This document discusses local economic development (LED) and cities. It provides a brief history of LED, noting that it has passed through three waves since the 1960s, with each wave developing a better understanding of successful programs. Currently, the focus is on quality of life, employment, environment, livability, and social inclusion through participatory and partnership approaches. It is emphasized that certain programs do not work, such as untargeted marketing or subsidies, but are still used. The document then discusses how cities are engines of economic growth due to economies of scale, agglomeration, and other natural advantages that outweigh disadvantages. It focuses on how the urban economy can be jumpstarted through these inherent strengths.
Human resource facilitates economic development. It refers to a country's population in terms of size, skills, education levels, and productivity. Countries should engage in manpower planning to develop their human resources. Proper utilization of human resources leads to increased production, development of skills, and improved quality of life. Models like the Coale-Hoover model indicate that economic growth depends on growth in labor force and amount of capital available per laborer. Countries with higher per capita GDP and literacy rates tend to be more productive. India and China are expected to have the largest working-age populations and together produce 40% of the world's graduates by 2020, positioning them to be the top two economies based on GDP by 2050.
Urban governance refers to how government and stakeholders plan, finance, and manage urban areas. Effective urban governance depends on local institutions as well as the national framework. It involves continuous negotiation over resources and power. Key elements of effective urban governance include the relationship between city and national governments, municipal capacity to plan and manage growth, and inclusive political systems and institutions. Good urban governance promotes transparency, accountability, participation, and the rule of law. Factors contributing to improved urban governance are clear objectives, legal frameworks, decision-making processes, appropriate funding, cooperation between actors, and division of responsibilities.
Urban Public Finance / Local Public FinanceRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to students of Symbiosis School of Economics - Pune describes subject matter of urban public finance and how it is both positive and normative science.
The document discusses socio-economic impact analysis for development projects. It defines socio-economic impact analysis as assessing the potential impacts of a proposed development activity on people's lives and communities. The analysis estimates the direct and indirect effects of a project on stakeholders. Impact analysis further determines how much any changes in outcomes can be attributed to the project, taking into non-monetary values. Key aspects of measuring impact include comparing groups that received project support to those that did not, as well as analyzing conditions before and after the project.
Regional development generates national development. Regions have become the center of economic growth due to globalization and modernization. Regions are better able to make localized policies to promote equitable development and job opportunities. However, central governments still play an important role in ensuring all regions are able to compete globally and improve national competitiveness. Strengthening regional competitiveness through decentralization, human capital development, and identifying competitive industry sectors in each region can optimize regional economic development and aggregate to support national welfare. While regions drive direct economic activity, central governments must ensure regulations and strategies still guide national development.
The document discusses the challenges and opportunities of urban development in the Philippines. Some key points:
- Rapid urbanization is occurring, with nearly half the population living in urban areas and Metro Manila's population projected to reach 14 million by 2030.
- This brings economic opportunities but also problems like traffic, lack of basic services, increasing slums and poverty, and environmental issues if not properly managed.
- Private sector involvement through public-private partnerships is seen as important to addressing infrastructure needs while not overburdening public finances.
- A national urban policy and stronger institutions are needed to better coordinate urban planning, housing, and service delivery across national and local governments.
This document discusses comprehensive municipal finance reforms and good practices. It proposes reforms across six areas: municipal revenue, inter-governmental fiscal transfers, municipal financial management, municipal accounting and auditing, municipal legislative and borrowing powers, and public disclosure, credit ratings and budget management. It notes that while some cities have implemented reforms in areas like property taxes, more widespread reforms are needed and existing examples have often not been sustained. A wider view of reforms is needed beyond cities' own revenues to also include central and state devolutions and support systems. Overall, there remain few well-documented examples of municipal finance reforms and many attempts at reforms have been abandoned or failed to replicate at scale.
This document discusses urban environments and development. It defines urbanization as the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people live and work in central areas, shifting populations from rural to urban areas. Urban development is concerned with using land and designing the urban environment to guide orderly community development. Sustainable development meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Rapid urban growth brings both economic opportunities from proximity but also environmental and health challenges if not managed sustainably.
Human resource facilitates economic development. It refers to a country's population in terms of size, skills, education levels, and productivity. Countries should engage in manpower planning to develop their human resources. Proper utilization of human resources leads to increased production, development of skills, and improved quality of life. Models like the Coale-Hoover model indicate that economic growth depends on growth in labor force and amount of capital available per laborer. Countries with higher per capita GDP and literacy rates tend to be more productive. India and China are expected to have the largest working-age populations and together produce 40% of the world's graduates by 2020, positioning them to be the top two economies based on GDP by 2050.
Urban governance refers to how government and stakeholders plan, finance, and manage urban areas. Effective urban governance depends on local institutions as well as the national framework. It involves continuous negotiation over resources and power. Key elements of effective urban governance include the relationship between city and national governments, municipal capacity to plan and manage growth, and inclusive political systems and institutions. Good urban governance promotes transparency, accountability, participation, and the rule of law. Factors contributing to improved urban governance are clear objectives, legal frameworks, decision-making processes, appropriate funding, cooperation between actors, and division of responsibilities.
Urban Public Finance / Local Public FinanceRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to students of Symbiosis School of Economics - Pune describes subject matter of urban public finance and how it is both positive and normative science.
The document discusses socio-economic impact analysis for development projects. It defines socio-economic impact analysis as assessing the potential impacts of a proposed development activity on people's lives and communities. The analysis estimates the direct and indirect effects of a project on stakeholders. Impact analysis further determines how much any changes in outcomes can be attributed to the project, taking into non-monetary values. Key aspects of measuring impact include comparing groups that received project support to those that did not, as well as analyzing conditions before and after the project.
Regional development generates national development. Regions have become the center of economic growth due to globalization and modernization. Regions are better able to make localized policies to promote equitable development and job opportunities. However, central governments still play an important role in ensuring all regions are able to compete globally and improve national competitiveness. Strengthening regional competitiveness through decentralization, human capital development, and identifying competitive industry sectors in each region can optimize regional economic development and aggregate to support national welfare. While regions drive direct economic activity, central governments must ensure regulations and strategies still guide national development.
The document discusses the challenges and opportunities of urban development in the Philippines. Some key points:
- Rapid urbanization is occurring, with nearly half the population living in urban areas and Metro Manila's population projected to reach 14 million by 2030.
- This brings economic opportunities but also problems like traffic, lack of basic services, increasing slums and poverty, and environmental issues if not properly managed.
- Private sector involvement through public-private partnerships is seen as important to addressing infrastructure needs while not overburdening public finances.
- A national urban policy and stronger institutions are needed to better coordinate urban planning, housing, and service delivery across national and local governments.
This document discusses comprehensive municipal finance reforms and good practices. It proposes reforms across six areas: municipal revenue, inter-governmental fiscal transfers, municipal financial management, municipal accounting and auditing, municipal legislative and borrowing powers, and public disclosure, credit ratings and budget management. It notes that while some cities have implemented reforms in areas like property taxes, more widespread reforms are needed and existing examples have often not been sustained. A wider view of reforms is needed beyond cities' own revenues to also include central and state devolutions and support systems. Overall, there remain few well-documented examples of municipal finance reforms and many attempts at reforms have been abandoned or failed to replicate at scale.
This document discusses urban environments and development. It defines urbanization as the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people live and work in central areas, shifting populations from rural to urban areas. Urban development is concerned with using land and designing the urban environment to guide orderly community development. Sustainable development meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Rapid urban growth brings both economic opportunities from proximity but also environmental and health challenges if not managed sustainably.
This document provides an overview of public choice theory. It begins by explaining how public choice theory differs from traditional assumptions about politics and government. Specifically, it notes that public choice theory assumes individuals in government are rational and self-interested, rather than benevolent. It then defines public choice theory and provides examples of key questions it addresses. The document outlines different perspectives within public choice theory and provides real-world examples. It concludes by discussing the importance of government despite its limitations.
This document discusses the issues and implications of urbanization. It begins by defining urbanization as the process by which cities grow and higher percentages of populations live in cities. Nearly half of all people now live in urban areas for jobs, education, and entertainment. However, rapid urbanization in developing countries is causing socioeconomic problems like unemployment and poverty due to not enough jobs. It is also causing environmental issues like pollution, flooding, and crime. Politically, urbanization requires better governance and management of resources to deal with these problems. Sustainable development of urban areas will require integration, tackling land use and infrastructure issues, as well as promoting economic growth and green spaces.
The document discusses the relationship between the environment and sustainable economic development. It defines environment and explains how it is interdependent with development. Sustainable development is defined as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. While economic growth benefits standards of living, it has also degraded ecosystems. Maintaining balance requires policy interventions like promoting cleaner technologies, efficient resource use, and international cooperation. Development and environment impact each other, so sustainable development is needed.
The document summarizes key aspects of public finance management in Russia, including the budgetary process, public finance control systems, and the breakdown of Russia's 2008 federal budget. The budgetary process establishes government budgets and considers budget implementation. Public finance control promotes efficient government spending and includes oversight of tax collection and debt management. The 2008 federal budget allocated funds across sectors like oil and gas, education, and health care.
This document provides an overview of UNDP India's approaches for supporting the localization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at sub-national levels in India. It discusses India's federal structure and the roles of national, state and local governments. It outlines how UNDP is supporting several state governments to develop SDG vision documents and action plans through multi-stakeholder consultations and technical assistance. It also discusses efforts to mainstream SDGs into local level planning and tools being developed to monitor progress.
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool; through a descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional differences within a country, region or state (SIMÕES, 2004).Shift-share analysis is one way to account for the competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift-share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
This document provides an overview of urban development in India. It discusses the trends of urbanization in India including the rapid growth of urban populations and cities since the 1930s. It covers the patterns of urbanization including the causes of migration to urban areas. The document also examines the costs of urbanization, prospects for future urbanization, resources for urban development, urban planning, management needs, and the growth trends of urban populations in India.
There are several theories that attempt to explain disparities in development levels between countries:
1) Resource endowment theory suggests that countries with more natural and human resources will develop more, while environmental determinism links human activity to the environment.
2) Rostow's model and Clarke's sector model propose that countries progress through linear stages of development, but some fail to advance.
3) Dependency theory argues that 500 years of colonial exploitation created ongoing domination of poor countries by rich ones through mechanisms like debt.
4) World systems analysis and cumulative causation view development as spreading in a core-periphery pattern within the global economy, with the core benefiting at the expense of the periphery.
Due to the global economy, the spatiality is more and more important issue. In the past, usually spatial organization based on nation level, for now this is fundamentally transformed to regions.
Rational Planning concepts and relation with the sustainable concepts is explained with appropriate detail case studies from over the world. Indian scenario is then over-viewed..
Urban poverty is a multidimensional issue that affects people's living conditions, access to basic services, and vulnerability. It exists worldwide to varying degrees. Common causes of urban poverty include overpopulation, natural disasters, illiteracy, unequal income distribution, lack of job growth, and rural-to-urban migration in search of livelihoods. Dimensions of urban poverty include limited assets, inadequate public infrastructure and services, lack of legal protection, lack of political voice, exploitation, and limited access to employment, health, and education. The National Slum Development Program aims to upgrade infrastructure and services in slums, but it only targets about half of slum settlements. Reports find that urban poverty is increasing as more people migrate
The document discusses several challenges facing urbanization in the Philippines, including capacity gaps in urban planning, outdated policies, lack of financial resources in cities, and vulnerability to climate change. It also outlines the government's strategies to promote inclusive growth through initiatives like building safe communities, developing sustainable neighborhoods, and strengthening housing and urban development interventions. The conclusion notes that the 2022 national election is approaching the end of President Duterte's term, and priorities include continuing inclusive economic growth and reducing inequality.
The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) was formed in 1923 as a loose network of New York intellectuals concerned with urban issues like housing reform. Key members included Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, and Benton MacKaye, who were influenced by Patrick Geddes and sought to replace mono-nucleated cities with poly-nucleated regional cities. The RPAA is known for early regional planning projects like Sunnyside and Radburn. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created in 1933 to develop the Tennessee Valley region through flood control, agriculture, education, and most notably power production using dams. While it brought industry and improved living standards, the TVA fell short of the RPAA's
Metropolitan Cities:Which Development Strategies? Which Governance Tools? New...Regional Science Academy
Presentation by Luigi Fusco Girard
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Urban Empires - Cities as Global Rulers in the New Urban World’
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland (August, 2016)
The document discusses governance and development. It defines governance as structures and processes that ensure accountability, transparency, and broad participation in managing a country's affairs. Good governance is characterized by qualities like accountability, transparency, and inclusiveness. Development involves fundamental social changes and reducing income inequality. The document states that good governance leads to proper resource utilization, ethical decision-making, and economic growth, thereby promoting optimum and sustainable development. In contrast, poor governance results in unbalanced and poor development. Overall, governance and development are interrelated, with good governance necessary for development.
Rostow's stages of economic growth model outlines 5 stages of development: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions for take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) age of high mass consumption. The take-off stage involves investment increasing to over 10% of GDP, triggering sustained economic growth. During drive to maturity, new industries replace old ones and agriculture declines as countries industrialize. In the final stage, per capita incomes rise enough for widespread consumer goods consumption. The document discusses these stages and their application to understanding rural development.
This document discusses special area development and regional planning. It outlines the goals of special area development as providing an acceptable standard of living while maintaining ecological balance. The objectives are achieving a minimum standard of living and producing goods/services to do so while minimizing environmental deterioration. Key strategies mentioned are focusing on weaker sections, employment creation, and careful resource management. Specific programs discussed are Western Ghat development, hill area development, and drought prone area development.
theories in rural development and planningGopal Menghwar
The document discusses theories and concepts related to rural planning and development. It defines key terms like development, rural area, and planning. It outlines the concept of development as a multi-dimensional process involving economic growth and social transformation. Rural development is defined as a strategy to improve the lives of rural poor through collective processes and changing traditional ways of living. The objectives and importance of rural development are discussed, including increasing access to basic goods and services, raising income levels, and empowering rural communities. Rural development is presented as a dynamic process involving agricultural growth, infrastructure development, and improving health, education, and living standards in rural areas.
Local Economic Development (LED) and Urbanism for the Israeli Mayors' InstituteNachman Shelef
Local economic development is most effective in cities, as cities have natural economic advantages over other areas. Cities benefit from economies of scale and agglomeration that lower costs and drive innovation. Well-planned cities that are compact, mixed-use, and offer diverse transportation options best leverage these advantages by facilitating interaction, opportunity, and access to talent, customers, suppliers, and resources. LED initiatives are most straightforward in great cities and become increasingly difficult in smaller cities and towns lacking the self-sustaining momentum of major urban areas. Urban planning and transportation play key roles in creating the conditions that allow cities to fulfill their potential as engines of economic growth.
Local Economic Development in the urban context a missed opportunityNachman Shelef
Presented to the Milken-Koret fellows program 2011
Abstract: After more than 50 years of massive investment in Local Economic Development (LED) worldwide, what has been learned regarding what works and what does not? If in the past economic development was focused on employment generation, today the accepted definitions of LED are much more intricate – they define the purpose of LED as achieving “quality of life for all” and the process as a collective effort of “public, business and non-governmental sector partners“. This sober view has developed over decades of huge but mostly fruitless investments in LED worldwide, in three waves, that where kicked off by the success of the Marshal Plan.
Have the lessons of the past been learned or do we keep investing in approaches that have failed in the past? Unfortunately not, we still see; Top down efforts by central government to lead LED programs, instead of a participatory approach, including all stakeholders and sectors, led by local government. A focus on outside big business transplant, instead of support of innovation, entrepreneurship and policies focused on the success of local businesses. Attempts to jumpstart and support LED over entire regions, instead of focusing on cities as the true engines of economic growth.
Why have the leading LED practitioners worldwide focused on cities and urban economic development over the last decade? Urbanization matters - economic growth and urbanization are bi-directionally causally connected - “no country in the industrial age has ever achieved significant economic growth without urbanization.”. 1.2 billion people living in the 40 mega-metro regions worldwide produce around 70% of world output and 85% of all innovations. 5 billion people living in 191 countries produce the rest. A resident of a mega-metro is 8 times as productive in goods, and 24 times as productive in innovations. Cities are engines of economic growth, they manufacture wealth. Why is this so?
Cities have natural economic advantages that include internal scale economies and external agglomeration economies. But poor city design can undermine these advantages and create barriers to economic development, whereas good city design can enhance these advantages. How can we leverage the natural economic advantages of cities with good city design? Compact mixed-use development that focuses on pedestrian and public transport access is key.
How does the urban economy develop? How can we jumpstart economic development, when it is missing, in Israeli cities? Viewing economic development in the context of a network of interrelated towns and cities clarifies that different types of towns and cities, within the network, require different approaches to LED. Great cities that generate more wealth than they consume require one approach for continued development. Towns and cities within the region of a great city require a second approach. Towns that are outside the region of a great city require a third approach and lastly cities that are not great require a forth approach.
This document provides an overview of public choice theory. It begins by explaining how public choice theory differs from traditional assumptions about politics and government. Specifically, it notes that public choice theory assumes individuals in government are rational and self-interested, rather than benevolent. It then defines public choice theory and provides examples of key questions it addresses. The document outlines different perspectives within public choice theory and provides real-world examples. It concludes by discussing the importance of government despite its limitations.
This document discusses the issues and implications of urbanization. It begins by defining urbanization as the process by which cities grow and higher percentages of populations live in cities. Nearly half of all people now live in urban areas for jobs, education, and entertainment. However, rapid urbanization in developing countries is causing socioeconomic problems like unemployment and poverty due to not enough jobs. It is also causing environmental issues like pollution, flooding, and crime. Politically, urbanization requires better governance and management of resources to deal with these problems. Sustainable development of urban areas will require integration, tackling land use and infrastructure issues, as well as promoting economic growth and green spaces.
The document discusses the relationship between the environment and sustainable economic development. It defines environment and explains how it is interdependent with development. Sustainable development is defined as meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. While economic growth benefits standards of living, it has also degraded ecosystems. Maintaining balance requires policy interventions like promoting cleaner technologies, efficient resource use, and international cooperation. Development and environment impact each other, so sustainable development is needed.
The document summarizes key aspects of public finance management in Russia, including the budgetary process, public finance control systems, and the breakdown of Russia's 2008 federal budget. The budgetary process establishes government budgets and considers budget implementation. Public finance control promotes efficient government spending and includes oversight of tax collection and debt management. The 2008 federal budget allocated funds across sectors like oil and gas, education, and health care.
This document provides an overview of UNDP India's approaches for supporting the localization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at sub-national levels in India. It discusses India's federal structure and the roles of national, state and local governments. It outlines how UNDP is supporting several state governments to develop SDG vision documents and action plans through multi-stakeholder consultations and technical assistance. It also discusses efforts to mainstream SDGs into local level planning and tools being developed to monitor progress.
Shift share analysis is a traditional tool; through a descriptive analysis of the productive structure, it allows the comparison of regional differences within a country, region or state (SIMÕES, 2004).Shift-share analysis is one way to account for the competitiveness of a region's industries and to analyze the local economic base. This analysis is primarily used to decompose employment changes within an economy over a specific period of time into mutually exclusive factors. Like other analytical economic tools, the shift-share technique is only a descriptive tool that should be used in combination with other analysis to provide a summary of a region's key employment potential industries.
This document provides an overview of urban development in India. It discusses the trends of urbanization in India including the rapid growth of urban populations and cities since the 1930s. It covers the patterns of urbanization including the causes of migration to urban areas. The document also examines the costs of urbanization, prospects for future urbanization, resources for urban development, urban planning, management needs, and the growth trends of urban populations in India.
There are several theories that attempt to explain disparities in development levels between countries:
1) Resource endowment theory suggests that countries with more natural and human resources will develop more, while environmental determinism links human activity to the environment.
2) Rostow's model and Clarke's sector model propose that countries progress through linear stages of development, but some fail to advance.
3) Dependency theory argues that 500 years of colonial exploitation created ongoing domination of poor countries by rich ones through mechanisms like debt.
4) World systems analysis and cumulative causation view development as spreading in a core-periphery pattern within the global economy, with the core benefiting at the expense of the periphery.
Due to the global economy, the spatiality is more and more important issue. In the past, usually spatial organization based on nation level, for now this is fundamentally transformed to regions.
Rational Planning concepts and relation with the sustainable concepts is explained with appropriate detail case studies from over the world. Indian scenario is then over-viewed..
Urban poverty is a multidimensional issue that affects people's living conditions, access to basic services, and vulnerability. It exists worldwide to varying degrees. Common causes of urban poverty include overpopulation, natural disasters, illiteracy, unequal income distribution, lack of job growth, and rural-to-urban migration in search of livelihoods. Dimensions of urban poverty include limited assets, inadequate public infrastructure and services, lack of legal protection, lack of political voice, exploitation, and limited access to employment, health, and education. The National Slum Development Program aims to upgrade infrastructure and services in slums, but it only targets about half of slum settlements. Reports find that urban poverty is increasing as more people migrate
The document discusses several challenges facing urbanization in the Philippines, including capacity gaps in urban planning, outdated policies, lack of financial resources in cities, and vulnerability to climate change. It also outlines the government's strategies to promote inclusive growth through initiatives like building safe communities, developing sustainable neighborhoods, and strengthening housing and urban development interventions. The conclusion notes that the 2022 national election is approaching the end of President Duterte's term, and priorities include continuing inclusive economic growth and reducing inequality.
The Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) was formed in 1923 as a loose network of New York intellectuals concerned with urban issues like housing reform. Key members included Clarence Stein, Lewis Mumford, and Benton MacKaye, who were influenced by Patrick Geddes and sought to replace mono-nucleated cities with poly-nucleated regional cities. The RPAA is known for early regional planning projects like Sunnyside and Radburn. The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) was created in 1933 to develop the Tennessee Valley region through flood control, agriculture, education, and most notably power production using dams. While it brought industry and improved living standards, the TVA fell short of the RPAA's
Metropolitan Cities:Which Development Strategies? Which Governance Tools? New...Regional Science Academy
Presentation by Luigi Fusco Girard
Advanced Brainstorm Carrefour (ABC): ‘Urban Empires - Cities as Global Rulers in the New Urban World’
Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland (August, 2016)
The document discusses governance and development. It defines governance as structures and processes that ensure accountability, transparency, and broad participation in managing a country's affairs. Good governance is characterized by qualities like accountability, transparency, and inclusiveness. Development involves fundamental social changes and reducing income inequality. The document states that good governance leads to proper resource utilization, ethical decision-making, and economic growth, thereby promoting optimum and sustainable development. In contrast, poor governance results in unbalanced and poor development. Overall, governance and development are interrelated, with good governance necessary for development.
Rostow's stages of economic growth model outlines 5 stages of development: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions for take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) age of high mass consumption. The take-off stage involves investment increasing to over 10% of GDP, triggering sustained economic growth. During drive to maturity, new industries replace old ones and agriculture declines as countries industrialize. In the final stage, per capita incomes rise enough for widespread consumer goods consumption. The document discusses these stages and their application to understanding rural development.
This document discusses special area development and regional planning. It outlines the goals of special area development as providing an acceptable standard of living while maintaining ecological balance. The objectives are achieving a minimum standard of living and producing goods/services to do so while minimizing environmental deterioration. Key strategies mentioned are focusing on weaker sections, employment creation, and careful resource management. Specific programs discussed are Western Ghat development, hill area development, and drought prone area development.
theories in rural development and planningGopal Menghwar
The document discusses theories and concepts related to rural planning and development. It defines key terms like development, rural area, and planning. It outlines the concept of development as a multi-dimensional process involving economic growth and social transformation. Rural development is defined as a strategy to improve the lives of rural poor through collective processes and changing traditional ways of living. The objectives and importance of rural development are discussed, including increasing access to basic goods and services, raising income levels, and empowering rural communities. Rural development is presented as a dynamic process involving agricultural growth, infrastructure development, and improving health, education, and living standards in rural areas.
Local Economic Development (LED) and Urbanism for the Israeli Mayors' InstituteNachman Shelef
Local economic development is most effective in cities, as cities have natural economic advantages over other areas. Cities benefit from economies of scale and agglomeration that lower costs and drive innovation. Well-planned cities that are compact, mixed-use, and offer diverse transportation options best leverage these advantages by facilitating interaction, opportunity, and access to talent, customers, suppliers, and resources. LED initiatives are most straightforward in great cities and become increasingly difficult in smaller cities and towns lacking the self-sustaining momentum of major urban areas. Urban planning and transportation play key roles in creating the conditions that allow cities to fulfill their potential as engines of economic growth.
Local Economic Development in the urban context a missed opportunityNachman Shelef
Presented to the Milken-Koret fellows program 2011
Abstract: After more than 50 years of massive investment in Local Economic Development (LED) worldwide, what has been learned regarding what works and what does not? If in the past economic development was focused on employment generation, today the accepted definitions of LED are much more intricate – they define the purpose of LED as achieving “quality of life for all” and the process as a collective effort of “public, business and non-governmental sector partners“. This sober view has developed over decades of huge but mostly fruitless investments in LED worldwide, in three waves, that where kicked off by the success of the Marshal Plan.
Have the lessons of the past been learned or do we keep investing in approaches that have failed in the past? Unfortunately not, we still see; Top down efforts by central government to lead LED programs, instead of a participatory approach, including all stakeholders and sectors, led by local government. A focus on outside big business transplant, instead of support of innovation, entrepreneurship and policies focused on the success of local businesses. Attempts to jumpstart and support LED over entire regions, instead of focusing on cities as the true engines of economic growth.
Why have the leading LED practitioners worldwide focused on cities and urban economic development over the last decade? Urbanization matters - economic growth and urbanization are bi-directionally causally connected - “no country in the industrial age has ever achieved significant economic growth without urbanization.”. 1.2 billion people living in the 40 mega-metro regions worldwide produce around 70% of world output and 85% of all innovations. 5 billion people living in 191 countries produce the rest. A resident of a mega-metro is 8 times as productive in goods, and 24 times as productive in innovations. Cities are engines of economic growth, they manufacture wealth. Why is this so?
Cities have natural economic advantages that include internal scale economies and external agglomeration economies. But poor city design can undermine these advantages and create barriers to economic development, whereas good city design can enhance these advantages. How can we leverage the natural economic advantages of cities with good city design? Compact mixed-use development that focuses on pedestrian and public transport access is key.
How does the urban economy develop? How can we jumpstart economic development, when it is missing, in Israeli cities? Viewing economic development in the context of a network of interrelated towns and cities clarifies that different types of towns and cities, within the network, require different approaches to LED. Great cities that generate more wealth than they consume require one approach for continued development. Towns and cities within the region of a great city require a second approach. Towns that are outside the region of a great city require a third approach and lastly cities that are not great require a forth approach.
LED in the urban context for Mayors Institute - EnglishNachman Shelef
Presented to the Israeli Mayors Institute on City Renewal Sep 2011
Abstract: After more than 50 years of massive investment in Local Economic Development (LED) worldwide, what has been learned regarding what works and what does not? If in the past economic development was focused on employment generation, today the accepted definitions of LED are much more intricate – they define the purpose of LED as achieving “quality of life for all” and the process as a collective effort of “public, business and non-governmental sector partners“. This sober view has developed over decades of huge but mostly fruitless investments in LED worldwide, in three waves, that where kicked off by the success of the Marshal Plan.
Have the lessons of the past been learned or do we keep investing in approaches that have failed in the past? Unfortunately not, we still see; Top down efforts by central government to lead LED programs, instead of a participatory approach, including all stakeholders and sectors, led by local government. A focus on outside big business transplant, instead of support of innovation, entrepreneurship and policies focused on the success of local businesses. Attempts to jumpstart and support LED over entire regions, instead of focusing on cities as the true engines of economic growth.
Why have the leading LED practitioners worldwide focused on cities and urban economic development over the last decade? Urbanization matters - economic growth and urbanization are bi-directionally causally connected - “no country in the industrial age has ever achieved significant economic growth without urbanization.”. 1.2 billion people living in the 40 mega-metro regions worldwide produce around 70% of world output and 85% of all innovations. 5 billion people living in 191 countries produce the rest. A resident of a mega-metro is 8 times as productive in goods, and 24 times as productive in innovations. Cities are engines of economic growth, they manufacture wealth. Why is this so?
Cities have natural economic advantages that include internal scale economies and external agglomeration economies. But poor city design can undermine these advantages and create barriers to economic development, whereas good city design can enhance these advantages. How can we leverage the natural economic advantages of cities with good city design? Compact mixed-use development that focuses on pedestrian and public transport access is key.
How does the urban economy develop? How can we jumpstart economic development, when it is missing, in Israeli cities? Viewing economic development in the context of a network of interrelated towns and cities clarifies that different types of towns and cities, within the network, require different approaches to LED. Great cities that generate more wealth than they consume require one approach for continued development. Towns and cities within the region of a great city require a second approach. Towns that are outside the region of a
Local Economic Development in the urban contextNachman Shelef
Local Economic Development in the Urban Context discusses the evolution of LED thinking and strategies. Current LED views focus on (1) building economic capacity and improving the future quality of life for all, and (2) collaborative partnerships between public, business, and non-governmental sectors to create better economic growth conditions. Cities have natural economic advantages due to agglomeration effects, and good urban planning can enhance these advantages through compact, mixed-use development centered around pedestrian access. LED strategies should leverage cities' role as economic engines by focusing on urban regeneration and quality of life improvements.
Presentation "Involvement of Real Estate Professionals in the Development of New Megalopolises" by Vahagn Movsesyan at the Global Real Estate Think Tank meeting in Paris, on December 11th, 2012
The document discusses local economic development (LED) and transit-oriented development (ToD) strategies. It argues that ToD can be used as an LED strategy by creating great places that attract investment, businesses, talent and residents. Specifically, ToD stations located in existing town centers can leverage regional economic forces and accelerate LED by increasing density, variety and access.
Michael_Enright_India_and_the_world_The_India_Dialog_2024.pptxDr. Amit Kapoor
Presentation done by Michael Enright, Pierre Choueiri Family Professor in Global Business, Northeastern University on "India and the World" at #TheIndiaDialog on February 29, 2024 at Stanford University. The #TheIndiaDialog was organised by Institute for Competitiveness and US Asia Technology Management Center at Stanford University.
#TheIndiaDialog looks at inviting the world’s leading experts and intellectuals in the areas of economics, business, policy, social development, science, technology, art and culture to provide their perspectives and foster an understanding of India. There would be a series of keynote addresses, panel discussions, and fireside chats during the dialog.
The Growth Pole Model (GPM) focuses economic development around specific "poles" or core industries rather than assuming uniform development across all areas. These poles, known as propulsive poles, include industries like IT, automotives, and steel that have large firms innovating in fast-growing sectors. Regions with strong propulsive poles are dominant regions, while others lacking these industries are propelled regions governed by demand from dominant regions. Over time, secondary growth poles may emerge through new industrial sectors. The GPM argues development spreads both within and around these poles, benefiting the surrounding regions. However, critics argue it does not consider agricultural economies and backwash effects may dominate for years even in developed countries. The Growth Foci Model
ABusiness Case For Social Enterprise - By Mellissa Riddlerobinsonhenric
The goal of a social enterprise is to maximize the positive impact on those who benefit from their business.Business surplus are principally reinvested in the business or community rather than mainly being paid to owners / shareholders
Strong Towns Presentation for CommunityMatters in Newport VermontCommunityMatters
The document discusses the financial challenges facing many cities and towns and proposes an alternative approach. It notes that the traditional models of growth through debt, government spending, and ever-increasing development are no longer sustainable. It advocates for building financial strength and resilience by focusing on incremental projects that generate positive returns, leveraging existing public infrastructure, and revitalizing communities through small-scale urbanism. Local leaders are urged to transform their communities by emphasizing resilience over rapid growth.
Rural entrepreneurship refers to entrepreneurial activities that take place in rural areas. It can play an important role in rural economic development by generating employment and incomes. However, rural entrepreneurs face several challenges including lack of access to finance, limited local markets, poor infrastructure, lack of skills and training, and difficulties with marketing and management. Government policies aim to promote rural entrepreneurship through schemes that provide subsidies, training and support for activities like agriculture, dairy, handicrafts and other small industries. Developing rural entrepreneurship can help decentralize industries, reduce poverty and unemployment, and encourage balanced regional growth.
1 - Social Economy Innovation-Amal Chevreau.pdfOECDregions
The 13th OECD Rural Development Conference was held in Cavan, Ireland on 28-30 September 2022 under the theme "Building Sustainable, Resilient and Thriving
Rural Places".
These are the presentations from the Pre-conference session "The Role of Social Economy and Social Innovation in Rural Communities".
For more information visit https://www.oecd.org/rural/rural-development-conference/.
Private Sector Contributions To International Development – McGill Executive ...Wayne Dunn
This lecture was delivered by Wayne Dunn to students and faculty at McGill University’s Executive Education Program on International Development: BRIDGING THE WORLDS OF THEORY, POLICY AND PRACTICE. The program, which was organized by McGill’s Institute for the Study of International Development, brought together 40+ mid-career professionals from around the world for an intensive program on International Development. The lecture provided:
a general overview of the private sector objectives and issues in international development including why the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility has emerged to suddenly become an important development and strategic issue
a broad overview of recent trends in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and Creating Shared Values (CSV)
a framework for thinking about and understanding private sector collaboration in international development
an understanding of how/why CSR fits into international development projects and practices and provide examples of how the private sector contributes to international development and partners with International Funding Institutions.
Promoting Local Economic Development through Strategic Planningled4lgus
This document provides an overview of a training series on promoting local economic development through strategic planning. The series includes four volumes: a quick guide, manual, toolkit, and action guide. The quick guide summarized key information for local leaders to initiate and implement local economic development interventions through a strategic planning process involving various stakeholders. The training series was developed by UN-HABITAT and EcoPlan International to help local governments, businesses, and organizations address economic challenges and opportunities in a sustainable manner.
This document provides an overview of economic and community development as an area of focus for Rotary projects. It discusses how Rotarians support investments in people through projects focused on capacity building, economic opportunities, and scholarships. Common project types are outlined, including income generation, marketing, poverty alleviation, education/training, and leadership/skills development. The project lifecycle and ways Rotary Action Groups and Community Corps can provide expertise and local insight are also summarized. Global grant eligibility and potential project scopes involving scholarships, vocational training, small businesses, agriculture, and microcredit are highlighted. Resources for additional information are listed at the end.
Partnering with micro finance lenders to improve access to financial services and provide financial infrastructure. ... Helping to get mobile resources to facilitate and increase banking services to the economically backward segment... pertinent under the present pandemic situation...
A pan Commonwealth investment platform with global aims for the environmental sustainable sector.
In conjunction with Forbury and the Royal Commonwealth Society.
The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an independent international organization committed to improving the world. It was founded in 1971 in Switzerland and engages leaders from business, government, and academia to address global issues. The WEF holds annual meetings, including one in 2009 in Davos, Switzerland. In 2011, the WEF hosted an event in Indonesia focused on responding to increased globalization in East Asia and challenges facing the region's development, such as ensuring sustainable growth, managing disruptions, and exploring new social and economic norms.
The District Industries Centre was established to promote small, village, and cottage industries at the district level. The key objectives are to accelerate industrialization, support rural industries, provide equal economic opportunities across regions, and help entrepreneurs access government schemes by streamlining procedures. DICs act as the main agency for industrial promotion, collecting industry data and statistics, providing entrepreneur guidance and training, and assisting entrepreneurs in obtaining necessary approvals and financing. They aim to promote industries under a single roof. Over 400 DICs have been established, supporting millions of jobs and businesses through credit provision and new unit establishment.
Similar to Local Economic Development and Urbanism (20)
Transit Score is a metric to measure public transit accessibility. The document discusses calculating Transit Score for Israel using General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data. A 100m by 100m grid is overlaid on Israel. Transit Score is computed for each grid cell by processing GTFS data, filtering for specific areas, and normalizing grid cell scores. KML files are generated to view Transit Scores on maps in Google Earth. Higher scores indicate better transit access.
This document provides an overview of urban planning in Israel from 1948 to 2011. It discusses several key plans and policies that shaped Israel's development, including the Sharon Plan in 1952 which aimed to settle immigrants and disperse the population throughout the country. The National Outline Plan 35 from 2005 focused on strengthening cities, public transport, and regional development. Facts from 2009 show Israel's high population density and urbanization, with most people living in 220 cities and towns. The document also notes Tel Aviv's ranking as the 52nd largest metro economy in the world.
LED in the urban context for Mayors Institute - HebrewNachman Shelef
Presented to the Israeli Mayors Institute on City Renewal Sep 2011
Abstract: After more than 50 years of massive investment in Local Economic Development (LED) worldwide, what has been learned regarding what works and what does not? If in the past economic development was focused on employment generation, today the accepted definitions of LED are much more intricate – they define the purpose of LED as achieving “quality of life for all” and the process as a collective effort of “public, business and non-governmental sector partners“. This sober view has developed over decades of huge but mostly fruitless investments in LED worldwide, in three waves, that where kicked off by the success of the Marshal Plan.
Have the lessons of the past been learned or do we keep investing in approaches that have failed in the past? Unfortunately not, we still see; Top down efforts by central government to lead LED programs, instead of a participatory approach, including all stakeholders and sectors, led by local government. A focus on outside big business transplant, instead of support of innovation, entrepreneurship and policies focused on the success of local businesses. Attempts to jumpstart and support LED over entire regions, instead of focusing on cities as the true engines of economic growth.
Why have the leading LED practitioners worldwide focused on cities and urban economic development over the last decade? Urbanization matters - economic growth and urbanization are bi-directionally causally connected - “no country in the industrial age has ever achieved significant economic growth without urbanization.”. 1.2 billion people living in the 40 mega-metro regions worldwide produce around 70% of world output and 85% of all innovations. 5 billion people living in 191 countries produce the rest. A resident of a mega-metro is 8 times as productive in goods, and 24 times as productive in innovations. Cities are engines of economic growth, they manufacture wealth. Why is this so?
Cities have natural economic advantages that include internal scale economies and external agglomeration economies. But poor city design can undermine these advantages and create barriers to economic development, whereas good city design can enhance these advantages. How can we leverage the natural economic advantages of cities with good city design? Compact mixed-use development that focuses on pedestrian and public transport access is key.
How does the urban economy develop? How can we jumpstart economic development, when it is missing, in Israeli cities? Viewing economic development in the context of a network of interrelated towns and cities clarifies that different types of towns and cities, within the network, require different approaches to LED. Great cities that generate more wealth than they consume require one approach for continued development. Towns and cities within the region of a great city require a second approach. Towns that are outside the region of a
Urban Economic Development Conference Call for presentations Nachman Shelef
Urban Economic Development Conference Call for presentations
Merhav – the Movement for Israeli Urbanism and the city of Ashkelon, are putting together a conference on November 2011 on Urban Economic Development – " The City as an Engine of Economic Growth". This will be the first conference in Israel to focus on Economic Development in the context of cities.
Merhav overview - The Movement for Israeli UrbanismNachman Shelef
The Movement for Israeli Urbanism
Improving affordable access to opportunities by - Creating sustainable and humane cities and communities in Israel
We, the members of the Movement for Israeli Urbanism, strive to improve the quality of urban life in Israel and actively promote the development of a sustainable and humane urban environment in Israel.
We founded MIU in order to transform the quality of urban life in Israel by applying:
People-oriented planning that prevents deterioration and atrophy of cities
Sustainable local development that enhances opportunities
Democratic urban planning processes
The Advantages of GTFS in Israel or Increasing Public Transport Use through O...Nachman Shelef
Increasing the use of public transport in Israel.
What needs to be done to get Google transit and 100s of other transit applications to be available in Israel?
*The GTFS transit feed specification defines a common format for public
transportation schedules and associated geographic information.
• GTFS is a lightweight specification to share data between a transit agency and
the general public or between transit agencies.
• GTFS data is shared openly and is available to all transit application developers
Tirat-Carmel Sharet ch1 Location and Residents 18Jan2011Nachman Shelef
Merhav - the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (www.miu.org.il)
Presented as part of the Urban Empowerment Lab that seeks to develop tools for the transformation of aging and decaying Israeli public housing complexes - built in the 1950s-1970s - into places with a high quality of life.
Tirat-Carmel Sharet ch2 Urban Network and Accessability 18Jan2011Nachman Shelef
Merhav - the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (www.miu.org.il)
Presented as part of the Urban Empowerment Lab that seeks to develop tools for the transformation of aging and decaying Israeli public housing complexes - built in the 1950s-1970s - into places with a high quality of life.
Bat-Yam North Vatikim ch3 Mixed Use and Populations 18Jan2011Nachman Shelef
Merhav - the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (www.miu.org.il)
Presented as part of the Urban Empowerment Lab that seeks to develop tools for the transformation of aging and decaying Israeli public housing complexes - built in the 1950s-1970s - into places with a high quality of life.
Bat-Yam North Vatikim ch1 Location and Residents 18Jan2011Nachman Shelef
Merhav - the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (www.miu.org.il)
Presented as part of the Urban Empowerment Lab that seeks to develop tools for the transformation of aging and decaying Israeli public housing complexes - built in the 1950s-1970s - into places with a high quality of life.
Bat-Yam North Vatikim ch2 Urban Network and Accessability 18Jan2011Nachman Shelef
Merhav - the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (www.miu.org.il)
Presented as part of the Urban Empowerment Lab that seeks to develop tools for the transformation of aging and decaying Israeli public housing complexes - built in the 1950s-1970s - into places with a high quality of life.
Urban renewal in France by Clemence PINEL
volunteer at Merhav - the Movement for Israeli Urbanism (www.miu.org.il)
Presented as part of the Urban Empowerment Lab that seeks to develop tools for the transformation of aging and decaying Israeli public housing complexes - built in the 1950s-1970s - into places with a high quality of life.
Movement for Israeli Urbanism ten principles for Good UrbanismNachman Shelef
Movement for Israeli Urbanism ten principles for good urbanism by Irit Solzi
www.miu.org.il
עשרה כללים לעירוניות טובה של מרחב
לראש העיר יש תפקיד משמעותי בעיצוב התפתחותה, עתידה
ויכולתה של העיר לשרת ביעילות את מטרותיהם של תושביה. המכון
לראשי ערים מציע למשתתפי הסדנא
עשרה כללים בסיסיים לתכנון עירוני אשר ימקמו את העיר שלהם
כמקום אשר טוב לחיות, לשהות ולבלות בו.
.1 רחובות לאנשים אנשים נמשכים אל העיר בשל יכולתה לשמש מאגר גדול לקשרים עם אנשים אחרים.
קשרים אלה מהווים הזדמנויות – חברתיות, עסקיות ותרבותיות. קשרים נוצרים בעיקר במרחב הציבורי
והרחוב הוא המרכיב היסודי של מרחב זה. זאת משום שבעיר טובה הרחוב משמש למעבר מקרי של בני
אדם. הנמצא ברחוב יראה אנשים סביבו ולא יידע עליהם דבר.
.2 שימושים מעורבים מבטיחים נוכחות של אנשים שונים, בזמנים שונים, למטרות שונות ברחובות העיר.
נוכחותם של אנשים רבים ושונים ברחוב ברוב שעות היממה מגבירה את הבטחון האישי. שימושים
מעורבים מאפשרים הקטנת כמות הנסיעות וצמצום התלות ברכב. לכן, יש להימנע מלחלק את העיר
לאזורים בעלי מאפיינים אחידים כגון: אזור תעשיה או קריית חינוך.
.3 עירוב אוכלוסיות הגיוון האנושי הוא חלק מעוצמתה של העיר. כל מתחם בעיר יתוכנן כך שיתאים
לכולם - דיור מגוון מאוד באופני בינוי, באדריכלות ובגודל הדירות הינו הכרחי למשיכת אוכלוסיה מגוונת.
דיור בר-השגה צריך להיות חלק אינטגרלי מכל אזור בעיר. מתחמים לאוכלוסיות הומוגניות לא מאפשרים
את מגוון ההזדמנויות ההכרחי לקיומה של עיר טובה. מתחמים הומוגניים המוקמים ביחד מזדקנים
ומתנוונים בבת אחת.
.4 נגישות מירבית רשת רציפה וצפופה של רחובות כאשר המרחק הממוצע בין צמתים הוא בין 60-150
מ' מאפשרת נגישות נוחה ומגוון של אפשרויות תנועה מנקודה לנקודה ויוצרת חשיפה גדולה יותר של
רחובות, עסקים והזדמנויות לאנשים. רשת כזאת מקטינה את הגודש ברחובות הראשיים, תורמת
לבטיחות בדרכים. בשום מקרה אל תתכנן רשת רחובות הירארכית ומרחקים גדולים בין צמתים.
.5 צפיפות ושימוש יעיל בקרקע צפיפות עירונית )מספר התושבים של העיר לחלק לשטחה( היא מרכיב
הכרחי של עירוניות טובה. מתחת לצפיפות מינימאלית לא יכולה להתקיים עיר. יש להימנע מהפיתוי של
הרחבת העיר כדי לתת מענה לביקושים למגורים ותעסוקה ולמצוא דרכים לנצל קרקע קיימת שאיננה
בשימוש יעיל בתוך העיר. צפיפות ציבורית )מספר התושבים לחלק לסה"כ השטח הציבורי( משפיעה אף
יותר על איכות המרחב הציבורי. יש לתכנן את מימדיו של כל מרחב ציבורי )רחוב או פארק( בהתאם
למספר האנשים העשויים לעבור בו במקרה.
.6 מגוון אפשרויות של תחבורה נגישות לשירותים ותעסוקה היא מר
Orli Ronen-Rotem on Sustainable Development for the Israeli Mayors InstituteNachman Shelef
Orli Ronen-Rotem on Sustainable Development for the Israeli Mayors Institute founded by the Movement for Israeli Urbanism - www.miu.org.il
in partnership with Heschel. Safed, June 2010
Architectural and constructions management experience since 2003 including 18 years located in UAE.
Coordinate and oversee all technical activities relating to architectural and construction projects,
including directing the design team, reviewing drafts and computer models, and approving design
changes.
Organize and typically develop, and review building plans, ensuring that a project meets all safety and
environmental standards.
Prepare feasibility studies, construction contracts, and tender documents with specifications and
tender analyses.
Consulting with clients, work on formulating equipment and labor cost estimates, ensuring a project
meets environmental, safety, structural, zoning, and aesthetic standards.
Monitoring the progress of a project to assess whether or not it is in compliance with building plans
and project deadlines.
Attention to detail, exceptional time management, and strong problem-solving and communication
skills are required for this role.
Revolutionizing the Digital Landscape: Web Development Companies in Indiaamrsoftec1
Discover unparalleled creativity and technical prowess with India's leading web development companies. From custom solutions to e-commerce platforms, harness the expertise of skilled developers at competitive prices. Transform your digital presence, enhance the user experience, and propel your business to new heights with innovative solutions tailored to your needs, all from the heart of India's tech industry.
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
International Upcycling Research Network advisory board meeting 4Kyungeun Sung
Slides used for the International Upcycling Research Network advisory board 4 (last one). The project is based at De Montfort University in Leicester, UK, and funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council.
1. כלכלה עירונית
כיצד נבנית "מערכת אקולוגית" עירונית של עסקים ותושבים
עיר ללא הפסקה ופרברים סביב לה
סוגיות אורבניות בתל אביב
קורס חדש וחלוצי של "המכללה החברתית-כלכלית"
בשיתוף עם מרחב על אורבניות בישראל
nachman@miu.org.il
0102 May
www.miu.org.il
2. Agenda
• A brief history of LED
– Summary of current best practices
• LED in the context of cities and towns
– Urban Economics
– Cities have natural economic advantages
– How does the urban economy develop?
– How can we jumpstart economic development?
3. What is LED?
• The purpose of local economic
development (LED) is to build up the
economic capacity of a local area to
improve its economic future and the
quality of life for all. It is a process by
which public, business and non-
governmental sector partners work
collectively to create better conditions for
economic growth and employment
generation.
4. The Industrial Revolution
• Group I - English-speaking
• Group II - Japan
• Group III - northwest Europe
• Group IV - the rest of Europe and European-dominated
economies in Latin America.
• Group V - the rest of Asia and Africa.
5. A Brief History of LED
Prior to WWII Post WWII
• Economic Development was • A new concept was born - Economic
focused by each nation on Development aid to other nations
developing their own economy aimed at improving quality of life
– Included trade with other without altering basic social structures
nations (conquering)
– Included investment in – Driven by multiple factors:
territories, colonies and other • The recognized need for global
nations directly or indirectly stability – to avert another WW
under the control of empires in • Political influence – the ―cold war‖
order to exploit their resources • Create bigger markets for goods and
services – globalization
– Creation of the UN, the WorldBank,
the IMF, ITO / GATT / WTO
– The Marshall Plan
– Creation of USAID
• Continued investment in own LED
6. A Brief History of LED
• Results of Marshall Plan seemed
promising
– Investment in hard infrastructure brought on
rapid economic growth in western Europe
• The recipe for LED seemed to be clear
and this brought on huge investments that
kicked off three waves of LED
• Most of these investments have been
fruitless…
7. A Brief History of LED
• Since the 1960s, LED has passed through three
broad stages or 'waves' of development.
– In each of these waves LED practitioners have
developed a better understanding of successful and
unsuccessful programs.
– Today LED is in its 'third wave'.
– Although LED has moved through each of these
waves, elements of each wave are still practiced
today.
– Each of the waves had some basis in a prevailing
economic development theory
– With each wave the appreciation of the difficulty and
complexity of LED grew
8. The Three Waves of LED
1960s to 1980s to mid Late1990s
early1980s 1990s onwards
Regions / Cities and
Nations
Sectors Towns
Skills/Education,
Hard Attract Foreign
Attractive Policies
Infrastructure and Investment and
and
Manufacturing Support Local
Public/Private
Transplants Businesses
Partnerships
9. Summary of Current Thinking on LED
Goal is quality of life for all
Employment Environment Livibility Social inclusion
Participatory Growth of local
Focus on cities
approach businesses
• Including all • Promotion and • As engines of
stakeholders and support of economic
sectors innovation and development
• Led by local entrepreneurship • Urban regeneration
government (both business and as a tool
social)
• Business friendly
policies
10. Have we all learnt the lessons
of past LED attempts?
11. Which Programs Do Not Work
(But We Still Keep Using Them!)
• Unfortunately there are countless examples of failed
LED strategies and projects. These include:
– Expensive untargeted foreign direct investment marketing
campaigns
– Supply-led training programs
– Excessive reliance on grant-led investments
– Over-generous financial inducements for inward investors (not
only can this be an inefficient use of taxpayers money, it can
breed considerable resentment amongst local businesses that
may not be entitled to the same benefit).
– Business retention subsidies (where firms are paid to stay in the
area despite the fact that financial viability of the plant is at risk)
– Reliance on "low-road" techniques, e.g., cheap labor and
subsidized capital
– Government-conceived, -controlled, and -directed strategies
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/EXTLED/0,,print:Y~isCURL:Y~contentMDK:
20185187~menuPK:402643~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:341139,00.html
12. Typical Shortcuts proposed for LED
• Attract:
– Outside investment
– Outside transplants
– Outside talent
– Outside residents
• Connect:
– Under-developed regions to successful ones
… if only LED was so easy…
13. Agenda
• A brief history of LED
– Summary of current best practices
• LED in the context of cities and towns
– Urban Economics
– Cities have natural economic advantages
– How does the urban economy develop?
– How can we jumpstart economic development?
15. Cities are the biggest idea
• Cities represent the largest and the most
persistent human artifact
• Cities are the aggregation of the biggest
ideas of humans
• Urbanization matters because that is what
humans naturally tend to do
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey 15
16. Urbanization Matters
• Economic Growth and Urbanization are bi-
directionally causally connected
Growth Urbanization
• Why is this so?
• Economies of scale and agglomeration
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
17. The Big Picture
• The World is getting more urbanized
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu 17
Dey
18. Ginza Area in Greater Tokyo
18
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
19. Share of World Population Residing in Urban Areas
By World Region 1950-2030
100
Israel 92%
87
85
80 80
80 77
74 73 75
73 72
66 64
61 61 61
60
Percent
54 54
51
48
42
39 39
40 37
29
25 24
20 15
17
0
World Africa Asia Europe Latin Northern Oceania
America America
and the
Caribbean
19
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
1950 1975 2003 2030
20. Some fun facts
• Half the world’s population occupies only 1.5 percent of
the world’s land area
• The world is heterogeneous
– Wealth is unequally distributed
– North America, European Union and Japan account for 75
percent of the world’s wealth
– Around 1 billion have less than 2 percent of the world’s wealth
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu 20
Dey
22. More fun facts
• Growing cities
– 35 million (a quarter of Japan’s population) lives in
Tokyo – 4 percent of its land
• Mobile people
– 35 million people move every year within the US
• Specialization
– Western Europe trade around 35 percent of their GDP
22
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
23. Urbanization and Growth
• Growth correlates with urbanization
• ―… no country in the industrial age has
ever achieved significant economic growth
without urbanization.‖
23
24. Story of Civilization
• 900M
• Civilization is about • 3% in cities
1800
cities
• 1,600M
1900 • 10% in cities
• The world is getting
urbanized = civilized • 6,000M+
2000 • 50% in cities
• Projected 10,000M
2050 • 75% in cities
24
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
25. Agenda
• A brief history of LED
– Summary of current best practices
• LED in the context of cities and towns
– Urban Economics
– Cities have natural economic advantages
– How does the urban economy develop?
– How can we jumpstart economic development?
26. Why Cities Persist?
• Cities have natural economic advantages
• The advantages outweigh the disadvantages
• Positive relationship between size and productivity
• Larger cities produce more innovations
• Cities are engines of economic growth
– They manufacture wealth
26
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
27. Cities are Engines of Growth
• They manufacture wealth
– Manufacturing occurs in urban areas
– Why rich countries are predominantly urban
• Urbanization makes mass production
possible
– Manufacturing is related to scale economies
– Scale economies require people in terms of
variety and quantity
27
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
28. Cities and Transaction Costs
• Transaction Costs are lower in cities
• Infrastructure has scale economies
– High fixed costs
– High aggregate demand reduces the average
costs
• Education can be more efficiently
produced and consumed in cities
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey 28
29. Fun Observations
As producers seek scale economies, agriculture disperses but
manufacturing clusters
Services become even more clustered than manufacturing
Cities facilitate scale economies of all types
Doubling city size will increase productivity by 3%-10%
In the US, 96% of all innovations occur in metros
Smaller cities specialize, receiving industries as they mature and relocate
Mid-size cities have mature industries and are industrially specialized
Large cities are diversified and are service oriented
Most countries have an urban hierarchy: a few large cities and many small
cities with varied economic functions
29
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
30. Education
• Major factor in economic growth
• Cannot be efficiently provided in villages
• Scale economies are huge in education
– High fixed costs and low marginal costs
– Especially using ICT (Information and
Computing Technology)
30
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
31. Mega Regions
• 40 mega-regions, 1.2 billion people
– Around 70 percent of world output
– 85 percent of all innovations
• 5 billion people living in 191 countries
produce the rest
• A resident of a mega-region is 8 times as
productive in goods, and 24 times as
productive in innovations
31
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
32.
33.
34. Internal Scale Economies
• The cost of producing each unit of
something changes when the volume
produced increases or decreases
• What’s the reason for increasing returns to
firm scale?
34
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
35. External Agglomeration Economies
• Localization economies
– Clustering of Firms in the same Industry
– Arise from clustering of activities near a specific
facility, such as a transport terminal, a big market
or a large university.
• Urbanization economies
– Diversity of different Industries in the same area
– Arise from common infrastructure, the diversity of
labour and market size.
35
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
36. Economies
• Internal scale economies arise from
sharing of fixed costs by a large quantity of
outputs and are higher in heavier
industries
• External Agglomeration Economies:
– Localization economies arise from input-
sharing and competition within the industry
– Urbanization economies come from industrial
diversity that fosters innovation and exchange
of ideas and technology
36
Lecture 27 Urbanization Atanu Dey
37. The 12 Urban Economies of Scale
Type of economy of scale Example
1. Pecuniary Being able to purchase intermediate inputs at volume discounts
2. Static
Internal Falling average costs because of fixed costs of operating a plant
technological
Technological
3. Dynamic
Learning to operate a plant more efficiently over time
technological
4. ―Shopping‖ Shoppers are attracted to places where there are many sellers
Outsourcing allows both the upstream input suppliers and downstream firms to
5. ―Adam Smith‖
Static profit from productivity gains because of specialization
Localization 6. ―Marshall‖ Workers with industry-specific skills are attracted to a location where there is a
labor pooling greater concentration
7. ―Marshall-
Reductions in costs that arise from repeated and continuous production activity
Dynamic Arrow-Romer‖
over time and which spill over between firms in the same place
learning by doing
8. ―Jane Jacobs‖ The more that different things are done locally, the more opportunity there is for
innovation observing and adapting ideas from others
External or
agglomeration 9. ―Marshall‖ Workers in an industry bring innovations to firms in other industries; similar to
Static labor pooling no. 6 above, but the benefit arises from the diversity of industries in one location.
Urbanization
Similar to no. 5 above, the main difference being that the division of labor is
10. ―Adam Smith‖
made possible by the existence of many different buying industries in the same
division of labor
place
11. ―Romer‖ The larger the market, the higher the profit; the more attractive the location to
Dynamic endogenous firms, the more jobs there are; the more labor pools there, the larger the
growth market—and so on
Spreading fixed costs of infrastructure over more taxpayers; diseconomies arise
12. ―Pure‖ agglomeration
from congestion and pollution
38. Cities, it turns out, have
natural advantages
• Cities naturally offer Variety, a wide range of valued choices. They
naturally offer Convenience. In cities, there are more choices close
at hand. Discovery is another city advantage. Cities offer people
more chances to discover things they didn't know they liked, things
they didn't know they wanted to know, and people they didn't know
they could make things with (including fun and babies). And cities
naturally offer more Opportunity to their citizens in the form of
access to jobs, education and smart people.
• But here's the problem: We keep screwing it up.
• We keep undermining the city’s natural advantages. Instead of
building compact cities that magnify, amplify and intensify these city
advantages, we've blown it…
39. Agenda
• A brief history of LED
– Summary of current best practices
• LED in the context of cities and towns
– Urban Economics
– Cities have natural economic advantages
– How does the urban economy develop?
– How can we jumpstart economic development?
40. LED in the Context of Cities
from the easiest to the most difficult
LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
A Great City generates much more wealth than it consumes for mere existence.
A Great City generates enough wealth to support growth in the city as well in its surrounding region.
41. LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
42. LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
LED in a Great City
What makes the city the true engine of LED
• Compact and vibrant mixed population communities lead to
interaction, opportunity and innovation
• Easy access to skilled and unskilled talent
• Easy access to customers and markets
• Easy access to suppliers
• Easy access to technology and knowhow
• Easy access to credit
• Easy access to low-cost startup space and to expansion
space
• Low regulatory barriers to small business
• Lot’s of imports to replace
43. LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
LED in a Great City
• What is the role of Urban Planning and Transportation in creating a
great place to live and to develop economically?
If the City provides
Mixed age Small
Density Mixed use
buildings Blocks
It can become a LED generator
44. LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City The cycle of city development
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
Density
Quality Variety
Of &
Life Access
Innovation
Opportunities People &
Culture
Intensity Development
45. LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
• Create a great place to live and to develop
economically
• Provide attractive and efficient access to the City
• The City will do the rest
– The Five Economic Forces Exerted by Cities on Their
Own Regions
1. City markets
2. City jobs
3. City developed technology
4. Transplanted city work
5. City generated capital
46. LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
Leveraging the five forces to
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region accelerate LED in the region of a
Great City
LED in a City that is not Great
ToD in the Center of Regional Towns of a Great City
Is Beer-Sheva a Great City?
Stockholm
The Gr Stockholm Transit
Oriented Metropolis The Gr Copenhagen Transit
Oriented Metropolis
What about rail stations in
the center of the towns? The 1961 National Capital Plan Source – Prof. Danny Gatt
for Gr Washington BC
47. LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City LED in a Town Outside a Great
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
City Region
• Need to become a Great City (or wait for a Great City to develop nearby)
• Leverage current thinking on LED
• Create a great place to live and to develop economically
How? • In the existing center of town
• Produce and sell something of value to a solvent market by turning
Jumpstart the
any advantage into an opportunity
economy
• Earn Imports
• Replace imports for yourself and for economically similar towns
Leverage initial through innovation and improvisation
sales to • Repeat last two steps forever
48. LED in a Great City
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a City that is not Great
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
• Need to become a Great City (or wait for a Great City to develop nearby)
• Leverage current thinking on LED
• Create a great place to live and to develop economically
How? • In a small focused area of the city (urban acupuncture)
• Produce and sell something of value to a solvent market by turning
Jumpstart the
any advantage into an opportunity
economy
• Earn Imports
• Replace imports for yourself and for economically similar cities
Leverage initial through innovation and improvisation
sales to • Repeat last two steps forever
49. LED in a Great City How to Jumpstart the cycle of city
development
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
Density
Quality Variety
Of &
Life Access Where is the
―handle‖ ?
Innovation
Opportunities People &
Culture
Intensity Development
50. Summary of Current Thinking on LED
Goal is quality of life for all
Employment Environment Livibility Social inclusion
Participatory Growth of local
Focus on cities
approach businesses
• Including all • Promotion and • As engines of
stakeholders and support of economic
sectors innovation and development
• Led by local entrepreneurship • Urban regeneration
government (both business and as a tool
social)
• Business friendly
policies
51. Local Agenda 21
• The Local Agenda 21 (LA21) Campaign promotes a
participatory, long-term, strategic planning process that
helps municipalities identify local sustainability priorities
and implement long-term action plans.
• It supports good local governance and mobilizes local
governments and their citizens to undertake such multi-
stakeholder process.
• A 2002 survey found that
– more than 6,400 local governments in
– 113 countries have become involved in LA21 activities over a
– 10-year period.
52. But, a great strategic plan…
• … in a binder on the shelf…
• Is just that -
• A great plan on the shelf!
• The questions remain the same:
– How do you advance ever closer to your vision of a
successful town, based on daily decisions and based
on existing budgets?
– How do you jump-start the cycle of city development?
53. LED in a Great City How to Jumpstart the cycle of city
development
LED in the Region of a Great City
LED in a Town Outside a Great City Region
LED in a City that is not Great
Density
Quality Variety
Of & The
Life Access
―handle‖
Innovation
Opportunities People &
Culture
Intensity Development
54. Urban Regeneration as a LED Tool
or
How to increase Density, Variety and Access
•Provide loans to accelerate
private storefront and
Use the ―charrette‖ collaborative urban
residence renewal planning tool as the basis of a LED program
•Create a great place to live for local
residents
•Create a great place to succeed for local
First stage: businesses
• Surgical urban •Leverage the true identity of the city / town
intervention plan in as seen by the local residents
the public space
•Local residents strengthen their sense of
belonging by planning their town
•Leverage existing budgets for
public building projects to
implement the plan
Third stage: •Local residents are
• Private Development
Second stage: empowered by seeing their
Construction and • Renewal of the plans adopted and
Renovation near the public space implemented
public space
55. The critical role of the MIU in
LED in Israel
Goal is quality of life for all
In order to improve the quality of living in Israel, while contributing to the global
sustainability effort, the MIU promotes qualityLivibility
Employment Environment urban living based on compact,
Social inclusion
quality and sustainable urban environments.
Participatory Growth of local
Focus on cities
approach businesses
• Charrette all
Including – • Making theand
Promotion local • Weengines of as
As view the city
collaborative and
stakeholders environment great
support of the key mechanism
economic
planning
sectors with all for the locals
innovation and that provides
development
• stakeholders
Led by local • entrepreneurship
Compact, quality • peopleregeneration
Urban the
• government
Quality in Density (both business and
and sustainable opportunities to fulfill
as a tool
Toolbox for all social)
cities provide their inherent
sectors • opportunities and
Business friendly potential
• Mayors Institute breed innovation
policies
57. Can LED be achieved by attracting
transplants?
• Transplants within a city region vs.
transplants from afar
• What do transplants need? What makes
transplants possible?
• What is their influence on the local
economy?
• How many are available?
• What are the costs to attract one?
58. Can LED be achieved in peripheral
cities and towns by their residents?
• Yes! If it can be achieved (and it can not
always be achieved) then it can be
achieved by the local residents
– the problem is not the residents!
– What are the conditions that enable LED?
59. The three waves of LED - #1:
Wave Focus Tools
First: During the first wave the focus To achieve this cities used:
was on the attraction of:
1960s to •massive grants
early 1980s •mobile manufacturing •subsidized loans usually
investment, attracting outside aimed at inward investing
investment, especially the manufacturers
attraction of foreign direct •tax breaks
investment
•subsidized hard infrastructure
•hard infrastructure investment
investments
•expensive "low road"
industrial recruitment
techniques
60. The three waves of LED - #2:
Wave Focus Tools
Second: During the second wave the To achieve this cities provided:
focus moved towards:
1980s to •direct payments to individual
mid 1990s •the retention and growing of businesses
existing local businesses •business
•still with an emphasis on incubators/workspace
inward investment attraction, •advice and training for small-
but usually this was becoming and medium-sized firms
more targeted to specific •technical support
sectors or from certain
geographic areas •business start-up support
•some hard and soft
infrastructure investment
•During this wave much effort was also invested in trying to improve rural
quality of life, urbanization and city growth was seen as a problem
61. The three waves of LED - #3:
Wave Focus Tools
Third : The focus then shifted from To achieve this cities are:
individual direct firm financial
Late 1990s transfers to making the entire •developing a holistic strategy
onwards business environment more aimed at growing local firms
conducive to business.
•providing a competitive local
investment climate
During this third (and current) wave •supporting and encouraging
of LED, more focus is placed on: networking and collaboration
•soft infrastructure investments •encouraging the development of
•public/private partnerships business clusters
•networking and the leveraging of •encouraging workforce
private sector investments for the development and education
public good •closely targeting inward
•highly targeted inward investment investment to support cluster
attraction to add to the competitive growth
advantages of local areas •supporting quality of life
improvements
62. LED focus on Cities and Towns
• At the threshold of the 21st century, cities
and towns headline the World Bank's
development campaign.
• Within a generation, the majority of the
developing world's population will live in
urban areas, while the number of urban
residents will double, increasing by over 2
billion inhabitants.
• Cities and towns are not only growing in
size and number, they are also gaining
new influence.
• The urban transition offers significant
opportunities to improve the quality of life
for all individuals, but whether this potential
is realized depends critically on how cities
are managed and on the national and local
policies affecting their development.
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINFNETWORK/Resources/urban.pdf
63. THE WORLD BANK URBAN & LOCAL
GOVERNMENT STRATEGY
• Urbanization is a defining phenomenon of this century…
• …main challenge for the urban policy maker is to
understand the importance of managing this system of
cities or ―portfolio of places‖ (of different sizes and
vocation) within a country so as to maximize the benefits
of agglomeration economies…
• With more than half of GDP coming from cities, the
economic future of most developing countries will be
determined by the productivity of these burgeoning
urban populations.
• This interdependency between macro-economic
performance and urban welfare has been seen in the
aftermath of macro-economic crises in Argentina, Brazil,
East Asia, and Russia
http://www.wburbanstrategy.org
64. Local Economic Growth
• Cities are engines of economic growth. As a nation's primary source of
job creation and wealth generation, cites produce goods and provide
services which strengthen economic opportunities for the entire country.
Local Economic Development (LED) is a process of planning and
implementation that seeks to increase the economic potential of a city,
town, or region. LED aims to improve the economic future and the
quality of life for all local residents and businesses. Although the process
can be time-intensive, it is important to bring the public, business and
civil society sector together to work collectively in creating better
conditions for growth and employment generation. This ensures that all
available local resources are accessed and that there is sufficient buy-in
across all sectors to increase the chances of sustainability.
• Much of a city's potential competitive advantage lies in its various forms
of capital (human, natural resources, land, location, and infrastructure).
• Decentralization has forced local governments to take more
responsibility for designing their own economic development strategies,
usually in partnership with the private sector.
http://www.makingcitieswork.org/urbanThemes/Localecongrowth
65. Peering into the Dawn of an Urban Millennium
• Urbanization—the increase in the urban share of
total population—is inevitable, but it can also be
positive. The current concentration of poverty,
slum growth and social disruption in cities does
paint a threatening picture: Yet no country in the
industrial age has ever achieved significant
economic growth without urbanization. Cities
concentrate poverty, but they also represent the
best hope of escaping it.
www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/introduction.html
66. Competitive Cities in the
Global Economy
• Cities are important generators of wealth, employment
and productivity growth and often quoted as the engines
of their national economies. Productivity levels are
generally higher in metropolitan area and the increased
trade and capital flows give rise to increased flows of
people, goods, capital, services and ideas. In many
OECD countries, metropolitan regions produce a larger
percentage of the national GDP than their representative
population percentage. The growing economic and
demographic importance of metro-regions and their
increasing relations to the worldwide economy raises
important policy issues.
http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?lang=EN&sf1=identifiers&st1=042006041e1
67. Higher-Density Development
• Most public leaders want to create vibrant, economically strong
communities where citizens can enjoy a high quality of life in a
fiscally and environmentally responsible manner, but many are not
sure how to achieve it. Planning for growth is a comprehensive and
complicated process that requires leaders to employ a variety of
tools to balance diverse community interests. Arguably, no tool is
more important than increasing the density of existing and new
communities, which includes support for infill development, the
rehabilitation and reuse of existing structures, and denser new
development. Indeed, well-designed and well-integrated higher-
density development makes successful planning for growth
possible.
http://www.uli.org/sitecore/content/ULI2Home/ResearchAndPublications/Reports/Affordable%20Housing/Content/Higher%20Density%20Development.aspx
68. We must have strong cities
to have a strong America.
• CEOs for Cities is a national network of urban leaders dedicated to
creating next generation cities that hold the answers to many of the
challenges our nation faces.
• If you care about keeping America globally competitive, fostering
innovation, providing citizens access to opportunity and education,
combating climate change, improving healthcare outcomes and
learning how diverse people can co-exist peacefully, then you must
be concerned about cities because that is where the solutions to
these challenges will be met.
• You can’t have a strong America without strong cities.
http://www.ceosforcities.org/about
69. Economic Vitality requires a
Supportive Physical Framework
• The Congress for the New Urbanism views
disinvestment in central cities, the spread of placeless
sprawl, increasing separation by race and income,
environmental deterioration, loss of agricultural lands
and wilderness, and the erosion of society's built
heritage as one interrelated community-building
challenge.
• We recognize that physical solutions by themselves will
not solve social and economic problems, but neither can
economic vitality, community stability, and environmental
health be sustained without a coherent and supportive
physical framework.
http://www.cnu.org/charter
70. Key Assets for Prosperity are
in Cities
• …metropolitan areas are the engines of national prosperity
• To achieve true prosperity, our nation must leverage the key
assets - innovation, infrastructure, human capital, and
quality places - principally concentrated in metropolitan
areas
• Prosperity—true prosperity—is based on achieving three
types of growth:
– Productive growth boosts innovation and entrepreneurship,
generates quality jobs and rising incomes, and helps the U.S.
maintain its economic leadership
– Inclusive growth expands educational and employment opportunities,
reduces poverty, and fosters a strong and diverse middle class
– And sustainable growth strengthens existing cities and communities,
conserves fiscal and natural resources, and advances U.S. efforts to
address climate change and achieve energy independence
http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/Projects/blueprint/blueprint%20docs/execsumbp.pdf
http://www.brookings.edu/projects/blueprint.aspx
71. …metros are the new
norm in global economic development…
• …metros are more than the sum of their parts. When they function at their
highest pitch, metros epitomize the special ―multiplier‖ value of
concentration, clustering, and agglomeration in economic life, a value
celebrated over the centuries by economists such as Adam Smith, Alfred
Marshall, and Paul Krugman. The gains are manifold. Thanks to the cost-
effective sharing of fixed resources in relatively dense locations,
infrastructure investments yield markedly higher payoffs in metropolitan
areas than in non-metro areas…
• Metropolitan density yields invention: Patenting rates rise markedly with
increased employment density, such as is provided by metropolitan areas.
• Metro areas also accelerate residents’ wage growth, because they promote
learning, help match people to jobs and people to people. Economists
Edward Glaeser and David Maré found that workers in large metro areas
earn a 33 percent wage premium, that the premium accrues to them over
time, and that it stays with them when they leave the area. Metro areas
themselves seem to speed the accumulation of human capital.
• And finally, metropolitan land-use and placemaking bring special
advantages. More compact development patterns preserve rural lands and
valuable ecosystems that rapid suburbanization might otherwise consume.
http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/0311_metro_katz.aspx
72. A REVIEW OF THE FISCAL AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES
OF SMARTER GROWTH DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
• This paper makes the case that more compact development patterns and investing
in projects to improve urban cores could save taxpayers money and improve
overall regional economic performance.
• The cost of providing public infrastructure and delivering services can be
reduced through thoughtful design and planning. Several studies suggest that
rational use of more compact development patterns from 2000 to 2025 promise the
following sorts of savings for governments nationwide:
– 11.8 percent, or $110 billion, from 25-year road building costs;
– 6 percent, or $12.6 billion, from 25-year water and sewer costs; and
– 3.7 percent, or $4 billion, for annual operations and service delivery.
• Regional economic performance is enhanced when areas are developed with
community benefits and the promotion of vital urban centers in mind. Studies
show that productivity and overall economic performance may be improved to the
extent compact, mixed-use development fosters dense labor markets, vibrant
urban centers, efficient transportation systems, and a high ―quality-of-place."
Productivity increases with county employment density.
• Suburbs also benefit from investment in healthy urban cores. Finally, studies
suggest that to the extent these smarter development patterns foster equity in
regions by improving center-city incomes and vitality, they will also enhance the
economic well-being of the suburbs as well as the city. City income growth has
been shown to increase suburban income, house prices, and population. Reduced
city poverty rates have also been associated with metropolitan income growth.
www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/200403_smartgrowth.pdf
73. New Strategies for Regional
Economic Development!
• …metropolitan areas have fared significantly
better than rural areas in terms of economic and
population growth in recent decades…
• Approaches that adopt a tabula rasa approach
to the dynamic relations of cities, regions and
the nation lack the necessary understanding to
provide real solutions for the needs of diverse
communities. By adopting a local economic
development approach, place-based strategies
will be able to position America for success in
the 21st century.
http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/dl/1708_928_America 2050 report 2009.pdf
74. City Development = Local Economic Development
―If the last century was the century of urbanization,
the twenty-first will be the century of cities.
It is in the cities that decisive battles for the quality
of life will be fought, and their outcomes will
have a defining effect on the planet’s
environment and on human relations.‖
• Jaime Lerner, Former Governor of Paraná, Brazil, and former Mayor of Curitiba
http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4854
75. Local Economic Development,
Human Development,
and Decent Work
Best practices and trends
• Based on the review of hundreds of LED programs from 24 organizations
Worldwide
• Current Trends:
– The most significant item that characterizes them is the participatory
approach.
– … participation is now considered the base, the condition sine-qua-non for
fostering local economic development strategies and actions.
– A new trend is, however, coming along: participation is not seen as an
instrument for building consensus, but as a way of good governance. The
accent on good governance, in fact, is more and more evident in the most
recent initiatives, such as the Ilo, Undp and Unops Ledas, the World Bank,
South Africa and it, in fact, also responds to the human development aims of
United Nations.
– Objectives, strategies and tools, of course, vary from case to case.
– Also in this case “raditional”objectives could be recognized in the
t
improvement of employment, when job creation, promotion of micro and small
local enterprise, attraction of external investment, territorial revitalization are
mentioned. However a new typology of advanced objectives is recognizable:
the improvement of the quality of life of the citizens in a more integrated
approach, which includes human development, decent work, inclusion of the
socially excluded people and the protection of the environment.
76. References
The World Bank Infrastructure Group Urban Development ―Cities in Transition: World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy‖ (2000)
http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTINFNETWORK/Resources/urban.pdf
The World Bank ―Systems of Cities, Harnessing urbanization for growth and poverty alleviation‖ (2009) http://www.wburbanstrategy.org
The World Bank Urban and Local Government Strategy ―Urban Strategy Paper Concept Note‖ FINANCE, ECONOMICS & URBAN DEPARTMENT
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT NETWORK (2009) http://www.wburbanstrategy.org
USAID ―Making Cities Work, Local Economic Growth, Introduction‖ (2009) http://www.makingcitieswork.org/urbanThemes/Localecongrowth
OECD Territorial Reviews, ―Competitive Cities in the Global Economy‖ (2006)
http://www.oecdbookshop.org/oecd/display.asp?lang=EN&sf1=identifiers&st1=042006041e1
ULI–the Urban Land Institute ―Higher-Density Development: Myth and Fact‖ (2005)
http://www.uli.org/sitecore/content/ULI2Home/ResearchAndPublications/Reports/Affordable%20Housing/Content/Higher%20Density%20Developme
nt.aspx
CEOs for Cities ― www.ceosforcities.org/about ― (2008) http://www.ceosforcities.org/about
CEOs for Cities Newsletter ReThink: 06.18.2009 ―Amplifying City Advantages, Excerpts from Carol Coletta's speech to the Congress for the New
Urbanism‖ (2009)
CEOs for Cities ―Cities and Economic Prosperity, A Data Scan On The Role Of Cities In Regional And National Economies‖ (2001)
http://www.ceosforcities.org/work/cities_and_economic_prosperity
The Congress for the New Urbanism ―Charter of the New Urbanism‖ (2009) http://www.cnu.org/charter
Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program ―Blueprint for American Prosperity, Unleashing the Potential of a Metropolitan Nation, An
Overview‖ (2008) www.blueprintprosperity.org
Brookings Institution’s Metropolitan Policy Program ―Miracle Mets, Our fifty states matter a lot less than our 100 largest metro areas‖ (2009)
http://www.brookings.edu/articles/2009/0311_metro_katz.aspx
The Brookings Institution Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy ―INVESTING IN A BETTER FUTURE: A REVIEW OF THE FISCAL AND
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGES OF SMARTER GROWTH DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS‖ (2004)
www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/200403_smartgrowth.pdf
United Nations Population Fund ―State of World Population 2007 Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth - Online Report, Introduction, Peering
into the Dawn of an Urban Millennium‖ (2008) www.unfpa.org/swp/2007/english/introduction.html
Lincoln Institute of Land Policy ―America 2050, New Strategies for Regional Economic Development!‖ (2009)
http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/dl/1708_928_America 2050 report 2009.pdf
Worldwatch Institute ―State of the World 2007: Our Urban Future, Foreword - The Honorable Jaime Lerner‖ (2007)
http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4854
77. Cities / Towns separated into 4
groups
• Should we differentiate between different
categories of cities? And score within each
category differently?
• Subjective separation based on economic
behavior
1. Part of Tel-Aviv metro area
2. Next to become part of Tel-Aviv metro area
3. Part of secondary city metro area (Haifa,
Jerusalem, Beer-Sheva, Ashdod)
4. Periphery – all the rest
78. tools for local economic renewal
• bizfizz
– BizFizz is the leading business support model in the UK in which
Coaching is the preferred methodology for offering business support to
entrepreneurs living in areas of economic decline. Over the last seven
years, BizFizz programmes have provided coaching to entrepreneurs
across England and Scotland. The Civic Trust and new economics
foundation are delighted that Coaching and supporting entrepreneurs
by developing local resident led networks has been recognised by
national government.
• plugging the leaks
– The issue is not necessarily that too little money flows into a
neighbourhood. Rather, it is what consumers, public services and
businesses do with that money. Too often it is spent on services with
no local presence, and so immediately leaves the area.
• local multiplier 3
– LM3 has been tried and tested across the UK, from agriculture to
social enterprise to local government procurement, to determine how
money coming into your community is then spent and re-spent. 'The
Money Trail' shows you how to use LM3 to find out what's really
happening in your local economy, and how you can make it better.
79. local multiplier 3
• Local money flows in Localton (top) and Leakyville
(bottom) The area in blue represents money that’s
stayed in the local economy
80. revitalize older, traditional business districts
• The Main Street Four-Point Approach™ is a community-driven, comprehensive
methodology used to revitalize older, traditional business districts throughout the
United States. It is a common-sense way to address the variety of issues and
problems that face traditional business districts. The underlying premise of the Main
Street approach is to encourage economic development within the context of historic
preservation in ways appropriate to today's marketplace. The Main Street Approach
advocates a return to community self-reliance, local empowerment, and the
rebuilding of traditional commercial districts based on their unique assets: distinctive
architecture, a pedestrian-friendly environment, personal service, local ownership,
and a sense of community.
– Organization
– Promotion
– Design
– Economic Reconstructing
• the four points of the Main Street approach correspond with the four forces of real
estate value, which are
– social,
– political,
– physical, and
– economic.
81. Economic Statistics: The Main Street Program's Success
Historic Preservation Equals Economic Development
• 1980-2007 Reinvestment Statistics
• Dollars Reinvested:- Total amount of
reinvestment in physical improvements from
public and private sources.$44.9
BillionAverage
• reinvestment per community (i):$11,083,273
• Net gain in businesses:82,909
• Net gain in jobs:370,514
• Number of building rehabilitations: 199,519
82.
83. Eight Principles of Success
Comprehensive
Incremental
Self-help
Partnerships
Identifying and capitalizing on existing assets
Quality
Change
Implementation