Ülker was founded in 1944 as a small bakery in Istanbul and has since expanded globally to serve customers in over 100 countries. It maintains its dominance in the Turkish market through branding, product diversification, innovation, distribution, and quality assurance. Internationally, Ülker utilizes various market entry modes including exporting, licensing, franchising, and establishing wholly owned subsidiaries. It leverages core capabilities while also responding locally and hiring diverse workforces and expatriates to navigate cultural differences successfully.