The document discusses different types of controls and controllers used in industrial processes. It describes six main categories: access control systems, flow controllers, level controllers, pressure controllers, programmable logic controllers, and universal process/temperature controllers. For each type, it provides details on how they work and examples of common controllers within each category.

1. TYPES OF CONTROLS
AND CONTROLLERS
REPORTERS:
RICHIE MANLIMOS
NATHANIEL NICOLAS
KEN LEMUEL SOMBREO
DARYL MONDALA
FAITH ARGEVIE TORALLBA
RODNEL ACRON
AURELIO FERNANDEZ

2. WHAT IS CONTROLS AND CONTROLLERS
?
• ARE MECHANICAL, ELECTRO – MECHANICAL, OR ELECTRONIC
DEVICES WHICH USE INPUT SIGNALS TO CHANGE CONDITIONS OR
VALUES IN PROCESSES OR OVERSEE ACCESS TO BUILDINGS, GATED
AREAS, ETC. CONTROLLERS GENERALLY RECEIVE VOLTAGE INPUTS
FROM SOURCES, ANALYZE THE INPUTS, AND THEN OVERSEE
CONDITION CHANGES VIA SIGNAL OUTPUTS. SOME CONTROLLERS
ARE SIMPLE MANUAL DEVICES FOR CONTROLLING AIR FLOW, FOR
INSTANCE. MOTOR CONTROLLERS ARE HANDLED IN THE FAMILY
MOTOR CONTROLLERS AND DRIVES.

3. 6 TYPES OF CONTROL DEVICES AND
CONTROLLERS
1. ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
2. FLOW CONTROLLERS
3. LEVEL CONTROLLERS
4. PRESSURE CONTROLLERS
5. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLERS
6. UNIVERSAL
PROCESS/TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLERS

4. ACCESS CONTROL
SYSTEM
• ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM ARE
ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS THAT FACILITATE
AUTOMATED APPROVAL FOR AUTHORIZED
PERSONNEL TO ENTER THROUGH A
SECURITY PORTAL WITHOUT THE NEED FOR
SECURITY OFFICER TO REVIEW AND
VALIDATE THE AUTHORIZATION OF THE
PERSON ENTERING THE PORTAL, TYPICALLY
BY USING A CREDENTIAL TO PRESENT TO
THE SYSTEM TO VERIFY THEIR
AUTHORIZATION. A SECURITY PORTAL IS A
DOOR OR PASSAGEWAY THAT CREATES AN

5. 3 TYPES OF ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEM
• DISCRETIONARY ACCESS CONTROL (DAC) – IS A TYPE OF ACCESS RIGHTS BASED ON
RULES SPECIFIED BY USERS. THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND DAC IS THAT SUBJECTS CAN BE
DETERMINE WHO HAS ACCESS TO THEIR OBJECTS. THE DAC MODEL TAKES ADVANTAGE
OF USING ACCESS CONTROL LISTS (ACLS) AND CAPABILITY TABLES.
• ROLE – BASED ACCESS CONTROL (RBAC) – ALSO KNOWN AS A NON – DISCRETIONARY
ACCESS CONTROL, IS USED WHEN SYSTEM ADMINISTRATORS NEED TO ASSIGN RIGHT
BASED ON ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES INSTEAD OF INDIVIDUAL USER ACCOUNTS WITHIN
THE ORGANIZATION. IT PRESENTS AN OPPURTUNITY FOR THE ORGANIZATION TO
ADDRESS THE PRINCIPLE OF ‘LEAST PRIVILAGE’. THIS GIVES AN INDIVIDUAL ONLY THE
ACCESS NEEDED TO DO THEIR JOB, SINCE ACCESS IS CONNECTED TO THEIR JOB.
• MANDATORY ACCESS CONTROL (MAC) – CONSIDERED THE STRICTEST OF ALL LEVELS
OF ACCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS. THE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF MAC IS
COMMONLY USED BY THE GOVERNMENT. IT USES A HEIRARCHICAL APPROACH TO
CONTROL ACCESS TO FILES/RESOURCES.

6. FLOW
CONTROLLERS
• FLOW CONTROLLERS ARE
MECHANICAL OR ELECTRO MECHANICAL
DEVICES COMPOSED OF MEASURING
SENSORS OR CONTROLLING ELEMENTS
THAT ARE USED TO ENSURE MEDIA FLOW
IN MANUFACTURING PROCESSES. KEY
SPECIFICATIONS INCLUDE THE INTENDED
APPLICATION, TYPE, MEDIA, FLOW RATE,
CONNECTION STYLE, PRESSURE RATING,
AS WELL AS MOUNTING STYLE. FLOW
CONTROLLERS ARE USED PRIMARILY IN
PROCESS CONTROL APPLICATIONS.

7. FLOW CONTROLLERS CAN CONTROL FLOW IN
SIX MAIN WAYS:
• LIMIT CONTROL – ESTABLISHED SET POINTS OR LIMITS THAT WHEN REACHED
A SIGNAL IS SET TO STOP OR START A PROCESS VARIABLE. THIS ON – OFF OR
“BANG BANG” CONTROL IS A FAIRLY SIMPLE TYPE OF CONTROL.
• LINEAR CONTROL – FLOW CONTROLLERS WITH LINEAR CONTROL USE A
CLASSICAL TYPE OF CONTROL AND CAN INCORPORATE LINEAR REGULATION,
PROPORTIONAL, INTEGRAL AND DERIVATIVE (PID), AND FEEDFORWARD
METHODS. THEY MATCH A VARIABLE INPUT CORRESPONDING VARIABLE
CONTROL SIGNAL.
• PROPORTIONAL, INTEGRAL, AND DERIVATIVE CONTROL – REQUIRES
REAL TIME SYSTEM FEEDBACK. PID IS A SOPHISTICATED CONTROL TECHNIQUE
WHICH MONITORS THE ERROR BETWEEN A DESIRED VARIABLE VALUE AND THE
ACTUAL VALUE, AND ADJUSTS THE CONTROL ACCORDINGLY (PROPORTIONAL).

8. • PROPORTIONAL CONTROL ALONE – THE CONTROL SIGNAL IS
PROPORTIONAL TO THE ERROR BETWEEN THE REFERENCE AND
FEEDBACK SIGNALS.
• PROPORTIONAL PLUS DERIVATIVE CONTROL – THE ERROR
SIGNAL IS DIFFERENTIATED TO GET THE RATE OF CHANGE. THIS
TYPE OF CONTROL IS USED TO INCREASED THE CONTROLLER’S
SPEED OF RESPONSE, BUT CAN BE NOISY AND MAKE THE SYSTEM
LESS STABLE.
• PROPORTIONAL PLUS INTEGRAL CONTROL – THE ERROR
SIGNAL IS INTEGRATED AND IS FOR ELIMINATING STEADY STATE
OR OFFSET ERRORS. THIS MAY ALSO BE CALLED AUTOMATIC
RESET/BIAS/OFFSET CONTROL.

9. LEVEL
CONTROLLERS
• LEVEL CONTROLLERS ARE MECHANICAL OR ELECTRO –
MECHANICAL DEVICES USED FOR CONTROLLING THE LEVELS
OF TANKS, VATS, ETC. USUALLY BY MEANS OF PUMPS, AND
THEY ARE SOMETIMES CALLED PUMP CONTROLLERS. SOME
LEVEL CONTROLLERS INCORPORATE SENSORS OR OTHER
MEANS OF DETECTING THE LEVEL OF PRODUCTS IN
CONTAINERS, ETC. WHILE OTHERS REQUIRE INPUTS FROM
REMOTE SWITCHES OR SENSORS. LEVEL CONTROLLERS RELY
ON A VARIETY OF SENSOR STYLES INCLUDING CONDUCTIVE,
CAPACITANCE, OPTICAL, AND ULTRASONIC, IN ADDITION TO
MECHANICAL ARMS, FLOATS, AND LEVERS

10. TWO MAIN TYPES OF LEVEL CONTROLLERS
• PNEUMATIC LEVEL CONTROLLERS ARE PREFFERED WHEN THE
MATERIAL IS HAZARDOUS, OR ELECTRICITY IS UNAVAILABLE.
• ELECTRIC LEVEL CONTROLLERS ARE USEFUL IN PRESSURISED
TANKS AND ARE GENERALLY VERY ACCURATE AND RELIABLE.

11. PNEUMATIC LEVEL
CONTROLLERS
ELECTRIC
LEVEL
CONTROLLERS

12. PRESSURE
CONTROLLERS
• PRESSURE CONTROLLERS ARE ELECTRO – MECHANICAL
DEVICES USED FOR CONTROLLING PROCESS/SYSTEM PRESSURE IN
VARIOUS INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES. KEY SPECIFICATIONS INCLUDE
THE INTENDED APPLICATION, TYPE, CONTROL METHOD, SENSING
ELEMENT, AND THE PRESSURE RANGE. PRESSURE CONTROLLER
TYPES INCLUDE DIFFERENTIAL GAP, PROPORTIONAL ON/OFF
TYPES, AMONG OTHERS. THEY RELY ON A VARIETY OF SENSING
ELEMENTS SUCH AS BELLOWS, DIAPHRAGMS, CAPSULES, BOURDON
TUBES, ETC. IN OPERATION THE CONTROLLER RECEIVES A
PROCESS/SYSTEM PRESSURE INPUT, COMPARES IT TO THE DESIRED
SET POINT IN THE PRESSURE CONTROLLER, THEN OUTPUTS A
SIGNAL (USUALLY TO A CONTROL VALVE) WHICH ADJUSTS THE

13. CONTROLLER

14. SENSOR

15. PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC
CONTROLLERS
• A PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER IS A TYPE OF TINY
COMPUTER THAT CAN RECEIVE DATA THROUGH ITS INPUTS AND
SEND OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS THROUGH ITS OUTPUTS.
FUNDAMENTALLY, A PLC’S JOB IS TO CONTROL A SYSTEM’S
FUNCTIONS USING THE INTERNAL LOGIC PROGRAMMED INTO IT.

17. HOW A PLC WORKS

18. PROGRAMMING OF PLC
• MOST PLC’S CAN BE PROGRAMMED USING A STANDARD COMPUTER AND
PLC PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE.
• LADDER LOGIC HAS TRADITIONALLY BEEN THE MOST COMMONLY USED
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE FOR PLC’S IT’S ONE OF THE MOST
INTUITIVE LANGUAGES AVAILABLE BECAUSE IT’S USES A GRAPHIC
INTERFACE THAT’S DESIGNED TO RESEMBLE ELECTRICAL DIAGRAMS.
• OTHER PLC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE OFFER MORE SOPHISTICATED
TOOLS. FOR EXAMPLE, STRUCTURED TEXT ALLOWS PROGRAMMERS TO
QUICKLY CREATE A COMPLEX, SCALABLE PROGRAMS USING TEXT
COMMANDS.
• FOR THE MOST COMPLEX TASK, THERE’S A SEQUENTIAL FUNCTION
CHART WHICH ALLOWS PROGRAMMERS TO CONNECT MULTIPLE SYSTEMS
AND SUBROUTINES IN OTHER PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.

19. UNIVERSAL PROCESS/TEMPERATURE
CONTROLLERS
• ARE ELECTRONIC DEVICES USED TO CONTROL VARIOUS PROCESS
PARAMETERS, INCLUDING TEMPERATURE. KEY SPECIFICATIONS INCLUDE
THE INTENDED APPLICATION, CONTROL METHOD, INPUT AND OUTPUT
TYPES, FEATURES, CONNECTIONS TYPE AND MOUNTING STYLE, NUMBER
OF INPUTS, COMMUNICATION INTERFACE , AS WELL AS THE POWER
SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE INPUT AND OUTPUT PROCESS.
• ARE USED MAINLY IN MANUFACTURING APPLICATIONS FOR ENSURING
VARIOUS PROCESS VALUES ARE WITHIN THEIR OPERATIONAL RANGES.
SEVERAL TYPES OF CONTROL METHODS INCLUDE SET POINT,
PROPORTIONAL, ETC. AS WELL AS INPUT TYPES SUCH AS
THERMOCOUPLES, VOLTAGE, ETC. THAT ARE USED TO SENSE AND
CONTROL PROCESS PARAMETERS, CONTROLLERS CAN BE MOUNTED IN

20. EXAMPLES:
ANALO
G
DIGITAL