The document summarizes key aspects of the lymphatic system and body defenses. It describes the two main parts of the lymphatic system as lymphatic vessels and lymphoid tissues/organs. The lymphatic system functions to transport fluids back to blood, play essential roles in body defense, and absorb fat. Lymph nodes filter lymph before it returns to blood and contain defense cells. The spleen, thymus, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are other lymphoid organs contributing to lymphatic function. The body has nonspecific and specific defense systems, with nonspecific utilizing barriers, cells, and chemicals for immediate protection against pathogens.
36. Interferons are a family species-specific proteins synthesized by
eukaryotic cells in response to viruses and a variety of natural and
synthetic stimuli. There are several different interferons commonly
used as therapeutics, termed alpha, beta, and gamma. These peptides
are used to treat hairy cell leukemia, AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma,
laryngeal papillomatosis, genital warts, and chronic granulomatous
disease. Side effects include black tarry stools, blood in the urine,
confusion, and loss of balance.
66. Immune Deficiency: AIDS
• HIV targets cells
• Retrovirus attaches to CD4 receptors of
T helper cells
– Transmission: Body fluids, i.e., blood, semen,
breast milk, vaginal secretions
68. Time Course of the Progression of
AIDS after HIV Infection
Figure 9.21
69. •AIDS progression:
–Phase I: few weeks to a few years; flu like symptoms, swollen
lymph nodes, chills, fever, fatigue, body aches. Virus is
multiplying, antibodies are made but ineffective for complete
virus removal
–Phase II: within six months to 10 years; opportunistic
infections present, Helper T cells affected, 5% may not
progress to next phase
–Phase III: Helper T cells fall below 200 per cubic millimeter
of blood AND the person has an opportunistic infection or type
of cancer. Person is now termed as having “AIDS” May
include pneumonia, meningitis, tuberculosis, encephalitis,
Kaposi’s sarcoma, and non-Hodgkin’s lumphoma….
70. AIDS Pandemic
• More than 36 million infected with HIV
worldwide
• Most infections in sub-Sahara of Africa
• Increasing spread in Asia and India
• Most often spread by heterosexual contact
outside U.S.