The document discusses the concept of "going below the surface" or inferring, which means figuring things out that are not directly stated by looking for clues and context cues provided by the author. It provides examples that require inferring events from the past, characters' thoughts and feelings, settings of stories based on details and context clues. The examples span situations like inferring what happened in class based on a new rule, understanding the context and situation of a wild west story based on descriptions, and determining what grade bullies are in based on their taunts and context.