This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), including its vision, mission, values, units, and activities. Specifically, it summarizes BHEL's establishment in Jhansi, India in 1974 to manufacture power transformers up to 50 MVA and 132 kV, as well as other transformers, to meet India's growing demand for power equipment. It details BHEL Jhansi's commercial production beginning in 1976-77 and its continued growth since.
bhel project on cnc flame cutting machineNaman Jain
In flame cutting, first heat metal to its kindling temperature. A stream of oxygen is then trained on the metal, burning it into a metal oxide that flows out of the kerf as slag.
The document summarizes the establishment of BHEL Jhansi, a manufacturing unit of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL). It was established in 1974 to meet the growing demand for power transformers in India. Located 14 km from Jhansi, the unit began commercial production in 1976-77. It is equipped to manufacture power transformers, instrument transformers, locomotives, and other products using modern facilities.
Project on bharat heavy electricals limited 4th semAnuj Nehra
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company focused on energy and infrastructure. It produces equipment for power generation, transmission, industry, transportation, telecommunications and renewable energy. The author completed a summer training project at BHEL's Central Foundry Forge Plant in Haridwar to study its turbine, materials, blade shop, and machine tool manufacturing processes.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), India's largest power equipment manufacturer. It discusses BHEL's business sectors including power, industry, transmission, transportation, and renewable energy. It also describes BHEL's manufacturing facilities, major products like turbines, transformers, traction motors, and technical collaborations. The document highlights BHEL's role in developing India's power sector and its growing international operations in over 68 countries.
AUTOMATED PRODUCTION OF MCB REPORT (Repaired) (1)Ankit Kumar
This document provides an overview of an internship project on automating the production of miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) at Havells India Ltd. in Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. It discusses the company background, the need for MCBs, their components and assembly process. The project involves automating various stages of MCB production including spot welding, knob assembly, and testing using sensors to increase productivity and quality.
Bhel haridwar vocational training report block 1khemraj298
This document provides an overview and summary of the author's vocational training report at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. It acknowledges those who supported the training. The index outlines sections on BHEL's contributions to different sectors, an overview of the BHEL plant in Haridwar, and a focus on turbo generators. Key components of turbo generators discussed include the stator, rotor, bearings, cooling system, and excitation system.
BHEL MECHANICAL ( 4TH YEAR ) INTERNSHIP -BLOCK-3(TURBINE SHOP)Abhishek Chaudhary
This industrial training report submitted by Abhishek Chaudhary provides an overview of his training at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India from June-July 2014. The report includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, index and sections on the introduction to BHEL, steam turbines, types of steam turbines, BHEL units and facilities, the turbine manufacturing process, and the blade shop.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company involved in power generation, transmission, industry, transportation, and renewable energy. It was established in 1953 in Bhopal and has grown significantly since, with 15 manufacturing divisions and over 150 project sites across India and abroad. BHEL has a 59% market share in India's power generation sector and is among the top 12 power equipment manufacturers globally. It aims to provide quality products, systems, and services while adhering to high standards for innovation, customer satisfaction, and sustainability.
bhel project on cnc flame cutting machineNaman Jain
In flame cutting, first heat metal to its kindling temperature. A stream of oxygen is then trained on the metal, burning it into a metal oxide that flows out of the kerf as slag.
The document summarizes the establishment of BHEL Jhansi, a manufacturing unit of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL). It was established in 1974 to meet the growing demand for power transformers in India. Located 14 km from Jhansi, the unit began commercial production in 1976-77. It is equipped to manufacture power transformers, instrument transformers, locomotives, and other products using modern facilities.
Project on bharat heavy electricals limited 4th semAnuj Nehra
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company focused on energy and infrastructure. It produces equipment for power generation, transmission, industry, transportation, telecommunications and renewable energy. The author completed a summer training project at BHEL's Central Foundry Forge Plant in Haridwar to study its turbine, materials, blade shop, and machine tool manufacturing processes.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), India's largest power equipment manufacturer. It discusses BHEL's business sectors including power, industry, transmission, transportation, and renewable energy. It also describes BHEL's manufacturing facilities, major products like turbines, transformers, traction motors, and technical collaborations. The document highlights BHEL's role in developing India's power sector and its growing international operations in over 68 countries.
AUTOMATED PRODUCTION OF MCB REPORT (Repaired) (1)Ankit Kumar
This document provides an overview of an internship project on automating the production of miniature circuit breakers (MCBs) at Havells India Ltd. in Baddi, Himachal Pradesh. It discusses the company background, the need for MCBs, their components and assembly process. The project involves automating various stages of MCB production including spot welding, knob assembly, and testing using sensors to increase productivity and quality.
Bhel haridwar vocational training report block 1khemraj298
This document provides an overview and summary of the author's vocational training report at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. It acknowledges those who supported the training. The index outlines sections on BHEL's contributions to different sectors, an overview of the BHEL plant in Haridwar, and a focus on turbo generators. Key components of turbo generators discussed include the stator, rotor, bearings, cooling system, and excitation system.
BHEL MECHANICAL ( 4TH YEAR ) INTERNSHIP -BLOCK-3(TURBINE SHOP)Abhishek Chaudhary
This industrial training report submitted by Abhishek Chaudhary provides an overview of his training at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India from June-July 2014. The report includes an acknowledgements section, abstract, index and sections on the introduction to BHEL, steam turbines, types of steam turbines, BHEL units and facilities, the turbine manufacturing process, and the blade shop.
Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company involved in power generation, transmission, industry, transportation, and renewable energy. It was established in 1953 in Bhopal and has grown significantly since, with 15 manufacturing divisions and over 150 project sites across India and abroad. BHEL has a 59% market share in India's power generation sector and is among the top 12 power equipment manufacturers globally. It aims to provide quality products, systems, and services while adhering to high standards for innovation, customer satisfaction, and sustainability.
1) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy and infrastructure sectors.
2) BHEL manufactures power generation and transmission equipment including steam turbines, gas turbines, generators, and transformers.
3) BHEL is one of the nine largest state-owned enterprises in India designated as a "Navratna" company, which provides more operational and financial autonomy.
Traction motor manufacturing & Power transformer BHELPrabjeet Singh
The document provides details about Prabjeet Singh's summer training report at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Bhopal, India. It discusses his training in traction motor manufacturing and power transformer manufacturing departments. BHEL Bhopal manufactures a wide range of heavy electrical equipment products including AC motors and alternators, transportation equipment, hydro generators, transformers, switchgear, and more. It has over 10,000 employees and contributes to key sectors like power, transmission, transportation and industries in India and abroad. Prabjeet Singh's training involved learning about the manufacturing processes of traction motors and power transformers at BHEL Bhopal.
Radhey Shyam Gupta's CV summarizes his professional experience working in various roles in electrical engineering and project management over nearly 30 years. He has experience working on power generation and distribution projects, cable manufacturing, and substation construction. His educational background includes a BTech in electrical engineering and diplomas in electrical engineering. He is seeking a position that allows him to continue developing his skills and taking on challenging work.
This industrial training report provides an overview of general awareness in steam turbine manufacturing at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy sector. The report describes BHEL's products, including steam turbines, and discusses the key components of steam turbines - high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure turbines and their blades. It also summarizes the control valves, assembly process, and cutting methods used in steam turbine manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), one of India's largest engineering and manufacturing companies. It discusses BHEL's establishment in 1964, its 16 manufacturing divisions and areas of business including power generation, transmission and distribution, industries, transportation, and renewable energy. Some key manufacturing units and products are highlighted, including transformers, turbines, motors, and equipment supplied to power, cement, steel and other industries. Major customers of BHEL include power utilities in India and abroad.
The document provides background information on Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), including that it was established in 1964 to make India self-reliant in manufacturing heavy electrical equipment, it has grown to have 17 manufacturing units and supplies over 180 products across various sectors, and has played a key role in developing India's power sector with over 138 GW of installed capacity based on BHEL-supplied equipment.
This document provides an overview of a turbine manufacturing process based on the author's industrial training experience at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. It begins with introductions to BHEL, steam turbines, and the BHEL units in Haridwar. It then describes the author's learning about steam turbine parts, construction features, safety precautions, and the blade manufacturing process, including details on blade shop machinery. The author expresses gratitude to their trainer and concludes by thanking all contributors to the report.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), India's largest power plant equipment manufacturer. It discusses BHEL's history, vision, mission, values, workforce, and manufacturing facilities. Specific details are given about BHEL's plant in Bhopal, including its location, facilities, and contributions to India's installed power capacity. An overview is also given of BHEL's various product lines and the types of power transformers it manufactures.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the internship report:
The internship report documents Shaikh Saadi's work during their summer internship at Siemens Pakistan in the Energy Management Transmission Solutions (EM-TS) department under the supervision of Mr. Umair Ahmad. The report includes an overview of the tasks completed during the internship and a discussion of the results. It also provides details about the various departments and processes within EM-TS, including grid stations, switchgears, transformers, bus bars, high voltage/low voltage devices, relays, and types of faults.
Orbittal Electromech Engineering Projects Pvt. Ltd. is an electrical engineering firm focused on providing quality, safe, and reliable power solutions. The company's core purpose is to lighten lives through innovative power solutions. Orbittal prides itself on quality work, safety, timely project completion, latest technology, well-trained staff, strong client relationships, and legal and ethical practices. The company offers electrical contracting, panel manufacturing, transmission and distribution line installation, and other services to industrial, commercial and residential clients across India.
This document provides information about Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL). It discusses NPCIL's objectives of undertaking nuclear power projects across various sites in India. It then introduces BHEL as a state-owned power equipment manufacturer and discusses its portfolio, manufacturing facilities, product profile, and divisions like electronics and automation & control systems. The document also summarizes the seminar topics around various power plants, automation systems, traction systems, solar photovoltaics, and BHEL-EDN's infrastructure.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Barvadiya yogesh that summarizes his professional experience and qualifications. He has over 9 years of experience in electrical fields including oil and gas, power industries, and various electrical projects. His experience includes operation, maintenance, commissioning, and project work for electrical systems up to 132kV in industries such as oil and gas processing plants, power plants, and petrochemical facilities in India and Qatar. He holds a diploma in electrical engineering and has extensive training in electrical testing, safety procedures, and emergency response.
Sridharan R has over 12 years of experience in erection, testing, commissioning, operations and maintenance of electrical equipment. He holds a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and is currently a senior engineer at Tecpro Engineers Limited, where he is responsible for managing various projects involving material handling systems and power plants. Some of the key projects he has worked on include thermal power plants for Adani Power Limited and ITC Limited. He is proficient in planning, installation and commissioning of equipment such as transformers, switchgears, motors and automation systems.
A S Enterprise provides civil construction and optical fibre cable laying services across northern India. It has experience building power plants, laying cables for telecom companies, and constructing towers, buildings, and industrial sheds. Some of its major clients include Punjab Biomass Power Ltd, Green Planet Energy P Ltd, Bharti Telecom, and Tata Tele. It has over 200 employees with engineers, supervisors, laborers, and equipment to complete civil and telecom projects.
1. Master Tech Electrical Engineering (MTEE) is an electrical engineering company based in Lahore, Pakistan that has been operating for over 20 years.
2. MTEE provides various electrical services including motor rewinding, generator maintenance, transformer repair, air conditioning installation, fire suppression systems, and electrical works.
3. The company aims to deliver high quality services and develop its employees through training, while maintaining strong values of safety, reliability, and responsiveness for its clients.
This training report provides an overview of Animesh Verma's training at BHEL in Haridwar, India. It discusses the manufacturing process for 500MW turbo generator bars in three key sections. First, it describes the Coil & Insulation Manufacturing Shop (Block-IV) where the manufacturing process takes place. Second, it outlines the detailed manufacturing process from receiving the raw materials in Bay 1 through testing in Bay 3. Third, it provides an introduction to the Electrical Machines Block (Block-I) where the completed bars are assembled into generators and other electrical machines. The report aims to document Verma's practical learning experience in insulation and the manufacturing process of large electrical equipment during his industrial training placement.
The document is a resume for Babban Pandey summarizing his career objective, professional skills, job profile, work experience, education and personal details. Pandey has over 9 years of experience in maintenance and utilities working for various companies. His most recent role is as a Senior Engineer (Project) at Universal Industrial Plants Mfg. Co. (P) Ltd. where he is responsible for electrical and process design. Prior to this he held roles as Deputy Manager Maintenance at Varun Beverages Ltd. and Senior Engineer Maintenance at Barmalt Malting (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. Supachai Manoonpatarachai is applying for the position of Maintenance Assistant Manager. He has 14 years of experience in maintenance, including 5 years as a maintenance leader. He is proficient in maintenance planning, preventative maintenance, automation systems, energy saving systems, and safety management. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Engineering Management and certifications in safety supervision, energy management, and leadership. Currently he is a Maintenance Supervisor at Kellogg Thailand, where he oversees maintenance technicians, budgets, and ensures regulatory compliance.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) Jhansi unit and discusses its various departments. It begins with introducing BHEL, its vision, mission and values. It then discusses the establishment of BHEL Jhansi unit in 1974 and its product profile including power transformers, locomotives, and other equipment. The document outlines the major departments at BHEL Jhansi involved in transformer engineering, fabrication, testing, winding and commercial functions to support transformer manufacturing. It concludes with providing performance details of BHEL Jhansi and the overall BHEL organization.
This document is a rotation report and project report by an engineering student on their 5-week summer training at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Jhansi, India. It provides an overview of BHEL, describing its various business units and product profiles. It then details the student's rotations in the Transformer Commercial department and their project on diesel locomotives, describing the parts, dimensions and specifications of diesel locomotives manufactured by BHEL Jhansi.
In flame cutting, first heat the metal to its kindling temperature. Then a stream of oxygen is then trained on the metal, burning it into a metal oxide that flows out of the kerf as slag.
1) Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy and infrastructure sectors.
2) BHEL manufactures power generation and transmission equipment including steam turbines, gas turbines, generators, and transformers.
3) BHEL is one of the nine largest state-owned enterprises in India designated as a "Navratna" company, which provides more operational and financial autonomy.
Traction motor manufacturing & Power transformer BHELPrabjeet Singh
The document provides details about Prabjeet Singh's summer training report at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Bhopal, India. It discusses his training in traction motor manufacturing and power transformer manufacturing departments. BHEL Bhopal manufactures a wide range of heavy electrical equipment products including AC motors and alternators, transportation equipment, hydro generators, transformers, switchgear, and more. It has over 10,000 employees and contributes to key sectors like power, transmission, transportation and industries in India and abroad. Prabjeet Singh's training involved learning about the manufacturing processes of traction motors and power transformers at BHEL Bhopal.
Radhey Shyam Gupta's CV summarizes his professional experience working in various roles in electrical engineering and project management over nearly 30 years. He has experience working on power generation and distribution projects, cable manufacturing, and substation construction. His educational background includes a BTech in electrical engineering and diplomas in electrical engineering. He is seeking a position that allows him to continue developing his skills and taking on challenging work.
This industrial training report provides an overview of general awareness in steam turbine manufacturing at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company in the energy sector. The report describes BHEL's products, including steam turbines, and discusses the key components of steam turbines - high pressure, intermediate pressure, and low pressure turbines and their blades. It also summarizes the control valves, assembly process, and cutting methods used in steam turbine manufacturing.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), one of India's largest engineering and manufacturing companies. It discusses BHEL's establishment in 1964, its 16 manufacturing divisions and areas of business including power generation, transmission and distribution, industries, transportation, and renewable energy. Some key manufacturing units and products are highlighted, including transformers, turbines, motors, and equipment supplied to power, cement, steel and other industries. Major customers of BHEL include power utilities in India and abroad.
The document provides background information on Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), including that it was established in 1964 to make India self-reliant in manufacturing heavy electrical equipment, it has grown to have 17 manufacturing units and supplies over 180 products across various sectors, and has played a key role in developing India's power sector with over 138 GW of installed capacity based on BHEL-supplied equipment.
This document provides an overview of a turbine manufacturing process based on the author's industrial training experience at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. It begins with introductions to BHEL, steam turbines, and the BHEL units in Haridwar. It then describes the author's learning about steam turbine parts, construction features, safety precautions, and the blade manufacturing process, including details on blade shop machinery. The author expresses gratitude to their trainer and concludes by thanking all contributors to the report.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), India's largest power plant equipment manufacturer. It discusses BHEL's history, vision, mission, values, workforce, and manufacturing facilities. Specific details are given about BHEL's plant in Bhopal, including its location, facilities, and contributions to India's installed power capacity. An overview is also given of BHEL's various product lines and the types of power transformers it manufactures.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key details about the internship report:
The internship report documents Shaikh Saadi's work during their summer internship at Siemens Pakistan in the Energy Management Transmission Solutions (EM-TS) department under the supervision of Mr. Umair Ahmad. The report includes an overview of the tasks completed during the internship and a discussion of the results. It also provides details about the various departments and processes within EM-TS, including grid stations, switchgears, transformers, bus bars, high voltage/low voltage devices, relays, and types of faults.
Orbittal Electromech Engineering Projects Pvt. Ltd. is an electrical engineering firm focused on providing quality, safe, and reliable power solutions. The company's core purpose is to lighten lives through innovative power solutions. Orbittal prides itself on quality work, safety, timely project completion, latest technology, well-trained staff, strong client relationships, and legal and ethical practices. The company offers electrical contracting, panel manufacturing, transmission and distribution line installation, and other services to industrial, commercial and residential clients across India.
This document provides information about Nuclear Power Corporation of India (NPCIL) and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL). It discusses NPCIL's objectives of undertaking nuclear power projects across various sites in India. It then introduces BHEL as a state-owned power equipment manufacturer and discusses its portfolio, manufacturing facilities, product profile, and divisions like electronics and automation & control systems. The document also summarizes the seminar topics around various power plants, automation systems, traction systems, solar photovoltaics, and BHEL-EDN's infrastructure.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Barvadiya yogesh that summarizes his professional experience and qualifications. He has over 9 years of experience in electrical fields including oil and gas, power industries, and various electrical projects. His experience includes operation, maintenance, commissioning, and project work for electrical systems up to 132kV in industries such as oil and gas processing plants, power plants, and petrochemical facilities in India and Qatar. He holds a diploma in electrical engineering and has extensive training in electrical testing, safety procedures, and emergency response.
Sridharan R has over 12 years of experience in erection, testing, commissioning, operations and maintenance of electrical equipment. He holds a Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and is currently a senior engineer at Tecpro Engineers Limited, where he is responsible for managing various projects involving material handling systems and power plants. Some of the key projects he has worked on include thermal power plants for Adani Power Limited and ITC Limited. He is proficient in planning, installation and commissioning of equipment such as transformers, switchgears, motors and automation systems.
A S Enterprise provides civil construction and optical fibre cable laying services across northern India. It has experience building power plants, laying cables for telecom companies, and constructing towers, buildings, and industrial sheds. Some of its major clients include Punjab Biomass Power Ltd, Green Planet Energy P Ltd, Bharti Telecom, and Tata Tele. It has over 200 employees with engineers, supervisors, laborers, and equipment to complete civil and telecom projects.
1. Master Tech Electrical Engineering (MTEE) is an electrical engineering company based in Lahore, Pakistan that has been operating for over 20 years.
2. MTEE provides various electrical services including motor rewinding, generator maintenance, transformer repair, air conditioning installation, fire suppression systems, and electrical works.
3. The company aims to deliver high quality services and develop its employees through training, while maintaining strong values of safety, reliability, and responsiveness for its clients.
This training report provides an overview of Animesh Verma's training at BHEL in Haridwar, India. It discusses the manufacturing process for 500MW turbo generator bars in three key sections. First, it describes the Coil & Insulation Manufacturing Shop (Block-IV) where the manufacturing process takes place. Second, it outlines the detailed manufacturing process from receiving the raw materials in Bay 1 through testing in Bay 3. Third, it provides an introduction to the Electrical Machines Block (Block-I) where the completed bars are assembled into generators and other electrical machines. The report aims to document Verma's practical learning experience in insulation and the manufacturing process of large electrical equipment during his industrial training placement.
The document is a resume for Babban Pandey summarizing his career objective, professional skills, job profile, work experience, education and personal details. Pandey has over 9 years of experience in maintenance and utilities working for various companies. His most recent role is as a Senior Engineer (Project) at Universal Industrial Plants Mfg. Co. (P) Ltd. where he is responsible for electrical and process design. Prior to this he held roles as Deputy Manager Maintenance at Varun Beverages Ltd. and Senior Engineer Maintenance at Barmalt Malting (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Mr. Supachai Manoonpatarachai is applying for the position of Maintenance Assistant Manager. He has 14 years of experience in maintenance, including 5 years as a maintenance leader. He is proficient in maintenance planning, preventative maintenance, automation systems, energy saving systems, and safety management. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Engineering Management and certifications in safety supervision, energy management, and leadership. Currently he is a Maintenance Supervisor at Kellogg Thailand, where he oversees maintenance technicians, budgets, and ensures regulatory compliance.
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) Jhansi unit and discusses its various departments. It begins with introducing BHEL, its vision, mission and values. It then discusses the establishment of BHEL Jhansi unit in 1974 and its product profile including power transformers, locomotives, and other equipment. The document outlines the major departments at BHEL Jhansi involved in transformer engineering, fabrication, testing, winding and commercial functions to support transformer manufacturing. It concludes with providing performance details of BHEL Jhansi and the overall BHEL organization.
This document is a rotation report and project report by an engineering student on their 5-week summer training at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Jhansi, India. It provides an overview of BHEL, describing its various business units and product profiles. It then details the student's rotations in the Transformer Commercial department and their project on diesel locomotives, describing the parts, dimensions and specifications of diesel locomotives manufactured by BHEL Jhansi.
In flame cutting, first heat the metal to its kindling temperature. Then a stream of oxygen is then trained on the metal, burning it into a metal oxide that flows out of the kerf as slag.
BHEL Haridwar is a manufacturing plant located 8 km from Haridwar, India. It consists of two units - Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant and Central Foundry Forge Plant - covering a total area of 8.45 sq km. BHEL Haridwar manufactures heavy electrical equipment such as steam turbines, generators, and switchgear for power plants. The document provides details about the facilities, manufacturing processes, and products of BHEL Haridwar.
BHEL Jhansi unit manufactures locomotives and power transformers. It has modern CNC machinery for fabrication such as a CNC cropping line machine and vapor phase drying system. The unit produces diesel-electric locomotives up to 2600 HP, AC/DC locomotives up to 5000 HP, and power transformers up to 400 KV class and 250 MVA. BHEL Jhansi has facilities for fabrication, copper winding, and testing of transformers. Key operations include cutting, welding, grinding, winding, and non-destructive testing of transformers.
The document is a project report submitted by Vivek Banerji, an MBA student at National Institute of Technology in Durgapur, as part of their summer training at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Jhansi, India. The report provides an overview of BHEL, including its business areas, manufacturing units, and the objectives and sections covered in the project report on demand forecasting of transformers in the domestic market under the guidance of their project supervisor.
For free download Subscribe to https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCTfiZ8qwZ_8_vTjxeCB037w and Follow https://www.instagram.com/fitrit_2405/ then please contact +91-9045839849 over WhatsApp.
Internship report on working of CNC and PLC in BHEL, Jhansi
This document is a summer training project report submitted by Kishore Kumar Patri to Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Jhansi, India. The report details Kishore's 8-week internship conducting special testing of power transformers at BHEL's transformer testing laboratory. It includes sections on BHEL's manufacturing units, the Jhansi facility, transformer and locomotive products, a rotation through various departments, an introduction to power transformers and testing procedures.
This document provides a summary report on a summer training project at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) focusing on pneumatic braking systems. It includes an introduction to BHEL, acknowledgments, contents, and sections on locomotive brakes, pneumatic functions, equipment, air systems, and specific brake valves. BHEL is one of the largest engineering companies in India that manufactures power and industrial equipment. The report examines pneumatic braking systems used on locomotives produced at the BHEL facility in Jhansi. It provides technical details on the components, operation, and functions of the pneumatic braking system.
This document provides an overview of a summer training project report submitted by Krishna Meena on 500 MW rotor winding at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. The report includes an acknowledgement, certificate of originality, preface, contents, introduction to BHEL, and details about 500 MW rotor winding processes at BHEL including types of generators, turbo generators, constructional features of stator bodies, and unique manufacturing and testing facilities.
The document provides details about the vocational training report submitted by Yash Kumar Natani at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. It includes information about BHEL such as its establishment, units across India, and contributions to different sectors like power, transmission, transportation, and industries. It then describes BHEL Haridwar, its Central Foundry Forge Plant and Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant divided into multiple blocks manufacturing products like turbo generators, motors, fabricated components, steam and gas turbines.
Maaz arif (mba ib) bhel internship reportMaaz Arif
BHEL is India's largest engineering and manufacturing company that produces power generation and transmission equipment. It has 14 manufacturing divisions, 4 power sector regional centers, over 100 project sites, 8 service centers and 14 regional offices across India. The report provides an overview of BHEL's organization structure, financial performance, human resources, units, products, international operations, and SWOT analysis. BHEL is a major supplier to India's power, industry, transportation and other sectors.
This document provides an industrial training report on steam turbine manufacturing at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. It includes an acknowledgement, abstract, introduction to BHEL and its units including the Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant and Central Foundry Forge Plant in Haridwar. The document then discusses the manufacturing of steam turbines, including the principle of operation, advantages, disadvantages and design process. It also covers types of steam turbines, turbine parts, blade features, classifications of blocks in BHEL Haridwar, and the blade shop operations.
STUDY ON PRINCIPLE AND OPERATIONS OF CNC MACHINES IN VARIOUS FABRICATION PROC...Suchit Moon
This document provides an overview of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), a large Indian public sector undertaking. It discusses BHEL's history and facilities, and describes its role in key sectors like power generation, transmission and distribution, industries, transportation, defense, renewable energy, and international operations. BHEL has over 42,000 employees and caters to core sectors of the Indian economy. It focuses on technology upgradation, research and development to remain competitive and meet evolving customer needs. The vision is to become a world-class engineering enterprise committed to enhancing stakeholder value.
This document provides a summary of an industrial training report on turbine manufacturing at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. It discusses BHEL's history and areas of operations, including power generation, transmission and distribution, industries, transportation, telecommunications, and renewable energy. It describes the types of steam turbines manufactured at BHEL and the key turbine parts. It also provides an overview of the turbine block layout, classification of the block, blade shop operations, and safety procedures followed in turbine manufacturing.
Projectf on POWER TRANSFOMER BHEL (SHIVAM DWIVEDI)SHIVAM DWIVEDI
This document provides details about Shivam Dwivedi's rotation report and project on power transformers at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Jhansi. It includes information about BHEL Jhansi, the various departments involved in transformer production such as Transformer Engineering and Fabrication, and the products manufactured such as power transformers, locomotive transformers, and instrument transformers. It also lists the project manager for Shivam Dwivedi's project as Mr. Krishan Kumar and was submitted to Dr. Dhruv Bharagav of BHEL Jhansi.
This document provides a summary of the author's 30-day industrial training at Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Haridwar, India. It describes BHEL as India's largest power equipment manufacturer, with the ability to produce equipment for 6000MW of power generation annually. The summary focuses on the manufacturing process for stator bars of turbo generators at BHEL's plant, including material checking, conductor cutting, transposition, insulation, pressing, testing and final assembly steps.
This document discusses a minor training report submitted by Ayushi Pandey to Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) in Bhopal, India. It provides certificates signed by her project guide acknowledging her work. It also includes acknowledgements, preface, table of contents, and begins discussing BHEL and its manufacturing units in Bhopal, as well as some of its major product lines including turbines, generators, transformers and control equipment.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...
Locomotive engine by mrityunjaya chauhan
1. 1
BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED
SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT REPORT 2016
REPORT
ON
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINES IN WAG-7
Under the guidance of: Submitted to:
Mr. Y.R. Tripathi B.N.NAIK
(Production engineer, LMM) (Sr. DGM, HRD)
Submitted by:
MRITYUNJAYA CHAUHAN
B.Tech. 2nd
Year Mechanical Engineering
RAJ KUMAR GOEL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
GHAZIABAD, UTTAR PRADESH
2. 2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am extremely thankful and indebted to the numerous BHEL engineers, who
imparted me vital information about the functioning of their respective
department, thus helping me to attain an overall consideration about the
functioning of the organization. I am highly thankful to them for their support,
guidance and amicable behavior.
I amhighly indebted to my project guide Mr. Y.R. Tripathi for finding some hour
and guide me, from his busy schedule and helping me to grasp various concepts
of my project. I also convey my special thanks to all senior executives and
member of BHEL, Jhansi.
Last but not the least; I would like to thank my parents and my entire fellow
Trainee who have been a constant source of encouragement and inspiration
during my training here. And a special thanks to the H.O.D of my college he
helped me so much giving leave from my session so that I can concentrate on this
project.
3. 3
PREFACE
Four weeks industrialtraining is an integral partof engineering curriculum.
Training allows as gaining an insight into the practical aspect of various topics,
with we come across whilepursuing our B.E. degree.
The training involved a study of various departments of the organization as per the
time schedule to us. The rotation in various departments was necessary in order
to get an overall idea of the working of the organization.
This reportwill tell you the process of manufacturing power transformers.Itgives
you the knowledgeabout core, winding, insulating material and oil used for
transformer as well as the accessories used with transformer during operation.
4. 4
VISION, MISSION AND VALUES OF BHEL
VISION
A global engineering enterprise providing solution for a better tomorrow.
MISSION
Providing sustainable business solutions in thefields of Energy, Industry &
Infrastructure.
VALUES
GOVERNANCE: We are stewards of our shareholders investments and we take
that responsibility very seriously. We are accountable and responsible for
delivering superior results that make a difference in the lives of the people we
touch.
RESPECT: We value the unique contribution of each individual. We believe in
respect for human dignity and we respect the need to preserve the environment
around us.
EXCELLENCE: We are committed to deliver and demonstrate excellence in
whatever we do.
LOYALTY: We are loyal to our customers, to our company and to each other.
ENTEGRITY: We work with highest ethical standards and demonstratea behavior
that is honest, decent and fair. We are dedicated to the highest levels of personal
and institutional integrity.
COMMITMENT: We set high performance standards for ourselves as individuals
and our teams. We honor our commitments in a timely manner.
INNOVATION: We constantly support development of newer technologies,
products, improved processes, better services and management practices.
5. 5
AN OVERVIEW OF BHEL
BHEL is the largest engineering and manufacturing enterprise in India in the
energy/infrastructuresector today. BHEL was established more than 40 years ago
when its first plant was set up in Bhopal ushering in the indigenous Heavy
Electrical Equipment industry in India, a dream that has been more than realized
with a well-recognized track record of performance.
BHEL caters to core sectors of the Indian Economy viz., Power Generation &
transmission, Industry, Transportation, Telecommunication, Renewable Energy,
Defense, etc. The wide network of BHEL’s 17 manufacturing divisions, four Power
Sector regional centers, over 100 project sites, eight service centers and 18
regional offices, enables the company to promptly serve its customers and
provide them with suitable products, systems and services-efficiently and at
competitive prices. BHEL has y attained ISO 9000 certification for quality
management, ISO 27000 for Information Technology and ISO 14001 certification
for environment management
POWER GENERATION
Power generation sector comprises thermal, gas, hydro, and nuclear power plant
business.
TELECOMMUNICATION
BHEL also caters to Telecommunication Sector by way of small, medium and large
switching systems.
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION (T&D)
BHEL offers wide-ranging products and systems for T&D applications. Products
manufactured include: power transformers, instrument transformers, dry type
transformers, series &shunt reactors, capacitor banks, vacuum &SF6 circuit
breakers, gas-insulated switchgears and insulators.
INDUSTRIES
BHEL is a major contributor of equipment and systems to industries, cement,
sugar, fertilizer, refineries, petrochemicals, paper, oil and gas, metallurgical and
other process industries. The range of systems & equipment supplied includes:
captive power plants, co-generation plants, DG power plants, industrial steam
turbines, industrial boilers and auxiliaries, waste heat recovery boilers, gas
turbines, heat exchangers and pressure vessels, centrifugal compressors,
6. 6
electrical machines, pumps, valves, seamless steel tubes, electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, reactors, fluidized bed combustion boilers, chemical
recovery boilers and process controls.
TRANSPORTATION
BHEL is involved in the development, design, engineering, marketing, production,
installation, and maintenance and after-sales service of rolling stock and traction
propulsions systems. BHEL manufactures electric locomotives up to 5000 HP,
diesel electric locomotives from 350 HP to 3100 HP, both for mainline and
shunting duty applications. It also produces rolling stock for special applications
viz. overhead equipment cars, special well wagons, and Rail-cum road vehicle.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Technologies that can be offered by BHEL for exploiting non-conventional and
renewable sources of energy include: wind electric generators, solar photovoltaic
systems, solar heating systems, solar lanterns and battery-powered road vehicles.
OIL AND GAS
BHEL’s products range includes Deep Drilling Oil Rigs, Mobile Rigs, Work Over
Rigs, Well Heads and X-Mas Trees, Choke and Kill Manifolds, Full Bore Gate
Valves, Midline Suspension System, Casing Support system Sub-Sea Well Heads,
Block valves, Seamless pipes, Motors, Compressor, Heat Exchangers etc.
INTERNATIONAL OPERATIONS
BHEL is one of the largest exporters of engineering products & services from
India, ranking among the major power plant equipment suppliers in the world.
7. 7
VARIOUS BHEL UNITS
FIRST GENERATION UNITS
Bhopal : Heavy Electrical Plant.
Haridwar : Heavy Electrical Equipment Plant.
Hyderabad : Heavy Electrical Power Equipment Plant.
SECOND GENERATION UNITS
Tiruchy : High Pressure Boiler Plant.
Jhansi :Transformer and Locomotive Plant.
Haridwar :Central Foundry and Forge Plant.
Tiruchy : Seamless Steel Tube Plant.
UNITS THROUGH ACQUISTION & MERGER
Bangalore : Electronics Division
Electro Porcelain Division.
NEW MANUFACTURING UNITS
Ranipet : Boiler Auxiliaries Plant.
JagdisHPur : Insulator Plant.
Govindwal : Industrial Valve Plant.
Rudrapur : Component and Fabrication Plant.
Bangalore : Energy Systems Division
BHEL is growing concern to meet the changing needs of the nation has taken it
beyond power into the total gamut of energy, industry and transportation BHEL is
able to offer a service in each of this fields. Its manufacturing capability is
supported by a corporate R&D division at Hyderabad works closely with the
research and development cells at various units and Welding Research Instituteat
Tiruchinapalli.
ACTIVITY PROFILE OF BHEL
POWER SECTOR PROJECTS
Thermal sets and Auxiliaries.
Steam generators and Auxiliaries.
Industrial fans.
Electrostatic precipitators.
8. 8
Air pre heaters.
Nuclear power equipment’s.
Hydro sets and Auxiliaries.
Motors.
Transformers.
Rectifiers.
Pumps.
Heat Exchangers.
Capacitors.
Porcelain/Ceramics insulators.
Seamless steel tubes.
Casting and forging.
SYSTEMS/SERVICES
Turnkey power station.
Data acquisition Systems.
Power systems.
HVDC Commissioning systems.
Modernization and Rehabilitation.
TRASPORTATION SECTOR
Diesel Electric generators.
AC/DC locomotives.
DC locomotives and loco shunters.
Traction system for railways.
INDUSTRY SECTOR
Boilers.
Valves.
T.G. sets.
9. 9
Power devices.
Solar Cells.
Photo Voltaic cells.
Gas Turbines.
Compressors.
Drive Turbines.
Oil rigs.
Blow out preventers.
Wind mills.
Control systems for electric devices.
BHARAT HEAVY ELECTRICALS LIMITED JHANSI (UNIT)
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION
By the end of 5th
five-year plan, it was envisaged by the planning commission that
the demand for power transformer would raise in the coming years. Anticipating
the country’s requirement BHEL decided to set up a new plant, which would
manufacture power and other types of transformers in addition to the capacity
available in BHEL Bhopal. The Bhopal plant was engaged in manufacturing
transformers of large ratings and Jhansi unit would concentrate on power
transformer up to 50 MVA, 132 KV class and other transformers like Instrument
Transformer s, Traction transformers for railway etc.
This unit of Jhansi was established around 14 km from the city on the N.H. No 26
on JhansiLalitpur road. Itis called second-generation plant of BHEL set up in 1974
at an estimated cost of Rs 16.22crores inclusive of Rs 2.1crores for township. Its
foundation was laid by late Mrs. Indira Gandhi the prime minister on 9th
Jan.
1974. The commercial production of the unit began in 1976-77 with an output of
Rs 53 lacs since then there has been no looking back for BHEL Jhansi.
The raw material that are produced for manufactureare used only after thorough
material testing in the testing lab and with strict quality checks at various stages
of productions. This unit of BHEL is basically engaged in the production and
manufacturing of various types of transformers and capacities with the growing
competition in the transformer section, in 1985-86 it under took the re-powering
of DESL, but it took the complete year for the manufacturing to begin. In 1987-88,
BHEL has progressed a step further in under taking the production of AC
locomotives, and subsequently it manufacturing AC/DC locomotives also.
10. 10
UNIT PRODUCT PROFILE OF BHEL JHANSI
1. Power transformer up to 400 KV class 250 MVA.
2. Special transformer up to 180 KV.
3. ESP transformer 95 KVP, 1400 mA.
4. Freight Loco transformer 3900 to 5400KVA &
7475KVA for 3 phase.
5. ACEMU transformer up to 1000 KVA (1-phase).
1385KVA (3 phase).
6. Dry type transformer up to 6300 KVA 33 KV class
7. Instrument transformer VT & CT up to 220 KV class.
8. Diesel electric locomotives up to 2600 HP.
9. AC/DC locomotives 5000 HP.
10. Over Head Equipment cum Test Car
11. Well wagon 200 tones.
12.Rail cum road vehicle
13. Dynamic track stabilizer
BHEL PERFORMANCE (CORPORATE LEVEL)
URNOVER (In Rs. MAJOR UNITS T /Crores)
PARAMETER 2011 - 12 2012 - 13
Turnover (Rs. /Cr.) 49510 50015
Order Inflow (Rs. /Cr.) 22096 31528
Net Profit (Rs. /Cr.) 7040 6485
Net Worth (Rs. /Cr.) 25373 30315
Megawatts Commissioned 9270 10340
R & D Investment (Rs. /Cr.) 1199 1248
Patents/Copyrights Filed (Nos.) 351 385
DIVISION 2011–12
(Actual)
2012–13
(Provisional
JHANSI 1300 1365
CFFP HARDWAR 506 523
HEEP HARDWAR 5415 6375
BAP RANIPET 4210 3703
HPBP TRICHY/SSTP 14571 14970
EDN BANGALORE 2301 1650
11. 11
VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS/FUNCTIONS AT BHEL JHANSI
TRANSFORMER COMMERCIAL (TRC)
The objective of the department is interaction with the customers. It brings out
tenders and notices and also responds to them. It is this department that bags
contracts of building transformers. After delivery regarding faults, this
department does failures and maintenance. All such snags are reported to them
and they forward the information to the concerning department.
One of the major tasks of this department is to earn decent profits over all
negotiations. Transformer industry has become very competitive. The company
offering the lowestprice gets the contractbut this process may continue does the
work on very low profits.
To avoid such a situation, a body by the name of India Electrical and Electronics
Manufacturers Association (IEEMA) was set up. This association helps to maintain
a healthy competitive atmosphere in the manufacturing of electrical appliances.
TRANSFORMER ENGINEERING (TRE)
The transformer manufactured in BHEL Jhansi range from 10 MVA to 250 MVA
and up to 400 KV. The various transformers manufactured in this unit are:-
POWER TRANSFORMER
a) Generator transformer
b) System transformer.
c) Auto transformer.
SPECIAL TRANSFORMER
a) Freight loco transformer.
b) ESP transformer.
c) Instrument transformer.
d) Dry type transformer.
.
BHOPAL 4790 4703
HEEP HYDERABAD 7072 6408
BHEL NET 49301 50015
12. 12
BAY-00 & 0:
Itis a sub part of Fabrication. Itis the preparation shop while the other two bays
form the assembly shop. This section has the following machines:
Planner machine – To reduce thickness
Shearing machine
CNC / ANC Flame Cutting machine – To cut Complicated shaft items using
Oxy-Acetylene flame
Bending machine
Rolling machine
Flattening machine
Drilling machine
Nibbling machine
Pantograph flame cutting machine
BAY-1
It is also a sub part of Fabrication. It is an assembly shop where different parts
of tank come from bay 0.Here welding processes are used for assembly, after
which a rough surface is obtained Grinder operating at 1200 rpm is used to
eliminate the roughness.
BAY-2
It is also a sub part of Fabrication It is an assembly shop dealing with making
different objects mentioned below.
1-Tank assembly 5-cross feed assembly
2-Tank cover assembly 6-core clamp assembly
3-End Frame assembly 7-pin and pad assembly
4-foot assembly
Before assembly, short blasting (firing of small materials i.e., acid pickling) is
done on different parts of jobs to clean the surface before painting.
NON DESTRUCTIVE TEST
1 Ultrasonic test to detect the welding fault on the CRO at the fault place
high amplitude waves are obtained.
13. 13
2. Die Penetration test Red solution is put at the welding and then cleaned.
After some time white solution is mixed. Appearance of a red spot indicates a
fault at the welding.
3. Magnetic crack detection Magnetic field is created and then iron powder
is put at the welding. Sticking of the iron powder in the welding indicated a
fault.
4. X-Ray Test: It is same as human testing and the fault is seen in X-ray film.
BAY-3
Here are basically three sections in the bay:
Machine section
Copper section
Tooling section
BAY 4
It is the winding section. There are four types of coil fixed in a transformer, they
are:
1. Low voltage coil (LV)
2. High voltage coil (HV)
3. Tertiary coil
4. Tap coil
The type of winding depends upon job requirement. Also, the width and
thickness of the conductors are designed particulars and are decided by design
department. Conductors used for winding is in the form of very long strips
wound on a spool, the conductor is covered by cellulose paper for insulation.
For winding first the mould of diameter equal to inner diameter of required coil
is made .The specification of coil are given in drawing. The diameter of mould is
adjustable as its body is made up of wooden sections that interlock with each
other. This interlocking can be increased or decreased to adjust the inner
diameter of coil.
The moulds are of following types
1. Belly types
2. Link types
3. Cone type
14. 14
BAY-5
Itis core and punch section. The lamination used in power, dry, ESP transformer
etc. for making core is cut in this section.
CRGO (cold rolled grain oriented) silicon steel is used for lamination, which is
imported in India from Japan, U.K. Germany. It is available in 0.27 and 0.28 mm
thick sheets, 1mt wide and measured in Kg. The sheets are coated with very thin
layer of insulating material called “carlites”.
For the purposeof cutting and punching the core three machines are installed in
shop
BAY-6
Single-phase traction transformer for AC locomotives is assembled in this
section. This Freight locomotive transformers are used where there is frequent
change in speed. In this bay core winding and all the assembly and testing of
traction transformer is done.
Three-phasetransformers for ACEMUare also manufactured in this section. The
supply lines for this transformer are of 25 KV and power of the transformer is
6500 KVA. The tap changer of rectifier transformer is also assembled in this bay.
Rectified transformer is used in big furnace like the thermal power stations /
plants (TPP).
BAY-7
1. This is the insulation shop. Various types of insulations are
2. AWWW - All Wood Water Washed press paper.
3. The paper is 0.2-0.5mm thick cellulose paper and is wound on the
conductors for insulation.
4. PRE COMPRESSED BOARD: This is widely used for general insulation &
separation of conductors in the forms of blocks.
5. PRESS BOARD: This is used for separation of coils e.g. L.V. from H.V. It is
up to 38 mm thick.
6. UDEL(Un Demnified Electrical Laminated) wood or Perm wood
7. This is special type of plywood made for insulation purposes.
8. FIBRE GLASS: This is a resin material and is used in fire prom areas.
9. BAKELLITE
10. GASKET- It is used for protection against leakage.
11. SILICON RUBBER SHEET- It is used for dry type transformer.
15. 15
BAY 8
It is the instrument transformer and ESP transformer manufacturing section.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER These are used for measurement. Actual
measurement is done by measuring
instruments but these transformers serve the purpose of stepping down the
voltage to protect the measuring instrument. They are used in AC system for
measurement of current voltage and energy and can also be used for measuring
power factor, frequency and for indication of synchronism. They find application
in protection of power system and for the operation of over voltage, over
current, earth fault and various other types of relays.
ESP TRANSFORMER The Electrostatic Precipitator transformer is used for
environmental application. It is used to filter in a suspended charge particle in the
waste gases of an industry. They are of particular use in thermal power stations
and cement industry.
The ESP is a single-phasetransformer. Ithas a primary and secondary. The core is
laminated and is made up of CRGOS. It is a step up transformer. An AC reactor is
connected in series with primary coil. The output of the transformer must be DC
the is obtained by rectifying AC using a bridge rectifier (bridge rectifier is a
combination of several hundred diodes). A radio frequency choke (RF choke) is
connected in series with the DC output for the protection of the secondary circuit
and filter circuit. The output is chosen negative because the particles are
positively charged. The DC output from the secondary is given to a set of plates
arrange one after the others. Impurity particles being positively charged stick to
these plates, which can be jerked off. For this a network of plates has to be setup
all across theplant. This is very costly process in comparison with the transformer
cost. A relive vent is also provided to prevent the transformer from bursting it
higher pressure develops, inside it. It is the weakest point in the transformer
body. An oil temperature indicator and the secondary supply spark detector are
also provided.
One side of the transformer output is taken and other side has an ‘marshaling
box’ which is the control box of the transformer.
BAY-9
In this bay power transformer are assembled. After taking different input from
different bays 0-9 assembly is done Power transformer is used to step and step
16. 16
down voltages at generating and sub-stations. There are various ratings –11KV,
22KV, manufactured, they are
1. Generator transformer.
2. System
3. Autotransformer.
A transformer in a process of assemblage is called a job. The design of the
transformer is done by the design department& is unique of each job; depends
on the requirement of customer. The design department provides drawing to the
assembly shop, which assembles it accordingly.
The steps involved in assembly are:
1. Core building
2. Core Lifting.
3. Unlacing.
4. Delacing and end-frame mounting.
5. High voltage terminal gear and low volt terminal gear mounting
6. Vapour phasing and oil soaking
7. Final servicing and tanking.
8. Case fitting.
STORE
There are three sections in store:
1. Control Receiving Section
2. Custody Section
3. Scrap Disposal Section
LOCOMOTIVE PRODUCTION (LMP)
There are following products are manufactured at Loco shops
Alternating Current Locomotive (ac Loco)
WAG-5H
AC./D.C. Loco
WCAM-2P
WCAM-3
W-broad gauge A-running in AC mode
C-running in DC mode G-hauling goods train
P-hauling passenger train M-hauling passenger
& goods train
17. 17
Diesel Electric Locomotive Shunting (DESL)
350HP
700HP
Single Power Pack (SPP): One700 HP m/c is made as a single unit. It
is a meter gauge locomotive
Twin Power Pack (TPP): 2 350HP m/c are combined in 1 engine
& can be operated individually or in combination depending on the load.
450 HP
1400 HP
1150 HP
1350 HP
2600 HP
1150 HP and 1350 HP DESL s are non-standard locomotives and are modified
versions of 1400 HP DESL based on requirement of customer.
Under mention are the new non-conventionalproducts designed and developed
for Indian Railways based on their requirement.
OHE (Overhead electric) recording and testing cars
UTV(Utility vehicle )
RRV(Rail cum road vehicle)
DETV( Diesel electric tower car)
BPRV(Battery power road vehicle)
BCM(Blast cleaning machine)
200 T Well wagon for BHEL Haridwar
Metro Rake-Kolkata Metro Railways
LOCOMOTIVE MANUFACTURING (LMM)
This section deals with manufacturing of locomotives. The main parts of the
Locomotive are
Under frame: The frame on which a locomotive is built
Super structure: Thebody of locomotive is called superstructure or Shell and is
made of sheet of Mild steel
DC motor, Alternator, Compressor, Flower
Static Rectifier-MSR
Static Converter-SC
Exchanger
Bogie-The wheel arrangement of a loco is called a bogie. A bogie essentially
contains
1-wheel axle arrangement
2-Suspension
3-Brake rigging
18. 18
Traction transformer: It is fixed on under frame and gets supply from an
overhead line by equipment called pantograph. The type of pantograph
depends on supply. This transformer steps down voltage and is fitted with a tap
changer. Different taps are taken from it for operating different equipment. One
tap is taken and is rectified into DC using MSR and is fed to the DC motor.
Railways has two types of power supplies – 25 KV, 1 Phase , 50hz AC-1500 V DC
An AC/DC loco is able to work on both of these supplies. For e.g. WCAM-3.
WORK ENGINEERING & SERVICES (WE&S)
This department looks after the commissioning and maintenance of all the
machinery used in the factory. It also has 3 two-stage air compressors for
supplying compressed air to the various bays.
The department has 03 different divisions:
Electrical Engineering
Electronics Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
This division looks after all the electrical machinery and power distribution of
the factory. Snags detected in the system are immediately reported to this
department by the concerning department WE&S takes prompt action to rectify
it.
The factory has a feeder of 11KV .The total load sanctioned for the factory is
2500MVA but the maximum demand reaches the range of 1700-2000 MVA.
Here are various sub-stations (SS) insidethefactory, for distribution of power to
different sections.
SS -1 Supplies Bay-6 to Bay –9
SS -3 Supplies Bay 1to Bay-4
SS -4 Supplies Boiler and loco plant
SS -5 Supplies Bay -5
SS -6 Supplies Administrative building
19. 19
TECHNOLOGY
This department analyses the changes taking place in the world. and suggest
changes accordingly. This is very important because the products must not get
obsolete in the market otherwise they will be rejected by the customer.
FUNCTIONS: Technology functions can be classified as:
Processing Sequence - The sequence of process of manufacturing is
decided for timely and economic completion of the job.
Operation time estimate - It includes incentive scheme management
Allowed operation time - It includes incentive amount
Facilities identification - Itincludes looking for new equipment or plant or
tools to increase productivity
Special process certification - Special processes are the ones requiring
expertise for example identifying errors, cracks, air bubbles in welding
Special tools requirement - Special tools are allotted, if possible, when
required else the design has to be reconsider.
Productivity projects compilation -It includes the initial analysis of the
problem and their appropriate solution to enhance productivity.
CENTRAL QUALITY SERVICE
First we get acquainted with a few terms concerning this department.
QUALITY
It is the extent to which products and services satisfy the customer needs.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
All those plants and systematic action necessary to provide adequate confidence
that a product or service will satisfy the given requirement is called quality
assurance.
QUALITY CONTROL
The operational technique and activities that are used to fulfill requirement for
quality are quality control.
QUALITY INSPECTION
Activities such as measuring, testing, gauging one or more characteristics of a
product or service and comparing these with specified requirement to determine
conformity are termed quality inspection.
20. 20
BHEL JHANSI PERFORMANCE FINANCIAL (In Rs. /Crore)
PHYSICAL
HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
BHEL, as an integral part of business performance and in its endeavor to
becoming a world class organization and sharing the growth global concern on
issues related to Environment, Occupational Health and Safety, is committed to
protecting Environment in and around its own establishment, and providing safe
and healthy working environment to all its employees. For fulfilling these
obligations, Corporate Policies have been formulated as:
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Compliance with applicable Environmental Legislation/Regulation;
Continual Improvement in Environment Management Systems to protect
our natural environment and control pollution;
PRODUCT 2011 – 12
(Actual)
2012 – 13
(Provisional)
Growth %
Power Transformer 564 457 –19
Non Power Transformer 304 376 24
Loco 430 532 24
Total 1300 1365 5
PRODUCT Unit 2011 – 12
(Actual)
2012 – 13
(Provisional
POWER TRFR NOS 161 135
MVA 9585 10101
ESP TRFR NOS 1280 1745
FRT LOCO TRFR- 1 PH NOS 90 108
FRT LOCO TRFR- 3PH NOS 30 44
ACEMU TRFR NOS 161 240
DRY TYPE TRFR NOS 125 105
INSTRUMENT TRFR NOS 335 404
DESL NOS 15 10
AC LOCOMOTIVE NOS 53 62
WAGON/WHEEL AXLE SET NOS 2 12
21. 21
Promotion of activities for conservation of resources by Environmental
Management.
Enhancement of Environmental awareness amongstemployees, customers
and suppliers.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY POLICY
Compliance with applicable Legislation and Regulations.
Setting objectives and targets to eliminate/control/minimize risks due to
Occupational and Safety Hazards.
Appropriate structured training of employees on Occupational Health and
Safety (OH&S) aspects.
Formulation and maintenance of OH&S Management programs for
continual improvement;
Periodic review of OH&S Management System to ensure its continuing
suitability, adequacy and effectiveness;
Communication of OH&S Policy to all employees and interested parties
LOCOMOTIVE
A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own, and its sole purposeis to move
the train along the tracks. In contrast, sometrains have self-propelled payload-
carrying vehicles. These are not normally considered locomotives, and may be
referred to as multipleunits,motorcoaches or railcars. The use of these self-
propelled vehicles is increasingly common for passengertrains, butrare
for freight (see Cargo Sprinter). Vehicles which providemotive power to haul an
unpowered train, but are not generally considered locomotives because they
have payload space or are rarely detached from their trains, are known as power
cars.
22. 22
Traditionally, locomotives pull trains from the front. Increasingly common outside
North America is push-pulloperation, whereone locomotive pulls the train from
the frontand another locomotive pushes it from behind. In this arrangement the
locomotive at the rear of the train is controlled from a control cab at the frontof
the train. Push-pulloperation is generally infeasible in North America as, even if
mid-train or tail-end "helpers" areprovided, the front-end might have over
26,000 horsepower (19,000 kW), netfor traction, whereas the mid-train and/or
tail-end "helpers" mighthave only 9,000 horsepower (6,700 kW), netfor traction.
DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE DEPARTMENT
Locomotive
A locomotive or engine is a railway vehicle that provides the motive power for a
train. The word originates from the Latin loco – "from a place", ablative of locus,
"place" + Medieval Latin motivus, "causing motion", and is a shortened form of
the term locomotive engine.
The first successful locomotives were built by Cornish inventor Richard Trevithick
in 1804.
Diesel Locomotive
A diesel locomotive is a type of railway locomotive in which the prime
mover is a diesel engine.
Several types of diesel locomotive have been developed, differing mainly in the
means by which mechanical power is conveyed to the driving wheels (drivers).
Parts of a Diesel-Electric Locomotive
23. 23
Another view
Diesel Engine
This is the main power sourcefor the locomotive.
A diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition engine) is an internal
combustion engine that uses the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn
the fuel that has been injected into the combustion chamber.
Itcomprises a large cylinder block, with the cylinders arranged in a straight line or
in a V.
Engine view
24. 24
Main Alternator
The diesel engine drives the main alternator which provides the power
to move the train.
The alternator generates AC electricity which is used to providepower for the
traction motors mounted on the trucks (bogies).
In older locomotives, the alternator was a DC machine, called a generator.
Auxiliary Alternator
Locomotives used to operate passenger trains are equipped with an auxiliary
alternator.
This provides AC power for lighting, heating, air conditioning, dining facilities
etc. on the train.
The output is transmitted along the train through an auxiliary power line.
Motor Blower
The diesel engine also drives a motor blower.
As its name suggests, themotor blower provides air which is blown over the
traction motors to keep them cool during periods of heavy work.
The blower is mounted inside the locomotive body but the motors are on the
trucks, so the blower output is connected to each of the motors through
flexible ducting.
The blower output also cools the alternators.
Traction Motor
Since the diesel-electric locomotive uses electric transmission, traction motors
are provided on the axles to give the final drive.
These motors were traditionally DC but the development of modern power and
control electronics has led to the introduction of 3-phaseAC motors.
Fuel Tank
A diesel locomotive has to carry its own fuel around with it.
The fuel tank is normally under the loco frameand This huge tank in the
underbelly of the locomotive holds 2,200 gallons (8,328 L) of diesel fuel.
25. 25
Sand Box
Locomotives always carry sand to assistadhesion in bad rail conditions.
Sand is not often provided on multiple unit trains because the adhesion
requirements are lower and there are normally more driven axles.
Air Reservoirs
Air reservoirs containing compressed air at high pressurearerequired for the
train braking and someother systems on the locomotive.
These are often mounted next to the fuel tank under the floor of the locomotive.
Air Compressor
The air compressor is required to providea constantsupply of compressed air
for the locomotive and train brakes.
Radiator and Radiator Fan
The radiator works thesame way as in an automobile.
Water is distributed around the engine block to keep the temperature within the
most efficient range for the engine.
The water is cooled by passing it through a radiator blown by a fan driven by the
diesel.
Turbo Charging
The amount of power obtained from a cylinder in a diesel engine depends on how
much fuel can be burnt in it.
The amount of fuel which can be burntdepends on the amount of air available in
the cylinder. So, if you can get more air into the cylinder, more fuel will be burnt
and you will get more power out of your ignition.
Turbo charging is used to increase the amount of air pushed into each cylinder.
Turbocharging gives a 50% increasein engine power.
27. 27
Locomotive Data
General Data Of Locomotive:-
Model No. : WDM2
Specification : 16 cylinder V-type 4 stroke
Diesel Engine
Type : Co-Co
Power : 700hp, 1400hp,2400hp
Maximum Speed : 120 kph
Gear Ratio : 68/18
Compression Ratio : 16:1
Cylinder Bore : 230mm
Cylinder Stroke : 279mm
Wheel Base:-
Wheel Dia : 1092mm
Wheel Base : 12834mm
Traction Motor : Bhel 165
Track Gauge : 1676mm
Brake Equipment : Vaccun/Air
Maximum Overall Dimension :-
Height : 4185mm
Width : 3010mm
Length : 17120mm
28. 28
Capacity:-
Fuel : 5000 lt
Cooling Water : 1210 lt
Lube Oil : 910 lt
Water Expansion : 155 lt
Sand : 0.4 m3
Auxiliary Horse Power Requirement:-
Auxiliary Generator Maximum : 17HP
Exciter Maximum : 12HP
Traction Motor : 400HP
Blower at full speed : 62HP
Radiator Fan : 80HP
Expresser Unloaded at 1000 rpm : 13 HP
BOGI ASSEMBLY SHOP
29. 29
The locomotive bogies are rebuilt with new wheel sets, suspension bearings
and remanufactured traction motors. Separateshop has been set up for
machining of wheel sets and assembly of locomotive bogies.
Parts Of Bogi
Machines Used In Bogi Shop
Asquith CNC Machine
Computer Numeric Controlmachines is a closed loop machine.
As the name depicts these machines usecomputer for their operation.
Computer Numeric Controlmachines are controlled by a set of different ISO
codes that helps in proper controlling of the machine.
In modern CNC systems, end-to-end componentdesign is highly automated using
CAD/CAM.
View Of ASQUITH CNC Machine
30. 30
In this machine all the operation which is essential for bogi is performes. Mainly
these operation are following-
Cutting
Grinding
Milling
Finishing
Drilling
Fillit
Radial Arm Drilling Machine
In radial armdrilling machine there is a one column on which radial arm is
fixed.
Radial armare horizontalarm this is movablearound the column. This is main
advantageof this machine.
In drilling machine different type drill can be fixed. But twist drills are very
common in use. Holes of different diameter can be done by using drills of
different diameter.
View Of Radial Arm Drilling Machine
31. 31
Axle Turning Machine
Axle turning machine is also called lathe machine.
In this machine material is removed by the single point cutting tool. Turning of
axle, grinding of axle operation are performed on this machine.
LOCOMOTIVE CLASSIFICATIONS
1. MOTIVE POWER
Locomotives may generate their power from fuel (wood, coal, petroleum or
natural gas), or they may take power from an outside source of electricity. It is
common to classify locomotives by their source of energy.
2. STEAM LOCOMOTIVE
In the 19th century the first railway locomotives were powered by steam, usually
generated by burning wood, coal, or oil. Because steam locomotives included one
32. 32
or more steam engines, they are sometimes referred to as "steam engines". The
steam locomotive remained by far the most common type of locomotive until
after World War II.
The first steam locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick; it first ran on 21
February 1804, although it was some years before steam locomotive design
became economically practical. The first commercial use of a steam locomotive
was Salamanca on the narrow gauge Middleton Railway in Leeds in 1812. In the
USA, Mathias Baldwin started building stationary steam engines for commercial
use and by 1830, opened his own workshop producing steam locomotives.
Baldwin Locomotive Works became the world's largest by the early 1900s and
built the most powerful steam locos in history. The locomotive Fairy Queen, built
in 1855 runs between Delhi and Alwar in India and is the oldest steam locomotive
in regular (albeit tourist-only) service in the world, and the oldest steam
locomotive operating on a mainline.
The all-time speed record for steam trains is held by an LNER Class A4 4-6-
2 Pacific locomotive of the LNER in the United Kingdom, number 4468 Mallard,
which pulling six carriages (plus a dynamometer car) reached 126 mph
(203 km/h) on a slight downhill gradient down Stoke Bank on 3 July
1938. Aerodynamic passenger locomotives in Germany attained speeds very close
to this and due to the difficulties of adequately balancing and lubricating the
running gear, this is generally thought to be close to the practicable limit for a
direct-coupled steam locomotive.[10]
Before the middle of the 20th century, electric and diesel-electric locomotives
began replacing steam locomotives. Steam locomotives are less efficient than
their more modern diesel and electric counterparts and require much greater
manpower to operate and service. British Rail figures showed the cost of crewing
and fuelling a steam locomotive was some two and a half times that of diesel
power, and the daily mileage achievable was far lower. As labour costs rose,
particularly after the II world war, non-steam technologies became much more
cost-efficient.By the end of the 1960s–1970s, most western countries had
completely replaced steam locomotives in passenger service. Freight locomotives
generally were replaced later. Other designs, such as locomotives powered by gas
turbines, have been experimented with, but have seen little use, mainly due to
high fuel costs.
By the end of the 20th century, almost the only steam power remaining in regular
use inNorth America and Western European countries was on heritage railways.
These were largely aimed at tourists and/or railroad hobbyists, known as 'railfans'
or 'railway enthusiasts'. An exception is the narrow gauge lines in Germany,
which form part of the public transport system, running to all-year-round
33. 33
timetables. These railways retain steam for all or part of their motive power.
Steam locomotives remained in commercial use in parts of Mexico into the late
1970s. Steam locomotives were in regular use until 2004 in the People's Republic
of China, where coal is a much more abundantresourcethan petroleum for diesel
fuel. India switched over from steam-powered trains to electric and diesel-
powered trains in the 1980s, except heritage trains. In some mountainous and
high altitude rail lines, steam engines remain in use becausethey areless affected
by reduced air pressure than diesel engines. Steam locomotives remained in
routine passenger use in South Africa until the late 1990s, but are now reserved
to tourist trains. In Zimbabwe steam locomotives are still used on shunting duties
around Bulawayo and on some regular freight services.
3. DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE
Experimental diesel-powered locomotives were first built just after World War I.
In the 1940s, they began to displace steam power on American railroads.
Following the end of World War II, diesel power began to appear on railroads in
many countries. The significantly better economics of diesel operation triggered a
dash to diesel power, a process known asDieselization. By the late 1960s, few
major railroads in North America, Europe and Oceania continued to operate
steam locomotives, although significant numbers still existed outside these areas.
As is the case with any vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine, diesel
locomotives require a power transmission system to couple the output of
the prime mover to the driving wheels. In the early days of diesel railroad
propulsion development, electric,hydraulic and mechanical power
transmission systems were all employed with varying degrees of success. Of the
three, electric transmission has proven the most popular, and although diesel-
hydraulic locomotives have certain advantages and are continuously used in
some European countries, most modern Diesel-powered locomotives are diesel-
electric.
Diesel locomotives require considerably less maintenance than steam, with a
corresponding reduction in the number of personnel needed to keep the fleet in
34. 34
service. The best steam locomotives spent an average of three to five days per
month in the shop for routine maintenance and running repairsHeavy overhauls
were frequent, often involving removal of the boiler from the frame for major
repairs. In contrast, a typical diesel locomotive requires no more than eight to ten
hours of maintenance per month and may run for many years between heavy
overhauls.
CP Rail used a prototype drone locomotive system called LOCOTROL, developed
in the 1960s, which evolved into today's systems.
4. ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE
In 1893 in Paris Charles Brown assisted Jean Heilmann in
evaluating AC and DCtransmission systems for Fusée Electrique, a steam
locomotive with electric transmission, and using this knowledge he designed
a three-phase AC electric locomotive for Oerlikon, Zurich. Brown (by then in
partnership with Walter Boveri) put these into service on the first electrified main
line, the Burgdorf—Thun line, Switzerland, in 1899. Each thirty-tonne locomotive
had two 150 HP (110 kW) motors.
In 1894, a Hungarian engineer KálmánKandó developed high-voltage three phase
alternating current motors and generators for electric locomotives.[17]
His work
on railway electrification was done at the Ganz electric works in Budapest. The
first installation was on the Valtellinaline, Italy, in 1902. Kandó was the first who
recognised that an electric train system can only be successful if it can use the
electricity from public networks. After realising that, he also provided the means
to build such a rail network by inventing a rotary phase convertersuitable for
locomotive usage.
The electric locomotive is supplied externally with electric power, either through
an overhead pickup or through a third rail. While the capital cost of electrifying
track is high, electric trains and locomotives are capable of higher performance
and lower operational costs than steam or diesel power. Electric locomotives,
because they tend to be less technically complex than diesel-electric locomotives,
are both easier and cheaper to maintain and have extremely long working lives,
usually 40 to 50 years: the last unit of the Italian E626 class, introduced in 1928,
was retired 71 years later, in 1999. There are many other examples of electric
locomotives operating for more than half a century with minimal overhaul, and it
is not unusual for electric locomotives to be operating close to their
centenary. The Finnish State Railroad is planning to phase out the Soviet-
35. 35
manufactured VR Class Sr1 engines, operative since 1973, in 2024, at which time
they will have been over fifty years in line service.
Some electric locomotives can also operate off battery power to enable short
journeys or shunting on non-electrified lines or yards. Battery-powered
locomotives are used in mines and other underground locations where diesel
fumes or smoke would endanger crews, and where external electricity supplies
cannot be used due to the danger of sparks igniting flammable gas. Battery
locomotives are also used on many underground railways for maintenance
operations, as they are required when operating in areas where the electricity
supply has been temporarily disconnected.
5. DIESEL-MECHANICAL
A diesel-mechanical locomotive uses a mechanical transmission in a fashion
similar to that employed in most road vehicles. This type of transmission is
generally limited to low-powered, low speed shunting (switching) locomotives,
lightweight multiple units and self-propelled railcars.
The mechanical transmissions used for railroad propulsion are generally more
complex and much more robust than road versions. There is usually afluid
coupling interposed between the engine and gearbox, and the gearbox is often of
the epicyclic (planetary) type to permit shifting while under load. Various systems
have been devised to minimise the break in transmission during gear changing,
e.g. the S.S.S. (synchro-self-shifting) gearbox used by Hudswell Clarke.
36. 36
6. DIESEL-ELECTRIC
In a diesel-electric locomotive, the diesel engine drives an electrical D.C.
generator(generally, less than 3,000 HP net for traction) or an electrical A.C.
alternator-rectifier(generally, 3,000 or more HP net for traction) which output
provides power to the traction motors. There is no mechanical connection
between the engine and the wheels. The important components of diesel-electric
propulsion are the diesel engine (also known as theprime mover), the main
generator/alternator-rectifier, generally four (four axle) or six (six axle)traction
motors and a control system consisting of the engine governor as well as
electrical and/or electronic components used to control or modify the electrical
supply to the traction motors, including switchgear, rectifiers and other
components. In the most elementary case, the generator may be directly
connected to the motors with only very simple switchgear.
Originally, the traction motors and generator wereDC machines. Following the
development of high-capacity silicon rectifiers in the 1960s, theDC generator was
replaced by an alternator using adiode bridge to convert its output to DC. This
advance greatly improved locomotive reliability and decreased generator
maintenance costs by elimination of the commutator and brushes in the
generator. Elimination of the brushes and commutator, in turn, disposed of the
possibility of a particularly destructive type of event referred to as a flashover,
which could result in immediate generator failure and, in some cases, start an
engine room fire.
Current North American practice is for four axles for high-speed passenger or
"time" freight, or for six axles for lower-speed or "manifest" freight.In the late
1980s, the development of high-power variable-frequency/variable-
voltage (VVVF) drives, or "traction inverters," has allowed the use of polyphase
AC traction motors, thus also eliminating the motor commutator and brushes.
The result is a more efficient and reliable drive that requires relatively little
maintenance and is better able to cope with overload conditions that often
destroyed the older types of motors.
37. 37
7. DIESEL-HYDRAULIC
Diesel-hydraulic locomotives use a torque converter or hydraulic drive system to
convey the power from the diesel engine to the wheels.
Hydrokinetic transmission
Hydrokinetic transmission (also called hydrodynamic transmission) uses a torque
converter. A torque converter consists of three main parts, two of which rotate,
and one that has a lock preventing backwards rotation and adding output torque
by redirecting the oil flow at low output RPM. All three main parts are sealed in
an oil-filled housing. To match engine speed to load speed over the entire speed
range of a locomotive some additional method is required to give sufficient
range. One method is to follow the torque converter with a mechanical gearbox
which switches ratios automatically, similar to an automatic transmission on a
car. Another method is to provide several torque converters each with a range of
variability covering part of the total required; all the torque converters are
mechanically connected all the time, and the appropriate one for the speed range
required is selected by filling it with oil and draining the others. The filling and
draining is carried out with the transmission under load, and results in very
smooth range changes with no break in the transmitted power.
Multiple units
Diesel-hydraulic multiple units, a less arduous duty, often use a simplification of
this system, with a torque converter for the lower speed ranges and a fluid
coupling for the high speed range. A fluid coupling is similar to a torque converter
but it lacks the stator. The output torque is equal to the input torque regardless
of the ratio of input to output speed; loading the output shaft results not in
torque multiplication and constant power througHPut but in reduction of the
input speed with consequent lower power througHPut. (In car terms, the fluid
coupling provides top gear and the torque converter provides all the lower gears.)
The result is that the power available at the rail is reduced when operating in the
lower speed part of the fluid coupling range, but the less arduous duty of a
passenger multiple units compared to a locomotive makes this an acceptable
trade-off for reduced mechanical complexity.
38. 38
THE CLASSIFICATION SYNTAXES
THE FIRST LETTER (GAUGE)
W-Indian broad gauge (The "W" Stands for Wide Gauge - 5 Feet 6 inches)
Y-meter (The "Y" stands for Yard Gauge - 3 Feet or 1000mm)
Z-narrow gauge(2 ft. 6 in)
N-narrow gauge (2 ft.)
THE SECOND LETTER (MOTIVE POWER)
D-Diesel
C-DC electric (can run under DC traction only)
A-AC electric (can run under AC traction only)
CA-Both DC and AC (can run under both AC and DC tractions), 'CA' is
considered a single letter
B-Battery electric locomotive (rare)
THE THIRD LETTER (JOB TYPE)
G-goods
P-passenger
M-mixed; both goods and passenger
S-Used for shunting (Also known as switching engines or switchers in
United states and some other countries)
U-Electric multiple units (used as commuters in city suburbs)
R-Railcars
For example, in "WDM 3A":
"W" means broad gauge
"D" means diesel motive power
"M" means suitable for mixed(for both goods and passenger)service
"3A" means the locomotive's power is 3,100 HP ('3' stands for 3000 HP, 'A'
denotes 100 HP more)
Or, in "WAP 5":
"W" means broad gauge
"A" mean AC electric traction motive power
"P" means suitable for Passenger service
"5" denotes that this locomotive is chronologically the fifth electric
locomotive model used by the railways for passenger service.
39. 39
INDIAN RAILWAYS STANDARDS (IRS) DESIGNS
After World War I, new, larger, more powerful locomotives were designed by the
British consulting engineers to the Indian Government. These started to appear
from 1927 onwards:
Class XA – branch passenger 4-6-2 design;
Class XB – light passenger 4-6-2 design;
Class XC – heavy passenger 4-6-2 design;
Class XD – light goods 2-8-2 design;
Class XE – heavy goods 2-8-2 design;
Class XF – light shunting 0-8-0 design;
Class XG – heavy shunting 0-8-0 design;
Class XH – 4-cylindrer 2-8-2 (not built)
Class XP – experimental passenger 4-6-2;
Class XT – light tank 0-4-2T;
Class XS – experimental 4-cylinder 4-6-2.
INDIAN GOVERNMENT RAILWAYS (IGR) STANDARD DESIGNS
Shortly before World War II, new classes were designed; but it would post-war
before many of them came into service. These new designs were signalled by the
change of broad gauge prefix from 'X' to 'W'. In addition, plans were put into
place to start manufacturing locomotives in India. The new classes were:
Class WP – passenger 4-6-2;
Class WG – goods 2-8-2;
Class WL (1st) – light 4-6-2 (four for North Western Railway in 1939; all to
Pakistan at Partition);
Class WL (2nd) – light 4-6-2;
Class WM – 2-6-4T;
Class WT – 2-8-4T;
Class WU – 2-4-2T;
Class WV – 2-6-2T;
Class WW – 0-6-2T.
40. 40
MIXED TYPE LOCOMOTIVES
WDM 1 (First mainline diesel electric locomotives used in India. Introduced
in 1957. Imported from ALCO. Out of service now. 1950 HP)
WDM 2 (Most widely used and first homemade mainline diesel-electric
locomotivesin India. Originalprototypes weremadeby ALCO. Introduced in 1962.
More than 2700 have been made. Rated at 2600 HP)
WDM 2A,WDM 2B (Technical variants of WDM 2)
WDM 3 (Only 8 were imported. They used hydraulic transmission and are
currently non-functional)
WDM 4 (Entered service along with WDM 2. Prototypes designed
by General Motors. Though considered superior to WDM 2 in many ways, these
locomotives weren't chosen as General Motors did not agree to a technology
transfer agreement. 2600 HP)
WDM 6 (Very rare class; only two were made; one is being used
by Puttalam Cement Factory in Sri Lanka. Rated at 1200 HP)
WDM 7 (Fifteen of these locos were built from June 1987 through 1989,
they were designed for branch-line duties, but they are now used mostly for
shunting. Rated at 2000 HP)
WCM 1 (First electric locomotives with the now familiar Co-Co wheel
arrangement to be used in India. Seven built by English Electric at Vulcan
Foundry in 1954–55. 3700 HP)
WCM 2 (520 HP)
WCM 3 (600 HP Co-Co – Used in Kolkata, then transferred to Mumbai;
three built by Hitachi in 1958)
WCM 4 (675 HP Co-Co – seven built by Hitachi in 1960)
WCM 5 (Built by Chittaranjan locomotive works to RDSO's design
specifications. Auxiliaries by Westinghouse and North Boyce. Built in 1962, these
are India's first indigenously designed DC electric locomotives. 3700 HP Co-Co.)
41. 41
PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVES
WDP4 Diesel Locomotive Baaz which is now at New
Jalpaiguri
WDP 1
WDP 2 (New class name WDP 3A. Dedicated passenger diesel locomotive.
Entered service in 1998. Powerful locomotive. 3100 HP)
WDP 3 (These locomotives are actually prototypes of the class WDP 1 and
never entered serial production.)
WDP 4 (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, fundamentally a passenger
version of the WDG 4 (GT46MAC). 4000 HP)
WDP 4B (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, Also comes with wider cabin to
aid visibility and minor exterior design changes. 4500 HP)
WDP 4D (EMD (former GM-EMD) GT46PAC, This is basically
a WDP 4B with twin cabs. As of now, two units have been made and are expected
to enter full-time service soon. 4500 HP)
Preserved WCP 1
WCP 1, WCP 2 (GIPR EA/1 and EA/2. Swiss Locomotive and Machine
Works (SLM) built one in 1928 and 21 in 1930 (WCP1), and one in 1938 (WCP2).
1′Co2′ wheel arrangement; 2160 HP)
WCP 3, WCP 4 (GIPR EB/1 and EC/1, these are also among the earliest
electric locos used in India. One of each class built by Hawthorn Leslie and
Company in 1928; 2′Co2′ wheel arrangement.)
42. 42
GOODS LOCOMOTIVES
WDG-4 numbered 12049 at Hi-Tec station, Hyderabad
WDG 2 (New class name WDG 3A. These class is actually a technically
upgraded form ofWDM 2)
WDG 3B, WDG 3C, WDG 3D (Technical upgraded forms of WDG 2 or WDG
3A)
WDG 4 (New dedicated goods locomotives. These are General
motors' GT46MAC models. Firstunits were imported in 1999. They are numbered
from #12000 upward. Local production started on 2002. 4000 HP)
WDG 5 (Another Freight dedicated Locomotive developed by Diesel
Locomotive Works and Supported by Electro Motive Diesels. First unit was rolled
out from DLW on 25 February 2012. They are numbered from #50001 upward.
Rated at 5500 HP. Equipped with Fire Control System, TFT Display and Driver's
Toilet.)Loco is still under trials in DLW, Varanasi. The locomotive/series is named
'BHEEM', after the strong Pandav brother from epic of Mahabharat.
Preserved WCG1
WCG 1 (GIPREF/1. Theseare Swiss crocodile locomotives imported in 1928
from Swiss Locomotiveand Machine Works (ten) and Vulcan Foundry (30). These
are among the earliest electric locos used in India. The first locomotive was
named as Sir Leslie Wilson and is currently preserved in the National Rail
Museum, New Delhi. 2600–2950 HP)
WCG 2 (Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1970. 57 built until
1977)
WAG 5 (The most successful electric locomotives in India. Designed by
Chittaranjan locomotive works in 1984. More than 1100 were made. 3850 HP)
WAG 5A,WAG 5B (Technical variants of WAG 5)
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WAG 6A (Imported from ASEA and Hitachi. 6110 HP)
WAG 6B,WAG 6c (Variants of WAG 3A. All rated at 6110 HP)
Indian Railways class WAG-7 (old Version)
WAG 7 (Very successful class. Designed by Chittaranjan locomotive works.
5350 HP)
WAG 9 (Currently the most powerful class in India, rated at 6350 HP.
Same design as WAP 7 with modified gear ratio. Designed
by Adtranz, Switzerland.)
DIESEL MULTIPLE UNITS
A DMU Train in Srinagar
A few routes in India currently have Diesel multiple unit service. Depending on
the transmission systemthey are classified as DEMU (diesel-electric transmission)
or DHMU (diesel-hydraulictransmission). There are diesel railcar services in a few
places known as 'railbus'.
DC electric traction
Note: These locomotives are, or wereused only in sections around Mumbai which
is the only location in India still using DC traction. The power operated is 1500V
DC.
BATTERY TRACTION
NBM 1 Designed by BHEL in 1987. This class was powered by battery.
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Mumbai suburban Railway EMU
SHUNTING LOCOMOTIVES(also known as switching engines)
WDS-4 Shunting locomotive at Delhi Station
WDS 1 (First widely deployed and successful diesel locomotives used in
India. Imported in 1944-45. Currently out of service. 386 HP)
WDS 2 (currently out of service.)
WDS 3 (All locomotives of this class wererebuilt and reclassified as WDS 4C
in 1976-78. 618 HP)
WDS 4,WDS 4A,WDS 4B,WDS 4D (Designed by Chittaranjan Locomotive
Works. 600-700 HP)
WDS 4C (Rebuilt WDS 3 locos as mentioned above)
WDS 5 (Some of these locomotives are used for industrial shunting. A few
are used on Indian Railways. Rated at 1065 HP)
WDS 6 (Heavy-haulshunters madein large numbers for industrial concerns
as well as for Indian Railways Rated at 1200/1350 HP)
WDS 8 (Only five of these were made, and all were transferred to steel
works 800 HP)
DIESEL TRACTION (mixed type only)
YDM 1 - The firstdiesel locomotives on meter gauge. Imported from Britain
in 1955.They were20 in number.Mainly found on Western Railway.Phased out by
1990s.
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YDM 2 - Originally used on Southern Railway.Built by CLW.Only 41 in
numbers.Mostly used for shunting purposes or to pull short passenger trains.
YDM 3 - Produced by GM-EMD in 1961-62. (Model no. GA-12) .Mainly
found nearAhmedabad.(Sabarmati Loco Shed).
YDM 4 - Most widely and successful diesel locomotive used
in India on meter gauge.550 units produced by DLW (Varanasi) and Alco.Found
in Mhow , Sabarmati Phulera , Lumding, Coonoor , Villupuram , Izatnagar Sheds
and many other sheds.
YDM 4A - The 99 locos supplied by Montreal Locomotive Works in 1964-69.
YDM 5 - Same specifications as of YDM-3 but an addition of 10t weight to
the axles.Supplied by GM-EMD in 1964.
ADVANTAGES OF LOCOMOTIVES
An early design of electric
locomotiveshowing the steeplecab arrangement: North Eastern Railway No.1,
England from 1905
Whether out of necessity to replace the locomotive due to failure, or for reason
of needing to maintain the power unit, it is relatively easy to replace the
locomotive with another, while not removing the entire train from service.
Maximum utilization of power cars
FLEXIBILITY
Large locomotives can substitute for small locomotives when more power is
required, for example, where grades are steeper. As needed, a locomotive can be
used for either freight duties, or passenger service.
Obsolescence cycles
Separating motive power frompayload-hauling cars enables replacement without
affecting the other. To illustrate, locomotives might become obsolete when their
associated cars did not, and vice versa.
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SAFETY
In an accident, the locomotive may act as a buffer zone to the rest of the train.
Depending on the obstacle encountered on the rail line, the heavier mass of a
locomotive is less likely to deviate from its normal course. In the event of fire, it
might be safer, for example, with diesel locomotives.
NOISE
A single source of tractive power (i.e., motors in one place), is quieter than
multiple operational power units, where one or more motors are located under
every carriage. The noise problem is particularly noticeable in diesel multiple
units.
Advantages of multiple units
There are several advantages of multiple unit (MU) trains compared to
locomotives.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Multiple units are more energy efficient than locomotive-hauled trains and more
nimble, especially on down grades, as much more of the train's weight
(sometimes all of it) is placed on driven wheels, rather than suffering the dead
weight of unpowered coaches.
NO NEED TO TURN THE LOCOMOTIVE
Many multiple units have cabs at both ends; therefore, the train may be reversed
without uncoupling/re-coupling the locomotive, providing quicker turnaround
times, reduced crew costs, and enhanced safety. In practice, the development
of driving van trailers andcab cars has removed the need for locomotives to run-
around, giving easy bi-directional operation and removing this MU advantage.
RELIABILITY
Multiple unit trains have multiple engines, where the failure of one engine usually
does not prevent the train from continuing on its journey. A locomotive drawn
passenger train typically has only a single power unit; the failure of this single unit
temporarily disables the train. However, as is often the case with locomotive
hauled freight trains, some passenger trains utilize multiple locomotives, and are
thus able to continue at reduced speed after the failure of one locomotive.
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BRAKES
• Brakes are used in locomotives (railway trains) to enable deceleration,
control acceleration (downhill) or to keep them standing when parked.
• In the earliest days of railways , braking technology was primitive and the
braking effortthat could be achieved was limited.
• As train speeds increased, it became essential to providesome more
powerfulbraking systemcapable of instant application and release by the train
driver , described as a continuous brakeas it would be effective continuously
along the length of the train.
Types of Brakes
Major types of brakes in use are:
Air Brakes:the air brake, which uses compressed air to apply the brakes
on each vehicle and as the driver's train brakecontrol medium.
Dynamic Brakes:The dynamic brake, which uses the electric motors of
the traction power systemto generate currentduring braking which is
absorbed into a resistor (rheostatic braking) or back into the railway power
supply (regenerativebraking).
Hand Brakes:the parking brake, used to hold an unattended vehicle when
the braking systemis shutdown. Often referred to as the 'handbrake'
whereit has to be manually applied on each vehicle as opposed to the
automatic application provided on the most modern vehicles. Not all
vehicles are equipped with parking brakes.
Emergency Brake: There is an emergency brake valve which is provided on
assistant driver’s side in cab, which is being applied during emergency
conditions. During its application the complete BP pressure is directly
exhausted through its exhaust port and air brake is performed through
C3W distributor valve as well as A9 brake system.
Electro-Pneumatic Brakes: A higher performing EP brake has a train pipe
delivering air to all the reservoirs on the train, with the brakes controlled
electrically with a 3-wire control circuit.This can give several levels of
braking, from mild to severe, and allows the driver greater control over the
level of braking used, which greatly increases the passenger comfort.
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Track brake:the track brake, used on some light rail vehicles and trams
wherelarge magnets are hung under the vehicle over the rails and current is
passed through them to induce a strong magnetic force. The attraction
between the magnets and the rails causes the vehicle to stop. Mostly used for
emergency braking.
Vacuum Brake:The automatic braking system wherethe brakes on each
vehicle areactuated by the action of atmospheric pressureover a pre-formed
vacuum. The brakepipe- is normally evacuated by a motor driven exhauster
to create a vacuum and release the train.
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PNEUMATIC FUNCTIONS IN WAG-7
Pressurized or compressed air is used for following proposes in WAG-7:
CONTACTORS:
BA panels are there, two in number that are consisting of various contactors and
pneumatic valves. Because of very high voltage of 25KV, there is possibility of
very heavy sparking whileswitching on various switches, thereforethese
contactors are used in which pressurized air is passed through magnetic and
pneumatic valves which reduces chances of sparking and makes contacts with
switches.
WIPING, HORN AND SANDING:
This is also a major use of air in locomotives. There are separate reservoirs for
each operation.
PANTOGRAPH RISING:
Pantograph is used for collecting currentfrom OHE. For this, there is an auxiliary
compressor which is started firstly; this creates pressurized air so that
servomotorcan bestarted and pantograph can be raised.
AIR BRAKING:
The vastmajority of the world’s trains areequipped with braking systems which
use compressed air as the forceused to push blocks on the wheels or pads on to
discs. These systems areknown as “air brakes” or “pneumatic brakes”. Changing
the level of air pressurein the pipe causes a change in the state of the brakeon
each vehicle. It can apply the brakes, releaseit or hold it “on” after a partial
application.
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PNEUMATIC EQUIPMENTS
Various pneumatic equipment generally used in a WAG-7 are:
1)COMPRESSORS:
They are 3 in numbers and used to pump compressed air to the reservoirs. The
flow of air or pressure is maintained by governor through “loading “and
“unloading” stages. The compressor must build reservoir pressure from 50 to 90
psi.
2)MAIN RESERVOIR:
They are 4 in number and named as MR1, MR2, MR 3 & MR4. Their capacity is
205 liters and is tested to withstand pressure about 16 kg/cm². First reservoir to
chamber is known as supply reservoir. The other reservoirs are known as dry
reservoirs.
3)CUT OFF ANGLE COCK:
Cut off cocks are provided at the end of brake pipe and feed pipe on each loco to
maintain flow of air in the air brake system during the run of the vehicle. These
cocks are closed while isolating the vehicle from the train for any reason.
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4)ISOLATING COCK:
Ball type isolating cocks are used to provide facility for cutting off of air supply to
auxiliary reservoir from feed pipe.
5)CHECKVALVE WITH CHOKE:
Check valve are used between feed pipe and auxiliary reservoir to permit flow of
air from feed pipe to auxiliary reservoir in one direction only.
6)CENTRIFUGAL DIRT COLLECTOR:
It is used for the removal of dirt as well as heavy particles prior to the entry of air
in the system by centrifugal action.
7)AIR BRAKE HOSE COUPLING BRAKE PIPE AND FEED PIPE:
Air brake hose couplings are used in between two adjacent vehicles for
continuation of air flow between brake pipes as well as in feed pipe lines.
8)BALL TYPE COCKS:
These are used for insulation of air supply in the pneumatic circuits. The body of
ball type cocks is made of steel and ball is made of stainless steel.
9)8’’x8’’ UAH BRAKE CYLINDER:
UAH Brake Cylinder is used for Locomotive Brake application. It develops forces
due to outward movement of Piston due to air pressure. The Brake Cylinder
includes a Piston and Push Rod so designed that when it is connected to suitable
brake rigging it will provide brake force through the rigging.
10) A9 AUTOMATIC BRAKE VALVE:
The A-9 Automatic Brake Valve is a compact self-lapping, pressure maintaining
Brake Valve which is capable of graduating the application or release of
locomotive and train brakes. A-9 Automatic Brake Valve has five positions:
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Release, minimum Reduction, Full Service, Over Reduction andEmergency.
10) SA-9 INDEPENDENT BRAKE VALVE:
SA-9 Independent Brake Valve is a compact self-lapping, pressure maintaining
Brake Valve which is capable of graduating the application or release of
Locomotive Air Brakes independent of Automatic Brake. The SA-9 Independent
Brake Valve is also capable of releasing an automatic brake application on the
Locomotive without affecting the train brake application.
11) F-1 SELECTOR VALVE:
The F-1 Selector Valve performs the function of commanding the brake
equipment on the locomotive to lead or trail position of the adjacent locomotive
and ensures operation of brakes in the trail locomotives when initiated from the
lead locomotive.
12) C2W RELAY AIR VALVE:
The C2W Relay Air Valve is a diaphragm cooperated self-lapping valve having
higher capacity which is used as a remote controlled pneumatic device to relay a
large quantity of main air reservoir pressure to the operating system for brake
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application.
MU-2B VALVE:
The MU-2B Valve is a manually operated, two position and multi-ported valve
arranged with a pipe bracket and is normally used for locomotive brake
equipment for multiple unit service between locomotives equipped with similar
system in conjunction with F-1 Selector Valve.
13) C3W DISTRIBUTOR VALVE:
C3W Distributor Valve is a graduated release UIC approved Distributor Valve for
application in the Coach Brake System used for initiating the brake application.
These valves are supplied in Aluminum version as well as Cast Iron version as far
as Body, Top covers and Bottom Covers are concerned.
14) J-1 SAFETY VALVE:
The J-1 Safety Valve installed vertically in the main reservoir system vents
pressure at a predetermined setting to atmosphere in order to prevent excessive
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main reservoir pressure buildup.
15) N-1 REDUCING VALVE:
The N-1 Reducing Valve reduces the pressure of compressed air supply to a
constant predetermined value and delivers the same usually for operation of
auxiliary devices.
16) 24-A DOUBLE CHECK VALVE:
The 24-A Double Check Valve is used to permit a device to be controlled by either
of two other devices.
17) D-1 EMERGENCY BRAKE VALVE:
The D-1 Emergency Brake Valve is a manually operated device which provides a
means of initiating an emergency brake application.
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18) TRI-PLATE PANEL: The Tri-Plate Panel Mounted Brake System is mainly
made out of Aluminum alloy plates specially machined and then sandwiched.
These are used for compact assembly of brake valves thus saving the space as
well as reduction of large number of pneumatic fittings. This is modular in
concept as well as maintenance friendly.
ADVANTAGES OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
Pneumatic control systems arewidely used in our society, especially in the
industrial sectors for the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems
have a lot of advantages-
High effectiveness
Many factories have equipped their production lines with compressed air
supplies and movable compressors. There is an unlimited supply of air in
our atmosphere to produce compressed air.
Moreover, the use of compressed air is not restricted by distance, as it can
easily be transported through pipes. After use, compressed air can be
released directly into the atmosphere without the need of processing.
High durability and reliability
Pneumatic components are extremely durableand cannot be damaged easily.
Compared to electromotive components, pneumatic components are more
durable and reliable.
Simple design
The designs of pneumatic components are relatively simple. They are thus
more suitable for use in simple automatic control systems.
High adaptability to harsh environment
Compared to the elements of other systems, compressed air is less affected by
high temperature, dust, corrosion, etc.
Safety
Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they
can work in inflammable environment without causing fire or explosion.
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Apart from that, overloading in pneumatic system will only lead to
sliding or cessation of operation. Unlike electromotive components,
pneumatic components do not burn or get overheated when
overloaded.
Easy selection of speed and pressure
The speeds of rectilinear and oscillating movement of pneumatic systems
are easy to adjust and subject to few limitations. The pressure and the
volume of air can easily be adjusted by a pressure regulator.
Environmental friendly
The operations of pneumatic systems do not produce pollutants. The air
released is also processed in special ways. Therefore, pneumatic systems
can work in environments that demand high level of cleanliness. One
example is the production lines of integrated circuits.
Economical
As pneumatic components are not expensive, the costs of pneumatic systems
are quite low.
Moreover, as pneumatic systems are very durable, the cost of repair is
significantly lower than that of other systems.
LIMITATIONS OF PNEUMATC SYSTEMS
Although pneumatic systems possessa lot of advantages, they are also subject
to many limitations-
Relatively low accuracy
As pneumatic systems are powered by the force provided by compressed
air, their operation is subject to the volume of the compressed air. As the
volume of air may change when compressed or heated, the supply of air to
the system may not be accurate, causing a decrease in the overall accuracy
of the system.
Low loading
As the cylinders of pneumatic components are not very large, a pneumatic
system cannot drive loads that are too heavy.
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Processing required before use
Compressed air must be processed before use to ensure the absence of water
Vapour or dust.
Otherwise, the moving parts of the pneumatic components may wear out
quickly due to friction.
Uneven moving speed
As air can easily be compressed, the moving speeds of the pistons are
relatively uneven.
Noise
Noise will be produced when compressed air is released from the pneumatic
components
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CONCLUSION
Air brakeor pneumatic brakesystem are used by vastmajority of the world’s
trains. The systemuses compressed air and changing the level of air pressurein
the pipe causea changein the state of the brakeon each vehicle. This system is
quick and effective as compared to vacuum brakes which are simple in design. An
air brakecompressor is usually capable of generating a pressureof 90 psi vs. only
15 psi for vacuum. Therefore, an air brakesystem can use a much smaller brake
cylinder than a vacuum systemto generate the same braking force. This
advantageof air brakes increases at high altitude. The air brake system is
undoubtedly one of the mostenduring features of railway technology. There
have been many improvements over the years but the skill required to control
any train fitted with pure pneumatic brakecontrol is still only acquired with long
hours of practice and care at every stage of the operation.
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REFRENCES
Following are some of the sources I reached out to while working on this project,
www.bheljhs.co.in
en.wikkipedia.org/wiki/Railway_brake
www.wabco.com
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotives_in_India
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainhorn_horn#Operation