The document provides an overview of the protocol stack for LTE, including the control plane and user plane architectures. In the control plane, the Radio Resource Control layer handles radio-specific functionality like system information broadcasting and connection control. In the user plane, the Packet Data Convergence Protocol layer performs header compression, the Radio Link Control layer handles segmentation/concatenation and retransmission, and the Medium Access Control layer includes scheduling and hybrid ARQ.
This document provides an overview of LTE-Advanced radio layer 2 and radio resource control aspects. It discusses LTE-Advanced features such as carrier aggregation, coordinated multi-point transmission and reception, emergency calls, positioning, public warning systems, and home eNB. It describes the E-UTRAN architecture and user and control plane protocol stacks. Key aspects covered include system information, connection control, radio resource control states, mobility, radio link failure handling, random access, and scheduling. Performance metrics on uplink and downlink latency and handover interruptions are also mentioned.
This document outlines the 3GPP specifications process for developing new mobile network systems and features. It follows a three stage process:
Stage 1 defines service requirements. Stage 2 defines the network architecture, elements, and high-level flows. Stage 3 defines protocols, state machines, and messages.
This process was applied to developing LTE, where Stage 1 documents defined requirements like throughput rates and latency. Stage 2 documents described the overall LTE system architecture. Numerous Stage 3 specifications then defined the protocols that enable LTE.
This document discusses the overall radio access network (RAN) architecture for LTE networks. It describes the key protocol layers including the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC), and physical (PHY) layers. It then focuses on the physical layer, explaining how orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency-selective fading, thereby improving performance over single carrier transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to each OFDM symbol to eliminate ISI while selecting subcarriers spaced to avoid inter-carrier interference (ICI).
This document provides an overview of the LTE radio layer 2, radio resource control (RRC), and radio access network architecture. It discusses the E-UTRAN architecture including eNodeBs, home eNodeBs, and relays. It describes the user plane including bearer services, the user plane protocol stack with PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers, and security and transport functions. It also outlines the control plane including connection control and RRC states, and highlights features like interoperability, self-organizing networks, positioning, broadcasting, latency evaluations, and LTE-Advanced.
Physical layer aspects (Matthew Baker: RAN WG1 Chair, Alcatel-Lucent) BP Tiwari
This document discusses the physical layer design of LTE-Advanced. It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including the use of OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. It also discusses support for time division duplexing and half-duplex frequency division duplexing. Enhancements to user equipment categories and the physical layer for LTE-Advanced are also covered.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
This document provides information on SAF Tehnika's point-to-point microwave radio equipment for data and voice communication. It discusses their main product lines, which include the CFIP series for 1.4 GHz and license-free 24 GHz spectrum, offering capacities up to 720 Mbps. The CFIP series includes the CFIP-108 FODU for Fast Ethernet and the CFIP Lumina FODU for Gigabit Ethernet. It also discusses their CFIP PhoeniX split mount system for hybrid TDM/IP networks with capacities up to 366 Mbps. The document provides detailed specifications for these products.
This document provides an overview of LTE-Advanced radio layer 2 and radio resource control aspects. It discusses LTE-Advanced features such as carrier aggregation, coordinated multi-point transmission and reception, emergency calls, positioning, public warning systems, and home eNB. It describes the E-UTRAN architecture and user and control plane protocol stacks. Key aspects covered include system information, connection control, radio resource control states, mobility, radio link failure handling, random access, and scheduling. Performance metrics on uplink and downlink latency and handover interruptions are also mentioned.
This document outlines the 3GPP specifications process for developing new mobile network systems and features. It follows a three stage process:
Stage 1 defines service requirements. Stage 2 defines the network architecture, elements, and high-level flows. Stage 3 defines protocols, state machines, and messages.
This process was applied to developing LTE, where Stage 1 documents defined requirements like throughput rates and latency. Stage 2 documents described the overall LTE system architecture. Numerous Stage 3 specifications then defined the protocols that enable LTE.
This document discusses the overall radio access network (RAN) architecture for LTE networks. It describes the key protocol layers including the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), radio link control (RLC), medium access control (MAC), and physical (PHY) layers. It then focuses on the physical layer, explaining how orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is used to mitigate inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by frequency-selective fading, thereby improving performance over single carrier transmission. A cyclic prefix is added to each OFDM symbol to eliminate ISI while selecting subcarriers spaced to avoid inter-carrier interference (ICI).
This document provides an overview of the LTE radio layer 2, radio resource control (RRC), and radio access network architecture. It discusses the E-UTRAN architecture including eNodeBs, home eNodeBs, and relays. It describes the user plane including bearer services, the user plane protocol stack with PDCP, RLC, and MAC layers, and security and transport functions. It also outlines the control plane including connection control and RRC states, and highlights features like interoperability, self-organizing networks, positioning, broadcasting, latency evaluations, and LTE-Advanced.
Physical layer aspects (Matthew Baker: RAN WG1 Chair, Alcatel-Lucent) BP Tiwari
This document discusses the physical layer design of LTE-Advanced. It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including the use of OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. It also discusses support for time division duplexing and half-duplex frequency division duplexing. Enhancements to user equipment categories and the physical layer for LTE-Advanced are also covered.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
This document provides information on SAF Tehnika's point-to-point microwave radio equipment for data and voice communication. It discusses their main product lines, which include the CFIP series for 1.4 GHz and license-free 24 GHz spectrum, offering capacities up to 720 Mbps. The CFIP series includes the CFIP-108 FODU for Fast Ethernet and the CFIP Lumina FODU for Gigabit Ethernet. It also discusses their CFIP PhoeniX split mount system for hybrid TDM/IP networks with capacities up to 366 Mbps. The document provides detailed specifications for these products.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
The document discusses a hybrid programmable forwarding plane (HPFP) for network devices. It describes the motivation for allowing multiple applications to program the forwarding plane of devices. The outcome of an initial BoF discussion was that an ONF working group charter would be proposed to further develop the HPFP concept.
The document discusses the development of 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet standards. It notes that in 2006, the IEEE determined these faster speeds were needed - 40 Gbps for computing and 100 Gbps for network aggregation. The IEEE formed a task force in 2008 to develop these standards. Key aspects included preserving the Ethernet frame format while supporting faster speeds over fiber and copper cable. The physical coding sublayer implements a multilane distribution scheme to help meet engineering challenges, distributing data across multiple "lanes" to support various interface widths.
The document proposes Ethernet VPN (E-VPN) as a solution to overcome scaling challenges with the existing Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) technology. E-VPN uses MPLS and BGP to transport layer 2 connectivity between data centers. It treats MAC addresses as routable addresses and uses MP-iBGP to distribute customer MAC addresses between edge routers. This allows for remote MAC learning and helps scale to thousands of MAC addresses. The document also describes how E-VPN uses Ethernet Segment IDs and split horizon labels to avoid layer 2 loops in multi-homing scenarios.
This document recommends EoMPLS as the technology of choice for a green field CE deployment based on the following points:
1) EoMPLS is a mature and field-proven technology that allows the CSP to deliver services across the CEN in an IP-oriented architecture while interoperating with its existing IP/MPLS core.
2) EoMPLS supports all the intended services like L3 VPN, L2 VPN, IPTV, broadband internet, and IP voice with required features like multipoint support and service protection.
3) The CEN should be highly available, stable, support QoS, performance, multicast and TDM with proper management and security using Eo
The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) 4.0 is a major revision of the standard and is designed to be more scalable, lightweight, and flexible than the current SCA 2.2.2 specification. It is compatible with radio sizes ranging from small, single channel radios to prime-power, multi-channel sets. Importantly the new SCA 4.0 CORBA PSM extends the reach of the standard into DSP and FPGA processing environments more effectively.
In advance of the availability of the next generation of Core Frameworks that will emerge, this presentation shos how SCA 4.0 middleware can be seamlessly used within existing SCA systems for backwards compatibility while offering benefits to new applications and an efficient migration path to full SCA 4.0 compliance.
This document discusses the modernized GPS L2C and L5 signals. It describes the structure and generation of the L2C and L5 codes. A simulation of the GPS signals was developed using Simulink. The simulation models the generation of the L2C CM and CL codes using linear feedback shift registers. It also models the generation of the L5 I and Q codes from two extended codes. The simulation results match theoretical predictions and provide an intuitive platform for understanding the GPS signal structures. The modernized GPS signals are expected to improve positioning performance and have many applications.
This document discusses LSTI's efforts to boost LTE and mobile broadband deployment through interoperability testing. It outlines LSTI's activities testing LTE prototypes from 2007-2010, including Interoperability Development Testing (IODT) and Interoperability Testing (IOT). The document describes LSTI's Friendly Customer Trials (FCT) methodology and consolidated test methods for LTE. It provides initial results from 10 operators' trials showing LTE can deliver low latency and meet throughput expectations of over 100 Mbps download. Plans are defined for additional end-to-end performance testing throughout 2010.
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 configuration guide-20100119-aWaheed Ali
The document provides configuration guidelines for the OptiX RTN 900 V100R002 microwave transmission network. It describes the types of radio links and services supported, and outlines the procedures and tasks for configuring radio links, TDM services, and Ethernet services on the OptiX RTN 900 V100R002, including creating network elements, protection groups, cross-connections, and other parameters.
The document describes the Radio Link Control (RLC) sub layer in 3GPP LTE, including its functions, modes of operation (unacknowledged, acknowledged, and transparent), state variables, procedures for transmitting and receiving data, and retransmission processes. The RLC sub layer provides transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction, segmentation/reassembly, reordering, duplication detection, and supports both acknowledged and unacknowledged data transfer.
The document provides an agenda and overview of Ulticom's Signalware SIGTRAN software as it relates to Vodafone Italy's NP project. It discusses SIGTRAN and its components SCTP and M3UA, and how Signalware implements these protocols. It describes Signalware's architecture, and how M3UA is used between the application server and signaling gateway. It also covers installation, configuration, operation and monitoring of Signalware M3UA.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
The document discusses GPON extender technology for extending the range of GPON networks. It describes how GPON extenders can regenerate optical signals to extend the network by up to 60km using different configurations including cascade, parallel, and hybrid topologies. GPON extenders support OMCI management and come in 1:1 and 1:4 versions to increase splitting ratios. They use EDFA amplification and SFP optical modules to extend network distance and flexibility.
This document provides an overview of MX Trio load balancing. It discusses how packets are parsed and hashed to select the next hop in a load balancing system. Key points include:
- Packets are parsed to select fields for hashing. A hash is computed from the fields to select the next hop.
- Fields included in the hash depend on packet encapsulation like IP, MPLS, Ethernet. Advanced topics cover techniques for determining encapsulation.
- Hashes are symmetric and consistent across devices to prevent polarization. Load balancing occurs at multiple levels by using different hash bits at each level.
- The hash algorithm uses CRC polynomials for efficiency. A hash seed based on device MAC ensures different results across
Loop Telecommunication International provides telecommunication solutions for electric power utilities including SCADA systems. Their solutions include products like the AM3440 and V4200-9 for transmitting data and voice over T1/E1 lines between control centers and substations. They also provide the O9400 for transmitting data over OC-3/OC-12 SONET/SDH networks, the IP6800 for IP-based self-healing ring networks, and the H3308 for high-speed Ethernet and V.35 communication over multiple twisted pairs. These solutions allow utilities to monitor and control remote equipment and exchange information and alarms.
This document provides examples of parameter relationships for establishing ESCON and parallel channel connectivity between an IBM S/390 host running MVS and an IBM 2216 Nways Multiaccess Connector or Network Utility. It includes diagrams illustrating the parameter relationships for different combinations of channel protocols (MPC+, LCS, LSA) and network protocols (TCP/IP, APPN/HPR, SNA Subarea, etc.). It also provides definitions for the host parameters used in the examples.
This document provides an overview of Metro Ethernet (ME) concepts and technology. It defines ME as a carrier-class Ethernet service defined by five attributes that distinguish it from traditional Ethernet networks. The document discusses ME drivers like simplicity and transport flexibility. It also covers ME technologies like Ethernet, MPLS, VPLS, and various access methods. The author is Anuradha Udunuwara, a chartered engineer with experience in telecom network design and implementation.
The document describes the V5 protocol, which is an open standard digital interface for integrated access between telecommunications networks and switches. It summarizes the key features and limitations of previous V1-V4 interfaces and introduces the V5 interface, which supports more flexible integrated access and dynamic time slot allocation. The V5 protocol consists of physical, data link, and application layers that allow signaling and transmission of voice calls over the digital interface using both communication and signaling channels. Call setup and release procedures using the V5 interface for PSTN services are also outlined.
The document discusses MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) concepts including:
1. MPLS TE can be used with IS-IS to signal tunnels and establish paths between routers.
2. Explicit paths can be used to avoid issues if a link fails and dynamic paths cannot be established.
3. Bandwidth reservations can be made for tunnels using RSVP to ensure sufficient resources.
4. The TE metric can be manipulated separately from the IGP metric to influence path selection.
5. Static routing can be used over TE tunnels to establish connectivity between routers.
This document discusses data center interconnect and virtual private LAN service (VPLS) technologies. It provides an overview of data center edge functions, collapsed WAN and aggregation solutions, data center LAN configurations, and layer 2 loop detection capabilities. It also covers multi-chassis link aggregation, data center WAN connectivity options using IP/MPLS or VPLS, and the advantages of Ethernet VPN (EVPN) over VPLS. Finally, it discusses challenges and solutions related to virtual machine mobility and provides a comparison analysis of PBB-EVPN versus EVPN.
The document provides an overview of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile telecommunication system. It discusses the evolution of mobile standards leading to LTE and describes key requirements for LTE including increased data rates, reduced latency, improved spectral efficiency, and seamless mobility. Performance targets for LTE are outlined for downlink and uplink peak transmission rates, spectral efficiencies, and latency. LTE is designed to support high speed mobility up to 350 km/h and interoperate with other radio access technologies.
The document summarizes key aspects of the physical layer for LTE networks. It describes how LTE uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency. OFDM uses multiple narrowband subcarriers to transmit data in parallel, providing robustness against multipath interference. LTE uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink to balance performance and implementation complexity. The physical layer is structured into frames, subframes, slots and symbols to organize transmissions in the time-frequency domain.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
The document discusses a hybrid programmable forwarding plane (HPFP) for network devices. It describes the motivation for allowing multiple applications to program the forwarding plane of devices. The outcome of an initial BoF discussion was that an ONF working group charter would be proposed to further develop the HPFP concept.
The document discusses the development of 40 Gigabit Ethernet and 100 Gigabit Ethernet standards. It notes that in 2006, the IEEE determined these faster speeds were needed - 40 Gbps for computing and 100 Gbps for network aggregation. The IEEE formed a task force in 2008 to develop these standards. Key aspects included preserving the Ethernet frame format while supporting faster speeds over fiber and copper cable. The physical coding sublayer implements a multilane distribution scheme to help meet engineering challenges, distributing data across multiple "lanes" to support various interface widths.
The document proposes Ethernet VPN (E-VPN) as a solution to overcome scaling challenges with the existing Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) technology. E-VPN uses MPLS and BGP to transport layer 2 connectivity between data centers. It treats MAC addresses as routable addresses and uses MP-iBGP to distribute customer MAC addresses between edge routers. This allows for remote MAC learning and helps scale to thousands of MAC addresses. The document also describes how E-VPN uses Ethernet Segment IDs and split horizon labels to avoid layer 2 loops in multi-homing scenarios.
This document recommends EoMPLS as the technology of choice for a green field CE deployment based on the following points:
1) EoMPLS is a mature and field-proven technology that allows the CSP to deliver services across the CEN in an IP-oriented architecture while interoperating with its existing IP/MPLS core.
2) EoMPLS supports all the intended services like L3 VPN, L2 VPN, IPTV, broadband internet, and IP voice with required features like multipoint support and service protection.
3) The CEN should be highly available, stable, support QoS, performance, multicast and TDM with proper management and security using Eo
The Software Communications Architecture (SCA) 4.0 is a major revision of the standard and is designed to be more scalable, lightweight, and flexible than the current SCA 2.2.2 specification. It is compatible with radio sizes ranging from small, single channel radios to prime-power, multi-channel sets. Importantly the new SCA 4.0 CORBA PSM extends the reach of the standard into DSP and FPGA processing environments more effectively.
In advance of the availability of the next generation of Core Frameworks that will emerge, this presentation shos how SCA 4.0 middleware can be seamlessly used within existing SCA systems for backwards compatibility while offering benefits to new applications and an efficient migration path to full SCA 4.0 compliance.
This document discusses the modernized GPS L2C and L5 signals. It describes the structure and generation of the L2C and L5 codes. A simulation of the GPS signals was developed using Simulink. The simulation models the generation of the L2C CM and CL codes using linear feedback shift registers. It also models the generation of the L5 I and Q codes from two extended codes. The simulation results match theoretical predictions and provide an intuitive platform for understanding the GPS signal structures. The modernized GPS signals are expected to improve positioning performance and have many applications.
This document discusses LSTI's efforts to boost LTE and mobile broadband deployment through interoperability testing. It outlines LSTI's activities testing LTE prototypes from 2007-2010, including Interoperability Development Testing (IODT) and Interoperability Testing (IOT). The document describes LSTI's Friendly Customer Trials (FCT) methodology and consolidated test methods for LTE. It provides initial results from 10 operators' trials showing LTE can deliver low latency and meet throughput expectations of over 100 Mbps download. Plans are defined for additional end-to-end performance testing throughout 2010.
02 opti x rtn 900 v100r002 configuration guide-20100119-aWaheed Ali
The document provides configuration guidelines for the OptiX RTN 900 V100R002 microwave transmission network. It describes the types of radio links and services supported, and outlines the procedures and tasks for configuring radio links, TDM services, and Ethernet services on the OptiX RTN 900 V100R002, including creating network elements, protection groups, cross-connections, and other parameters.
The document describes the Radio Link Control (RLC) sub layer in 3GPP LTE, including its functions, modes of operation (unacknowledged, acknowledged, and transparent), state variables, procedures for transmitting and receiving data, and retransmission processes. The RLC sub layer provides transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction, segmentation/reassembly, reordering, duplication detection, and supports both acknowledged and unacknowledged data transfer.
The document provides an agenda and overview of Ulticom's Signalware SIGTRAN software as it relates to Vodafone Italy's NP project. It discusses SIGTRAN and its components SCTP and M3UA, and how Signalware implements these protocols. It describes Signalware's architecture, and how M3UA is used between the application server and signaling gateway. It also covers installation, configuration, operation and monitoring of Signalware M3UA.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
The document discusses GPON extender technology for extending the range of GPON networks. It describes how GPON extenders can regenerate optical signals to extend the network by up to 60km using different configurations including cascade, parallel, and hybrid topologies. GPON extenders support OMCI management and come in 1:1 and 1:4 versions to increase splitting ratios. They use EDFA amplification and SFP optical modules to extend network distance and flexibility.
This document provides an overview of MX Trio load balancing. It discusses how packets are parsed and hashed to select the next hop in a load balancing system. Key points include:
- Packets are parsed to select fields for hashing. A hash is computed from the fields to select the next hop.
- Fields included in the hash depend on packet encapsulation like IP, MPLS, Ethernet. Advanced topics cover techniques for determining encapsulation.
- Hashes are symmetric and consistent across devices to prevent polarization. Load balancing occurs at multiple levels by using different hash bits at each level.
- The hash algorithm uses CRC polynomials for efficiency. A hash seed based on device MAC ensures different results across
Loop Telecommunication International provides telecommunication solutions for electric power utilities including SCADA systems. Their solutions include products like the AM3440 and V4200-9 for transmitting data and voice over T1/E1 lines between control centers and substations. They also provide the O9400 for transmitting data over OC-3/OC-12 SONET/SDH networks, the IP6800 for IP-based self-healing ring networks, and the H3308 for high-speed Ethernet and V.35 communication over multiple twisted pairs. These solutions allow utilities to monitor and control remote equipment and exchange information and alarms.
This document provides examples of parameter relationships for establishing ESCON and parallel channel connectivity between an IBM S/390 host running MVS and an IBM 2216 Nways Multiaccess Connector or Network Utility. It includes diagrams illustrating the parameter relationships for different combinations of channel protocols (MPC+, LCS, LSA) and network protocols (TCP/IP, APPN/HPR, SNA Subarea, etc.). It also provides definitions for the host parameters used in the examples.
This document provides an overview of Metro Ethernet (ME) concepts and technology. It defines ME as a carrier-class Ethernet service defined by five attributes that distinguish it from traditional Ethernet networks. The document discusses ME drivers like simplicity and transport flexibility. It also covers ME technologies like Ethernet, MPLS, VPLS, and various access methods. The author is Anuradha Udunuwara, a chartered engineer with experience in telecom network design and implementation.
The document describes the V5 protocol, which is an open standard digital interface for integrated access between telecommunications networks and switches. It summarizes the key features and limitations of previous V1-V4 interfaces and introduces the V5 interface, which supports more flexible integrated access and dynamic time slot allocation. The V5 protocol consists of physical, data link, and application layers that allow signaling and transmission of voice calls over the digital interface using both communication and signaling channels. Call setup and release procedures using the V5 interface for PSTN services are also outlined.
The document discusses MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) concepts including:
1. MPLS TE can be used with IS-IS to signal tunnels and establish paths between routers.
2. Explicit paths can be used to avoid issues if a link fails and dynamic paths cannot be established.
3. Bandwidth reservations can be made for tunnels using RSVP to ensure sufficient resources.
4. The TE metric can be manipulated separately from the IGP metric to influence path selection.
5. Static routing can be used over TE tunnels to establish connectivity between routers.
This document discusses data center interconnect and virtual private LAN service (VPLS) technologies. It provides an overview of data center edge functions, collapsed WAN and aggregation solutions, data center LAN configurations, and layer 2 loop detection capabilities. It also covers multi-chassis link aggregation, data center WAN connectivity options using IP/MPLS or VPLS, and the advantages of Ethernet VPN (EVPN) over VPLS. Finally, it discusses challenges and solutions related to virtual machine mobility and provides a comparison analysis of PBB-EVPN versus EVPN.
The document provides an overview of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile telecommunication system. It discusses the evolution of mobile standards leading to LTE and describes key requirements for LTE including increased data rates, reduced latency, improved spectral efficiency, and seamless mobility. Performance targets for LTE are outlined for downlink and uplink peak transmission rates, spectral efficiencies, and latency. LTE is designed to support high speed mobility up to 350 km/h and interoperate with other radio access technologies.
The document summarizes key aspects of the physical layer for LTE networks. It describes how LTE uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency. OFDM uses multiple narrowband subcarriers to transmit data in parallel, providing robustness against multipath interference. LTE uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink to balance performance and implementation complexity. The physical layer is structured into frames, subframes, slots and symbols to organize transmissions in the time-frequency domain.
Atoll is a radio network design tool for LTE planning. It uses the CrossWave propagation model which takes into account morphology data like buildings and clutter classes to more accurately model radio wave propagation compared to standard propagation models like Hata. CrossWave predictions are tuned using results from calibration campaigns to improve accuracy. Atoll also allows for 3D coverage modeling and optimization of heterogeneous networks with different transmitter layers.
The document provides an overview of the LTE radio layer 2, RRC and radio access network architecture. It summarizes the E-UTRAN architecture, user and control plane protocol stacks, connection management, RRC states, and connected state mobility procedures. It also highlights interoperability with legacy systems, self-organizing networks, UE positioning, multimedia broadcast, latency evaluations, and LTE-Advanced features.
LTE and Satellite: Solutions for Rural and Public Safety NetworkingSmall Cell Forum
This document discusses using LTE and satellite solutions for rural and public safety networking. It provides an overview of why LTE is better than 3G for rural areas due to its wider coverage using low frequency spectrum and consistent backhaul technology. LTE is also driving adoption for public safety needs due to requirements for data, uplink speeds, ubiquitous coverage, and satellite backup. The document then summarizes iDirect's SatHaul solution for optimizing LTE over satellite backhaul through features that improve user experience and bandwidth efficiency while maintaining security and compliance with 3GPP standards.
Top 7 solution architect interview questions answerstomhandsome70
This document provides answers to common interview questions for a solution architect position. It discusses how to answer questions about yourself, your strengths, career goals, reasons for leaving previous jobs, weaknesses, knowledge of the organization, and how you've improved your skills. For each question, it offers tips on what information to include and examples of effective responses. The document is meant to help job applicants prepare and feel confident answering common interview questions.
This document provides definitions and descriptions for key performance indicators (KPIs) related to an eNodeB. It includes KPIs in areas such as accessibility, retainability, and mobility. The KPIs measure things like call setup success rates, call drop rates, and handover success rates. Templates are provided for standardized KPI definition. The document is intended for network planners, administrators, and operators to understand eNodeB performance.
The document discusses 4G LTE drive testing. It describes the necessary equipment for drive testing including a notebook, GPS, and LTE dongle. It outlines key LTE radio parameters that are measured like PCI, RSRP, SINR, and MIMO. It also discusses measuring UE state information, throughput, and LTE access procedures including attach requests, random access failures, and E-RAB failures. Finally, it compares the impact of ANR capabilities versus UE capabilities on measuring neighboring cells within and between eNodeBs.
This Workshop is a fast track Course to cover the basic architecture and functionalities of the LTE-EPC from the Packet Core Perspective.
The course is a little bit advanced and the target Audience is requested to have a basic PS Foundations and Mobility Knowledge as a prerequisite.
The course will cover the LTE-EPC Architecture, Call flows, Mobility and session management in addition to introductory slides for the EPS Security and LTE-DNS.
This document provides an overview of the LTE protocol stack, focusing on the data link layer (L2) which includes the MAC, RLC, and PDCP sublayers. It describes the architecture and functions of MAC including logical and transport channels, HARQ, scheduling, random access procedure, discontinuous reception, and more. It also covers the RLC sublayer including its different modes (TM, UM, AM) and functions like segmentation, reassembly and error correction. Finally it discusses the PDCP sublayer and its roles in header compression, security, and handover support. The document is intended to provide a systematic understanding of the LTE protocol stack for engineers working in areas like development, testing, optimization and trouble
The document discusses various LTE measurement parameters and procedures including:
1. The eNB reports a list of detected PRACH preambles and measures timing advance, average RSSI, average SINR, UL CSI, and transport BLER for RRM purposes.
2. UE measurements include CQI, RSRP, and RSRQ while eNB measurements include timing advance, RSSI, SINR, UL CSI, detected preambles, and transport BLER. Inter-RAT measurements are also discussed.
3. Examples of RSRP, RSRQ, and timing advance procedures are provided along with CQI measurement details. PLMN selection, cell selection,
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) network architecture and transmission schemes. It describes the simplified LTE network elements including eNB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. It explains the downlink transmission scheme using OFDMA and reference signal structure. It also covers uplink transmission using SC-FDMA, control and data channels as well as frame structure in both FDD and TDD modes.
Structured Approach to Solution ArchitectureAlan McSweeney
The role of solution architecture is to identify answer to a business problem and set of solution options and their components. There will be many potential solutions to a problem with varying degrees of suitability to the underlying business need. Solution options are derived from a combination of Solution Architecture Dimensions/Views which describe characteristics, features, qualities, requirements and Solution Design Factors, Limitations And Boundaries which delineate limitations. Use of structured approach can assist with solution design to create consistency. The TOGAF approach to enterprise architecture can be adapted to perform some of the analysis and design for elements of Solution Architecture Dimensions/Views.
This document summarizes an IMT-Advanced evaluation meeting held in Beijing, China on December 17-18, 2009 regarding LTE RAN architecture aspects. Dino Flore of Qualcomm Inc., the RAN WG3 Chairman, presented on topics including the EPS architecture, E-UTRAN architecture, functional split between network nodes, EPS bearer service architecture and QoS model, inter-cell interference control, and support for features like HeNB/CSG operation, SON, positioning, and E-MBMS.
This document provides an overview of LTE-Advanced radio layer 2 and radio resource control aspects. It discusses LTE-Advanced features, the E-UTRAN architecture, user and control plane protocol stacks, reliable transport mechanisms, scheduling, and aspects of the control plane such as system information, connection control, and mobility management. The document is intended to educate attendees of the 3GPP TSG-RAN WG2 Mobile LTE-Advanced Evaluation Workshop.
This document provides an overview of UMTS W-CDMA (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Wideband Code Division Multiple Access). It describes the basic architecture and channel structures of a 3G W-CDMA system. Key points include that W-CDMA uses CDMA technology with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps and channel bandwidth of 4.4-5 MHz. It also discusses the various physical channels in the uplink and downlink, including dedicated channels, common channels, and how they are structured over timeslots and frames.
The document discusses requirements for efficient mobile backhaul with carrier Ethernet to support LTE networks. It covers:
- LTE network architecture and how it impacts transport network requirements, including the need for multi-service capability, low cost per bit transport, and support for a transition to packet-based networks.
- Key transport network requirements created by LTE like powerful OAM, fast protection switching, strong QoS support, multicast/broadcast support, and interoperability with the packet core.
- How MPLS-TP can fulfill these requirements through features like VPN support, coordinated tunnel setup, comprehensive OAM tools, sub-50ms protection switching, and support for QoS, performance monitoring
The document discusses requirements for efficient mobile backhaul with carrier Ethernet to support LTE networks. It covers:
- LTE network architecture and how it impacts transport network requirements, including the need for multiservice capability, low cost per bit transport, and support for a transition to packet-based networks.
- Key transport network requirements created by LTE like powerful OAM, fast protection switching, strong QoS support, security, and interoperability with the packet core.
- How MPLS-TP can fulfill these requirements through features like VPN support, bearer provisioning across interfaces, coordinated tunnel setup, comprehensive OAM tools, and protection switching capabilities.
Describes key network elements and interfaces of LTE architecture. The steps of LTE/EPC Attach procedure are also illustrated.
Video at: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLgQvzsPaZX_bimBc5Wu4m6-cVD4bZDav9
The document discusses using Wireshark to view L2 protocols in LTE networks. It explains that RBS trace files from eNodeBs containing MAC and RLC logs can be converted to pcap format for viewing in Wireshark using frame4Wireshark.pl and text2pcap. Settings are then configured in Wireshark to decode the various LTE L2 protocols, including MAC, RLC, and PDCP packets and control elements. Examples of different L2 packet formats are also shown that could be viewed with Wireshark after converting and decoding the traces.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP releases that specified LTE and LTE-Advanced standards and components of the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. The document also provides explanations of OFDM, MIMO, SC-FDMA, and the LTE physical layer frame structure and resource grid. Special features introduced in LTE-Advanced like carrier aggregation and relaying are also summarized.
Presentation from SIEPON Seminar on 20 April in Czech Republic, sponsored by IEEE-SA & CAG. Opinions presented by the speakers in this presentation are their own, and not necessarily those of their employers or of IEEE.
This document provides an overview of key 3GPP protocols, specifications, nodes and interfaces related to LTE networks. It includes a table listing common 3GPP acronyms and their definitions, as well as diagrams illustrating the 3GPP system architecture and key interfaces between network nodes.
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM, MIMO, and SC-FDMA used in the downlink and uplink. It describes the evolution of 3GPP specifications from Release 8 to Release 11 and introduces the LTE system architecture components including the E-UTRAN, EPC, eNodeB, MME, S-GW and P-GW. The document also explains features of LTE such as channel dependent scheduling, inter-cell interference coordination, and multicast/broadcast services. Special features in LTE-Advanced like carrier aggregation and relaying are introduced.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP specification releases that defined LTE and LTE-Advanced. The document outlines the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. It explains technologies like carrier aggregation and CoMP used in LTE-Advanced. Key physical layer aspects of LTE like resource allocation and scheduling are also summarized.
ICWES15 - Green Path Connection in Multi-Layer Transport Network. Presented b...Engineers Australia
The document discusses a multi-layer transport network that enables green path computation. It presents an architecture with the following key components:
1. A multi-layer path computation engine (PCE) that considers parameters like bandwidth, affinity, risk groups to calculate optimal paths.
2. A multi-layer aggregation path inference engine (MAGPIE) that aims to reduce power consumption and improve energy efficiency across network layers.
3. A prototype called POINTS that integrates packet and optical network switching to establish end-to-end connections across multiple layers using GMPLS control plane signaling.
LTE Release 10, also known as LTE-Advanced, provides significant enhancements over LTE Release 8 including support for wider bandwidths up to 100MHz using carrier aggregation, advanced MIMO techniques up to 8-layer transmission, heterogeneous networks and interference coordination, and relaying to improve coverage and throughput. It aims to fulfill the requirements for ITU's IMT-Advanced specification.
Other test equipment providers sell LTE capabilities separately, but following our all-inclusive model, we’ve included LTE testing for every BreakingPoint CTM, existing or new. (All it takes is a firmware update.) The combination of such large-scale testing and our all-in-one pricing model drops the cost per UE to under $0.25. That’s right — less than 25 cents.
Contrast that to the $1,000 price tag mentioned above, and it’s not hard to see the impact it makes. The fact that we can now offer our customers the most cost-effective option of simulating millions of concurrent users with real application traffic (plus security attacks and fuzzing, of course) means that they can now validate their LTE network configurations at scale before going live. This is something they simply could not have done before.
For more information, please visit www.breakingpoint.com/lte
This document provides an overview of LTE including:
1) What LTE is and why it was needed to replace 3G networks
2) The Evolved Packet System (EPS) architecture consisting of the Evolved UTRAN and Evolved Packet Core
3) Key components of the Evolved Packet Core including the MME, SGW, and PDN-GW and their functions
MPLS-TP is subset of MPLS. It uses the same data plane as used by MPLS (Defined in RFC 3031 and RFC 3032). MPLS-TP has four major areas:-
1. Data Plane
2. Control Plane
3. O&M
4. Survivability
MPLS-TP has no control plane, the reason for this was that the recovery. If the dynamic control plane is used, in that case the convergence would depend on the dynamic protocol and providers cannot leverage the <50 ms failover time in that case. It uses the same QoS diffserv model except uniform model as used in MPLS.
The NewGrid LTE Home eNodeB (HeNB) Gateway enables operators to seamlessly integrated their LTE small cell deployments with their LTE core network (EPC). As the number of LTE subscribers and amount of mobile data traffic continues to grow, operators are considering launching small cell networks to not only increase the amount of mobile bandwidth but plug gaps that exist in their mobile coverage. But their current networks are not designed to support tens of thousands of new basestations and provide security over the mostly public IP networks that these small cells connect through. The NewGrid HeNB Gateway is designed to securely connect to tens of thousands of small cells using IPsec tunnels, seamlessly providing security and connectivity.
The NewGrid HeNB Gateway is available on a number of carrier-grade ATCA platforms, offering service providers a scalable and reliable high-performance solution.
For more information, please visit us at http://www.ipsecuritygateway.com
LTE (Long Term Evolution) was developed by 3GPP to improve the mobile phone standard and address future needs. It aims to improve spectral efficiency, lower costs, enhance services, utilize new spectrum, and better integrate with other standards. LTE provides peak download speeds of at least 100Mbps and upload speeds of 50Mbps with latency under 10ms. LTE Advanced was later developed to fulfill the ITU's 4G requirements of peak speeds up to 1Gbps for low mobility. The LTE architecture uses E-UTRAN on the access side and EPC on the core side. Key network elements include eNodeBs, MMEs, SGWs, and PGWs. LTE uses protocols like S
Similar to LTE in a Nutshell: Protocol Architecture (20)
Fundamentals of WiMAX: A Technology PrimerFrank Rayal
This document provides an overview of WiMAX technology, including:
1. WiMAX is defined by the IEEE 802.16 standard and commercialized by the WiMAX Forum to ensure worldwide interoperability. There are fixed and mobile versions.
2. Mobile WiMAX uses OFDMA and provides significantly higher throughput than previous wireless technologies. It supports a variety of applications through different network profiles.
3. The document describes the Mobile WiMAX network architecture and reference points, throughput performance at the physical and MAC layers, system parameters for link budget calculations, QoS support in the MAC layer, and example usage scenarios and applications for WiMAX networks.
The document discusses TV white spaces, which are unused portions of spectrum between 54 MHz and 698 MHz that have been made available by the FCC for unlicensed use. Large amounts of white space spectrum are available, especially in rural areas, providing opportunities for wireless internet service providers, private networks, and state/local governments. Key points covered include characteristics of fixed and portable white space devices, coverage improvements over WiFi, and the IEEE 802.22 standard being developed for wireless regional area networks using white spaces.
Planning Non Line-of-Sight Wireless Backhaul NetworksFrank Rayal
This white paper provides an overview of the planning and design of Non-line-of-sight (NLOS) wireless backhaul systems. NLOS systems can be deployed anywhere very quickly and as a result provide a very cost effective solution both in terms of capital and operational expenditures than current wireless and wireline solutions that are significantly more expensive. The design of NLOS backhaul network is different from that of LOS microwave since detailed path analysis is no longer required. Rather, planning tools are used to provide an estimate of the performance at a location where small cell is desired. The paper sets the fundamentals of NLOS wireless backhaul network design and provides an example of how a planning tool can be used in this regard.
Distributed Antenna Systems and Compact Base Stations: When to Use Which?Frank Rayal
Distributed Antenna Systems grew from the need to provide wireless coverage and capacity to areas of highly concentrated users. More recently, as capacity and coverage demands expanded and some municipalities passed strict edicts against constructing towers, DAS systems got deployed along streets to provide service in the urban and suburban outdoors. Another solution to add capacity and coverage uses compact base stations which are getting large attention from both a cost and performance perspective. From a deployment perspective, they provide similar network architecture to DAS, which raises the question on how these two solutions compare. This application note will highlight the areas where each solution makes economic and technical sense.
NLOS Wireless Backhaul for Small Cells - TCO Comparison with Optical FiberFrank Rayal
Mobile network operators (MNOs) are increasingly focused on meeting the explosive demand for data services. Deploying small, below-the-clutter cells is another technique to solve the capacity ‘hot spot’ problem as well as to provide service in ‘coverage holes’ in mobile networks that were designed primarily to carry voice traffic. However, there are technical and economic constraints that prevent network operators from deploying small cells: backhaul is one such constraint. This paper describes the value proposition of BLiNQ’s NLOS wireless backhaul solution and compares its total cost of ownership to that of optical fiber.
Small Cell Wireless Backhaul Business CaseFrank Rayal
One of the major challenges to deploying small cell base stations is backhaul. Without cost effective backhaul, it is too expensive to deploy small cells to address the growing demand for mobile data traffic. Existing backhaul solutions include point-to-point microwave, millimeter wave, point-to-multipoint microwave and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) wireless technologies. However, when it comes to small cells, the question is one of scalability: do such solutions allow the operator to deploy the number of small cell base stations forecasted? What would be the total cost of small cell backhaul? And, which solution provides the lowest cost? This white paper answers these questions.