly depending on the treatment received and response. Lymphatic obstructions can be caused by
The lymphatic system works with the cardiovascular system to return fluid to the bloodstream that has escaped into tissues. Lymph is tissue fluid that is picked up by lymph capillaries from interstitial fluid and contains oxygen, proteins, glucose and white blood cells. Lymph vessels carry lymph through lymph nodes which filter the lymph before returning it to the bloodstream via the thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct. Key components of the lymphatic system include lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen and thymus which help fight infection and return fluid to circulation.
The document provides an overview of the lymphatic system, including its history, development, components, and functions. It discusses how the lymphatic system developed from lymph sacs in the embryo and transformed into nodes. The key components are lymphatic capillaries that collect fluid from tissues, vessels that connect to nodes, ducts like the thoracic duct that return lymph to blood circulation, and lymphoid organs like the thymus, bone marrow, spleen and nodes that help fight infection. The lymphatic system works to remove excess fluid, distribute nutrients, and fight pathogens throughout the body.
The lymphatic system helps destroy microorganisms, absorbs tissue fluid and transports it back to the bloodstream, and helps fight illnesses and infections. It is composed of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymphocytes like B and T cells, the spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, and bone marrow. Together these parts work to filter lymph, produce white blood cells, and defend the body against pathogens.
The lymphatic system consists of lymph nodes connected by lymph vessels that carry lymph fluid throughout the body. It plays an essential role in the immune system by filtering pathogens and other foreign materials. When illness occurs, lymph nodes may swell as the lymphatic system works to produce more white blood cells and filter pathogens from the lymph. Several diseases can affect the lymphatic system, including lymphedema which causes fluid accumulation, lymphomas which are cancers of the lymph system, and infections that cause swelling of lymph nodes. Treatment for lymphatic diseases depends on the specific condition but may include antibiotics, surgery, chemotherapy or other medications.
Lymphoma can be divided into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and typically presents with enlarged, painless lymph nodes. Risk factors include certain viruses and age. Treatment involves chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy depending on the stage. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is more likely to involve extralymphatic sites and the bone marrow. It can be further divided into low-grade and high-grade subtypes depending on aggressiveness. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy regimens like CHOP.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
2. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic system is part
of the larger circulatory
system of the body. Its
function is to help maintain
the body's fluid balance and
to remove microorganisms
from tissues.
3. EDEMA
Edema is the medical term for
swelling. It is a general response
of the body to injury or
inflammation. Edema can be
isolated to a small area or affect
the entire body. Medications,
infections, pregnancy, and many
medical problems can cause
edema.
4. Edema results whenever
small blood vessels become
"leaky" and release fluid into
nearby tissues. The extra
fluid accumulates, causing
the tissue to swell.
7. FUNTIONS OF THE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
- to collect and transport
tissue fluids
- returning plasma proteins
to the bloodstream;
- Digested fats are absorbed
8. - New lymphocytes are
manufactured in the lymph
nodes;
- Antibodies and anti assist the
body to build up an effective
immunity to infectious
diseases;
9. The lymphatic system has three
main components:
- One component is the delicate
vessels called lymphatic
vessels.
- A second component is the
lymph nodes.
- The third component is lymph,
the pale, watery fluid that
circulates and continually
bathes the body's tissues.
10.
11. Tonsils
are large clusters of
lymphatic cells found in the
pharynx. It is still among
the most common
operations performed and
typically follows frequent
throat infections.
12.
13. Function of Tonsils
- Lymph tissue that produces
lymphocytes.
- They get smaller as a person
gets older.
18. Lymph nodes
- Tiny, oval shaped, size of
pinhead to size of almond
- Located alone or grouped
- Most in head, neck, axilla,
chest, abdomen and groin
19. There are 600 to 700 lymph
nodes in the human body
that filter the lymph before it
returns to the circulatory
system.
20.
21.
22.
23. Function of Lymph Nodes
- Produce lymphocytes
- Filter out harmful bacteria
- If substance can’t be
destroyed, node becomes
inflamed
24. Spleen
- Sac-like mass of lymphatic
tissue
- Upper left abdominal cavity,
just below diaphragm
25.
26. Function of Spleen
- Produce lymphocytes and
monocytes
- Filter blood
- Blood reservoir – stores large
amounts of RBCs, contracts during
vigorous exercise or loss of blood to
release RBCs
- Recycles old red cells – destroys
and removes old or fragile RBCs
27. Lymph vessels
- Closely parallel veins
- Located in almost all tissues
and organs that have blood
vessels
- Thoracic duct – largest lymph
vessel
28. Function of lymph Vessels
B. Lymph vessels – transport
excess tissue fluid back into
circulatory system
- Valves prevent backward flow
- Lymph flows in only one
direction – from body organs to
heart
29. - Closely parallel veins
-Tissue lymph enter small lymph
vessels which drain into larger
lymph vessesl (lymphatics) into
two main lymphatics – the
thoracic duct and right
lymphatic duct .
34. Hodgkin’s disease
- Cancer of lymph
nodes
- Painless swelling
of lymph node early
symptom
- Rx –chemotheraphy
and radiation
35. Mononucleosis
- Caused by virus
- Young adults and children
- Spread by oral contact
(kissing)
- Symptoms – lymphadenitis
fever, fatigue, Ç leukocytes
- Rx - bedrest
36.
37. Hypersensitivity
Abnormal response to drug or
allergen
Antibodies made in response
to foreign material (allergen)
irritate certain body cells
Allergen – antigen that causes
allergic response (Examp.
Ragweed,penicillin, bee stings,
foods, etc.)
38.
39. Anaphylaxis
(Anaphylactic shock)
Severe or fatal allergic reaction
Antigen-antibody response stimulates
massive secretion of histamine
Symptoms – breathing problems,
headache, facial swelling, falling blood
pressure, stomach cramps, vomiting
Rx – Adrenaline
Those prone should wear medic alert
bracelet.
40.
41. AIDS and HIV
Acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome
Cause – HIV virus
Three responses to HIV
infection:
a. AIDS – full disorder
b. ARC – AIDS-related complex
c. Asymptomatic infection
42. Screening test for HIV
available
AIDS victim subject to
opportunistic infections
(cancer, infections) that a
healthy person would fight
off but AIDS victim has
compromised immune
response.
43. Incubation period – 1 month to
12 years
Rx and prevention – advances
being made
ARC – AIDS-related complex –
HIV but not AIDS – less severe
symptoms
44. Transmission
a. Sex with someone HIV positive
b. Sharing needles with infected drug
users
c. At birth from infected mother
Cannot be spread by casual contact,
coughing, sneezing, shaking hands
and sharing eating utensils
Prevention – avoid risky behaviors
and observe standard precautions
45. ASSIGNMENT: Essay
If lymphatic system
prevents the body
from having diseases,
why does lymphatic
system itself has
some diseases?