This document provides an overview of liver disease, including the anatomy and blood flow of the liver, histology, cirrhosis, and complications of liver disease such as portal hypertension, ascites, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It also discusses the evaluation and scoring of liver disease severity, as well as nutrition recommendations for patients with liver disease. Key points covered include maintaining adequate protein intake while limiting salt and, in some cases, fat and carbs depending on the stage of liver disease.
Cirrhosis is a diffuse process characterized by liver necrosis & fibrosis and conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules that lack normal lobular organization
Acute kidney injury is common among hospitalized patients. It affects some 3–7% of patients admitted to the hospital and approximately 25–30% of patients in the intensive care unit.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Brief explanation of each *refer harrison textbook for details causes of TIN
Acute interstitial nephritis
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Reflux nephropathy
Papillary necrosis
Sickle-cell nephropathy
This is a lecture note for 5th semester MBBS students. Lecture notes on hepatology, liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, portal hypertension, and hepatic encephalopathy. Introduction to hepatic encephalopathy, causes, differentials, approach, and management of hepatic encephalopathy .
What is the cardiovascular system? Your heart and many blood vessels in your body make up your cardiovascular system or circulatory system. Your heart uses the far-reaching, intricate network of blood vessels to deliver oxygen and other necessary things to your whole body.
Cirrhosis is a diffuse process characterized by liver necrosis & fibrosis and conversion of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal nodules that lack normal lobular organization
Acute kidney injury is common among hospitalized patients. It affects some 3–7% of patients admitted to the hospital and approximately 25–30% of patients in the intensive care unit.
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Brief explanation of each *refer harrison textbook for details causes of TIN
Acute interstitial nephritis
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Reflux nephropathy
Papillary necrosis
Sickle-cell nephropathy
This is a lecture note for 5th semester MBBS students. Lecture notes on hepatology, liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, portal hypertension, and hepatic encephalopathy. Introduction to hepatic encephalopathy, causes, differentials, approach, and management of hepatic encephalopathy .
What is the cardiovascular system? Your heart and many blood vessels in your body make up your cardiovascular system or circulatory system. Your heart uses the far-reaching, intricate network of blood vessels to deliver oxygen and other necessary things to your whole body.
A presentation on the pathology and current management (with Especial emphasis on surgical management) of Portal Hypertension; a common complication of liver cirrhosis among other liver diseases. Being a copy of seminar presentation I for the HepatoPancreaticoBiliary Unit of the Division of General Surgery, Ahmadu Belllo University Teaching Hospital, Zaria.
Urinary system – common pathological correlationKochi Chia
Presentation on common urinary system pathologies and radiological findings. Just a brief explanation. Further info can be obtained from www.radiopaedia.org and www.radiologyassistant.nl
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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11. • Zone 1: Region immediately surrounding portal
tract. First area exposed to portal blood.
• Zone 2: The middle region.
• Zone 3: Closest to central vein.
Receives the least oxygenated blood. Most
susceptible to hypoxic damage.
12. Cirrhosis
• “A diffuse process characterised by fibrosis
and a conversion of normal architecture into
structurally abnormal nodules.”
• Many different causes
• Thought to be progressive and irreversible
74. Summary
• No Fasting
• Limit Salt
• DO NOT LIMIT protein unless in HE and for a
very short period of time
• In compensated cirrhosis decrease fat and
carbs carefully
• In decompensated cirrhosis increase protein
esp vegetable protein
