Hepatic carcinoma, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide, killing over 1 million people per year. Risk factors include hepatitis B and C infections, cirrhosis, alcohol use, and aflatoxin exposure. HCC typically presents in patients with cirrhosis as an asymptomatic liver mass and is diagnosed through blood tests showing elevated AFP levels and imaging exams like ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment depends on the stage but may include surgical resection, liver transplantation, ablation procedures, embolization, or chemotherapy. Long-term surveillance after treatment is important for early detection of recurrence.

1. Liver neoplasm

7. Symptoms and signs

11. Diagnosis qualitative and orientation

14. Location of the tumor

19. Liver Function Assessment

20. * Grade A, 5–6 points; grade B, 7–9 points; grade C, 10–15 points Child-Pugh Classification Advanced Minimal None Encephalopathy Moderate Slight None Ascites >6 4–6 1–3 PT time (increased seconds) <2.8 2.8–3.5 >3.5 Albumin (g/dL) >3 2–3 <2 Bilirubin (mg/dL) 3 2 1 No. of Points Factor

22. Okuda Staging System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Stage 1 = 0 points; stage 2 = 1–2 points; stage 3 = 3–4 points 1 > 3 0 <3 Serum total bilirubin (mg/dL) 1 <3 0 >3 Serum albumin (mg/dL) 0 Absent 1 Present Ascites 0 <50% 1 >50% Tumor size Points Cut-off Values Clinical Parameters

23. American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM Staging for Liver Tumors (Including Intrahepatic Bile Ducts

26. Treatment

31. Right Hemihepatectomy

32. Left Hemihepatectomy

38. Other Liver tumor