Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of race, sex, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. Human rights include the right to life and liberty, freedom from slavery and torture, freedom of opinion and expression, the right to work and education, and many morehehbaz Sharif, brother of former prime minister Nawaz Sharif, has been chosen to lead the government with the support of the Bhutto family’s party, which has produced two other heads of government and whose leader will run for the presidency Nawaz Sharif Former PM Nawaz Sharif and leader of the Pakistan Muslim League, in the center, with his brother, also former PM Shehbaz Sharif (right), who has been nominated to be Pakistan’s next president, and his daughter, Maryam Nawaz, on February 9 in Lahore. RAHAT DAR (EFE) Guillermo Abril GUILLERMO ABRIL Beijing - FEB 16, 2024 - 17:31 CET Politics in the turbulent nation of Pakistan remains a matter of family clans. Thursday’s general elections were marred by violence and accusations of fraud. Following the voting, the two main parties in the National Assembly that emerged victorious from the polls, the symbols of two political dynasties that have monopolized a large part of the power in recent decades, agreed this week to join forces and vote to install 72-year-old Shehbaz Sharif as prime minister, with the support of other minority parties. If successful, the pact would effectively rule out the party of imprisoned former prime minister, Imran Khan, whose independent candidates headed the poll and are the leading force in parliament, though they do not command a sufficient majority to form a government on their own. This Thursday, Khan’s party also nominated its secretary general, Omar Ayub, as its candidate for prime minister, although he appears to be lacking the required support. The likely next prime minister, Shehbaz Sharif of the PML-N, had previously served briefly as head of government between 2022 and 2023, following the no-confidence motion that dislodged Khan from power. In those months, he had to grapple with a similar coalition of parties. Shehbaz is the younger brother of the also former prime minister, Nawaz Sharif, who has been at the head of the executive on as many as three occasions. Nawaz was the man who was actually running as the leader of PML-N after returning from a four-year self-imposed exile and having the convictions against him quashed. However, ultimately it was his brother who was nominated for investiture, after striking a deal with the other dominant political dynasty in the world’s fifth most populous nation (235.8 million inhabitants in 2022) — namely, the Bhutto dynasty. The third party in the Assembly, the Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), is led by Bilawal Bhutto-Zardari, son of Benazir Bhutto, the first female head of government in a Muslim country, who was assassinated in 2007, and grandson of former prime minister, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto.

1. LONG Question answers regarding Amendments in 50 Years of
Pakistan Constitution (1973-2023)
Under the 1973 Constitution, Fundamental Rights include security of
person, safeguards as to arrest and detention, prohibition of slavery and
forced labor, freedom of movement, freedom of association, freedom of
speech, freedom to profess religion and safeguards to religious
institutions, non-discrimination in respect.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The First Amendment redefined the international and provisional
boundaries, federal treaties of Pakistan, and naval treaties of Pakistan.
The amendment eliminates and removed the references of East-Pakistan
after the recognition of Bangladesh.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: ‫آئین‬
‫ترمیم‬ ‫دوسری‬ ‫میں‬ ‫)پاکستان‬ became a part of the Constitution of Pakistan on
September 7, 1974, under the Government of Prime Minister Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto. It declared that Ahmadis were non-Muslims.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Third Amendment extended the period of preventive detention of
those who were accused of committing serious cases of treason and
espionage against the State of Pakistan and were also under trial by the
government of Pakistan.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Fourth Amendment decreed the seats for minorities and non-
Muslims representation to the government of Pakistan and the
Parliament of Pakistan, to protect the minority rights in the country.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Fifth Amendment widened the scope of restrictions in the
Constitution of Pakistan on the Pakistan High Courts to strip powers of
the High Courts to enforce the grants of natural fundamental rights
explained in Chapter I, Part II of the Constitution.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Sixth Amendment stated that Chief Justice of Supreme Court will
be retired at the age of 65 and a High Court honorable judge shall be
retired at the age of 62.
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2. The Seventh Amendment was also the last of seven amendments that
were adopted the elected Parliament and enforced by the Government of
Prime minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. The VII Amendment orders and
enables the people elected Prime Minister to obtain a vote of confidence
by the people elected members of Parliament.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Eighth Amendment
In November 1985, the 8th Constitutional Amendment was adopted by
the Parliament. Besides changes in other Articles in the Constitution the
significant Article 58(2)(b) was added, according to which the President
acquired discretionary powers to dissolve the National Assembly.
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The Ninth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: ‫آئین‬
‫ترمیم‬ ‫نویں‬ ‫میں‬ ‫)پاکستان‬ would have imposed sharia law as the supreme law
of the land by amending Article 2, 203B and 203D of the Constitution
of Pakistan. The Senate passed the bill and sent it to the National
Assembly on 7 August 1986
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The Tenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: ‫آئین‬
‫ترمیم‬ ‫دسویں‬ ‫میں‬ ‫)پاکستان‬ was enacted on March 29, 1987. It amended the
article 54 and 61 of the Constitution by changing the duration of interval
period between sessions of the National Assembly & Senate from 160
days to 130 days.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Eleventh Amendment
The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Bill, 1989 which sought to
restore twenty women seats in the National Assembly, was introduced
in the Senate on 31-12-1989 by Mr. Muhammad Ali Khan, Dr. Noor
Jahan Panizzi and Syed Fasih Iqbal, Senators. Report of the Standing
Committee was presented on 29-8-1990.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twelfth Amendment
Where the Federal Government constitutes more than one Supreme
Appellate Court, In the Twelfth Amendment, it shall determine the
territorial limits within which each one of them shall exercise

3. Jurisdiction. A Special Court and a Supreme Appellate Court shall
decide a case or an appeal with thirty days.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
 The Thirteenth Amendment presented by the civilian government
of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to save P.M seat. It stripped the
President of Pakistan of his reserve power to dissolve the National
Assembly, and there by triggering new elections and dismissing the
Prime Minister. The Constitutional Amendment was supported by
both the government and the opposition and was thus passed
unanimously.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
 In the Fourteenth Amendment to forbade to cross the floor is a
breach of Parliamentary rules. Party leaders received unlimited
power to dismiss any of their legislators from Parliament if they
spoke or voted against their party. The fourteenth amendment to the
constitution of Pakistan was to prevent the switching of parties to
form a strong coalition government or to become a strong
opposition.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Fifteenth Amendment was a bill to impose Shariah law as
supreme law of land, but bill Was never passed.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Sixteenth Amendment in 1973Constitution. To encourage
representation of minorities and people from disadvantaged areas in
services of Pakistan, the Constitution of Pakistan in Article 27 has
imposed a 10-year quota for services, which in 1985 was increased to
20 years, in the sixteenth amendment this limit was increased to 40
years.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
In the Seventeenth Amendment in 1973 Constitution. The President
regains the authority to dissolve the National Assembly - and thus
effectively to dismiss the Pakistani Prime Minister - but the power to do
so is made subject to an approval or veto by the Supreme Court of
Pakistan.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

4. The Eighteenth Amendment
The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act, 2010, has deleted the
Concurrent Legislative List from the Fourth Schedule of the
Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The erstwhile
Concurrent List featured forty-seven subjects on which both the
Parliament and a Provincial Assembly could legislate.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan is a 2011
amendment reforming the judicial appointments procedure as well as
expanding the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA).
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twentieth Amendment in 1973 Constitution,
The amendment reduced the number of committees at provinces for
appointing caretaker chief ministers and their cabinet.
It requires to constitute an eight-member committee each at the Center
and the Provinces to nominate the prime minister and the chief ministers
respectively and their cabinets.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twenty-first Amendment in 1973 Constitution,
The amendment established speedy trial military courts for terrorist
offenses, waging war against Pakistan, and acts threatening the security
of Pakistan. The duration of these courts is two years. The decision to
amend the constitution came after the 2014 Peshawar school massacre.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twenty-Second Amendment in 1973 Constitution was a
Maximum age for appointment as Chief Election Commissioner (68
years) and a member (65 years) is also being fixed. Another important
change relates to continuity of the Commission, whereby instead of all
four members retiring together, two of the members shall retire every
two and a half years.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twenty-Third Amendment was passed to re-establish the
military courts for further two years till 6 January 2019. In 2015,
National Assembly passed the 21st Amendment and created the military
courts for the period of 2 years.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

5. The Twenty-Fourth Amendment in 1973 Constitution, Reallocation
of National Assembly seats among federating units and allowing
election authorities to update boundaries of constituencies based on
provisional results of 2017 Census of Pakistan.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was
passed by the Parliament of Pakistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Assembly in May 2018. Under the amendment, the Federally
Administered Tribal Areas and Provincially Administered Tribal Areas
are to be merged with the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twenty-Sixth Amendment in 1973 Constitution, State is
responsible to protect the rights of all its citizens and to give them true
representation in all walks of life. To ensure proper representation to the
areas of erstwhile FATA. it is necessary that the number of general seats
of the National Assembly allocated for the said areas should remain the
same.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twenty-Seventh Amendment in 1973 Constitution,
The Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2017, was a
proposed amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan, which aimed to
implement changes recommended by the Parliamentary Committee on
Electoral Reforms. It was never adopted and never became part of the
constitution.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Twenty-Eight Amendment in Pakistan Constitution.
The Constitution (Twenty-eighth Amendment) Act, 2017 was a
proposed amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan which aimed to
restore military courts. The amendment would be an extension of the
expired Twenty-first Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan.[1]
It was never adopted and never officially became part of the
constitution.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

6. The Twenty-ninth Amendment in Pakistan Constitution.
The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 2017 was a proposed
amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan seeking to allow the federal
cabinet to authorize a minister or state minister to advise the President
of Pakistan instead of the Prime Minister.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Thirtieth Amendment in Pakistan Constitution.
The amendment would have added new provisions to the Constitution to
create room for FATA lawmakers in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Assembly after the merger of FATA and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The
amendment was introduced to the National Assembly of Pakistan
alongside the Tribal Areas Rewaj Act.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Thirty-first Amendment in Pakistan Constitution.
According to the constitution amendment, FATA will be granted sixteen
general seats, four seats for women and one seat for non-Muslims in
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly. Elections to these seats shall be held
within one year after the general elections 2018.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
The Thirty-second Amendment in Pakistan Constitution.
 It never passed.
 Article 32 makes special provisions for the representation of
women in local Government.
 Article 34 directs the state to take appropriate measures to enable
women to participate in all spheres of life and social activities.
 Article 35 asks the state to protect the marriage, the family, the
mother, and the child.
 Constitutional Provisions Regarding Fundamental Rights
 Women Rights
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The Thirty-three Amendment in Pakistan Constitution.
The amendment extended the period of preventive detention of those
who were accused of committing serious cases of treason and
espionage against the State of Pakistan and were also under trial by
the government of Pakistan.
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

7. The Thirty-four Amendment in Pakistan Constitution.
Though there are thirty-four amendments in the Constitution 1973 but
passed and implemented on 27 only.
The Constitution, that was adopted in April 1973, has suffered 34
amendments: 10 times by the Acts of Parliament and 24 times
through Presidential Orders. In seventies, within a span of 4 years
since its inception, 7 amending Acts were passed by the Parliament.
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