BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Introduction
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
BMS architecture
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Introduction
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
BMS architecture
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
BATTERY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (BMS) IN ELECTRIC VEHICLESBhagavathyP
Why we need BMS?
General function of BMS
Block diagram of BMS
Battery pack – Voltage, Current, Temperature and Isolation sensing
HV contactor control
BMS communications interface
Estimation of energy and power and SOC
Methods to find SOC
Cell Balancing
Relationship between SOC and DOD
A modular high power battery system for pulsedShaurya Tyagi
Design of High Power battery system where supply is unavailable due to various reasons for pulsed power applications(i.e intermittent duty cycle applications).
A Standard-Cell Solution to a Ten-Cell Problem: The Development of a State-of...jgpecor
Numerous solutions exist for determining and displaying battery state-of-charge information. The sharp increase in popularity of portable personal electronics in the commercial world, coupled with the migration toward highly mobile dismounted-soldier communications and weapons technology, has lead to a multitude of battery management integrated circuits (ICs) from leading vendors in the semiconductor industry. Unfortunately, very few of the ICs are targeted for implementation in primary batteries – especially batteries with the unique attributes that often characterize primary lithium batteries. As a result, finding an existing semiconductor solution for state-of-charge determination in primary lithium batteries is a challenging endeavor.
This paper presents the development process of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) targeted for implementation into primary lithium batteries. Specifically, this ASIC was developed to address the need for a state-of-charge solution in the BA-5590 LiSO2 and BA-5390 LiMnO2.
Welcome all to travel green and carbon free road use electric vehicles on roadMahesh Chandra Manav
We all has to take responsibility to maintain Green Clean Environment by use of Electric Vehicle and Charging Infra Domestic ,Office and Public Place .
plz go through presentation and contact us
Presentation made at Joint Service Power Expo 2011. Tactical Micro Grid® control of legacy power systems with integrated solar, wind and fuel cell power sources and Li Ion energy storage to minimize fossil fuel usage in mobile and stationary applications.
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
• They are relatively expensive to produce compared to other battery technologies.
• They have a limited lifespan, typically around 2-3 years, and their capacity gradually decreases over time.
• Lithium-ion batteries can be sensitive to high temperatures and overcharging, which can cause them to overheat, swell, or catch fire.
• They require special care and handling to prevent damage, such as avoiding deep discharge and extreme temperatures.
• The production of lithium-ion batteries relies on the mining and processing of materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can have significant environmental impacts.
• Recycling of lithium-ion batteries can be challenging and costly, leading to concerns about e-waste and sustainability.
• They are relatively expensive to produce compared to other battery technologies.
• They have a limited lifespan, typically around 2-3 years, and their capacity gradually decreases over time.
• Lithium-ion batteries can be sensitive to high temperatures and overcharging, which can cause them to overheat, swell, or catch fire.
• They require special care and handling to prevent damage, such as avoiding deep discharge and extreme temperatures.
• The production of lithium-ion batteries relies on the mining and processing of materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can have significant environmental impacts.
• Recycling of lithium-ion batteries can be challenging and costly, leading to concerns about e-waste and sustainability.
• They are relatively expensive to produce compared to other battery technologies.
• They have a limited lifespan, typically around 2-3 years, and their capacity gradually decreases over time.
• Lithium-ion batteries can be sensitive to high temperatures and overcharging, which can cause them to overheat, swell, or catch fire.
• They require special care and handling to prevent damage, such as avoiding deep discharge and extreme temperatures.
• The production of lithium-ion batteries relies on the mining and processing of materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can have significant environmental impacts.
• Recycling of lithium-ion batteries can be challenging and costly, leading to concerns about e-waste and sustainability.
A modular high power battery system for pulsedShaurya Tyagi
Design of High Power battery system where supply is unavailable due to various reasons for pulsed power applications(i.e intermittent duty cycle applications).
A Standard-Cell Solution to a Ten-Cell Problem: The Development of a State-of...jgpecor
Numerous solutions exist for determining and displaying battery state-of-charge information. The sharp increase in popularity of portable personal electronics in the commercial world, coupled with the migration toward highly mobile dismounted-soldier communications and weapons technology, has lead to a multitude of battery management integrated circuits (ICs) from leading vendors in the semiconductor industry. Unfortunately, very few of the ICs are targeted for implementation in primary batteries – especially batteries with the unique attributes that often characterize primary lithium batteries. As a result, finding an existing semiconductor solution for state-of-charge determination in primary lithium batteries is a challenging endeavor.
This paper presents the development process of an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) targeted for implementation into primary lithium batteries. Specifically, this ASIC was developed to address the need for a state-of-charge solution in the BA-5590 LiSO2 and BA-5390 LiMnO2.
Welcome all to travel green and carbon free road use electric vehicles on roadMahesh Chandra Manav
We all has to take responsibility to maintain Green Clean Environment by use of Electric Vehicle and Charging Infra Domestic ,Office and Public Place .
plz go through presentation and contact us
Presentation made at Joint Service Power Expo 2011. Tactical Micro Grid® control of legacy power systems with integrated solar, wind and fuel cell power sources and Li Ion energy storage to minimize fossil fuel usage in mobile and stationary applications.
Detailed presentation on the basics of an electric vehicle, comparison of different motors for EV application, comparison of different batteries for EV application, Charging infrastructure for EV in India and a brief on BMS(Battery Management System).
• They are relatively expensive to produce compared to other battery technologies.
• They have a limited lifespan, typically around 2-3 years, and their capacity gradually decreases over time.
• Lithium-ion batteries can be sensitive to high temperatures and overcharging, which can cause them to overheat, swell, or catch fire.
• They require special care and handling to prevent damage, such as avoiding deep discharge and extreme temperatures.
• The production of lithium-ion batteries relies on the mining and processing of materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can have significant environmental impacts.
• Recycling of lithium-ion batteries can be challenging and costly, leading to concerns about e-waste and sustainability.
• They are relatively expensive to produce compared to other battery technologies.
• They have a limited lifespan, typically around 2-3 years, and their capacity gradually decreases over time.
• Lithium-ion batteries can be sensitive to high temperatures and overcharging, which can cause them to overheat, swell, or catch fire.
• They require special care and handling to prevent damage, such as avoiding deep discharge and extreme temperatures.
• The production of lithium-ion batteries relies on the mining and processing of materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can have significant environmental impacts.
• Recycling of lithium-ion batteries can be challenging and costly, leading to concerns about e-waste and sustainability.
• They are relatively expensive to produce compared to other battery technologies.
• They have a limited lifespan, typically around 2-3 years, and their capacity gradually decreases over time.
• Lithium-ion batteries can be sensitive to high temperatures and overcharging, which can cause them to overheat, swell, or catch fire.
• They require special care and handling to prevent damage, such as avoiding deep discharge and extreme temperatures.
• The production of lithium-ion batteries relies on the mining and processing of materials such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, which can have significant environmental impacts.
• Recycling of lithium-ion batteries can be challenging and costly, leading to concerns about e-waste and sustainability.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements in battery performance. For example, solid-state batteries, which use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, have the potential to offer higher energy density and improved safety. Other promising technologies include lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries.
Sustainability is also a major concern for battery technology. The mining and processing of materials used in batteries, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, can have significant environmental impacts, including water pollution, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers are exploring ways to make batteries more sustainable, such as using recycled materials, developing more efficient manufacturing processes, and improving battery recycling techniques.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements in battery performance. For example, solid-state batteries, which use a solid electrolyte instead of a liquid one, have the potential to offer higher energy density and improved safety. Other promising technologies include lithium-sulfur batteries and metal-air batteries.
Sustainability is also a major concern for battery technology. The mining and processing of materials used in batteries, such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel, can have significant environmental impacts, including water pollution, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers are exploring ways to make batteries more sustainable, such as using recycled materials, developing more efficient manufacturing processes, and improving battery recycling techniques.
Current State of Battery Technology:
Today, lithium-ion batteries remain the dominant technology for portable devices and electric vehicles, thanks to their high energy density, long lifespan, and improved safety features. However, there are still many challenges facing battery technology, including the need for increased energy density, longer lifespan, and sustainability.
Researchers are working on developing new materials and manufacturing techniques that could lead to significant improvements
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EXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdfEXP 5 Power eq 2.pdf
Types of Sensors used in Automobiles
Mass airflow sensor.
Engine Speed Sensor.
Oxygen Sensor.
Spark Knock Sensor.
Coolant Sensor.
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAF) Sensor.
Fuel Temperature Sensor.
Voltage sensor.
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Different Types of Car Sensors used in Automobiles - ElProCushttps://www.elprocus.com › different-types-of-sensors-use...
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Automotive Sensors: MEMShttp://www.ann.ece.ufl.edu › courses › papers › A...
PPT
Introduce MEMS; Applications; Automotive Specific Information; Fabrication ... MEMS Sensors and Actuators used to control various elements of the automobile.
Unit -IV Automotive Sensors & Actuatorshttps://www.gcoeara.ac.in › auto
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Working principle of sensors, Types of sensors, Airflow ... Temperature sensor, MAP sensors, Knock/Detonation ... In the case of vehicle sensors it is.
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Car Icon With Different IOT Sensor - SlideTeamhttps://www.slideteam.net › car-icon-with-different-iot-s...
Find predesigned Car Icon With Different IOT Sensor PowerPoint templates slides, graphics, and image designs provided by SlideTeam.
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(PPT) Automotive Radar in English.pptx | Ali Fauzihttps://www.academia.edu › Automotive_Radar_in_En...
Configuration schematic of DISTRONIC PLUS, where orange is a 77 GHz LRR-sensor and green is a 24 GHz SRR-sensor (Source: Daimler AG, Stuttgart, Germany).
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Types of Sensors used in Automobiles
Mass airflow sensor.
Engine Speed Sensor.
Oxygen Sensor.
Spark Knock Sensor.
Coolant Sensor.
Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAF) Sensor.
Fuel Temperature Sensor.
Volt
Cafe Coffee Day (CCD) average sale per day were up 11.58% to ₹17,140 during the quarter as against ₹15,361 in January-March last fiscal year.
During the quarter under review, its same-store sales growth was up 4.9%. However, year-on-year, its cafe outlet count was down by 13.46% as the number of operational stores came down to 495 in Q4.
It was operating 501 stores in October-December of FY22 and 572 in the corresponding January-March quarter of FY21. Vending machine count was down to 45,217 during the quarter under review from 45,959 in the year-ago period.
For the fiscal ended March 2022, Coffee Day Global narrowed net loss to ₹113.44 crore. It had reported a net loss of ₹306.54 crore in the previous fiscal. Its revenue from operations was ₹496.26 crore in FY22 - 23.81% higher than in the year-ago period.
India offers the world’s largest untapped EV market, especially in the two-wheeler segment. With several automakers rolling out EV vehicles at a rapid pace, the penetration of these vehicles has increased significantly in the past few years. As per a recent study, electric vehicles (EVs) market is expected to be worth around at least ₹475 billion by 2025. The penetration of electric two-wheelers is projected to reach up to 15% by 2025 from 1% currently.
As business activities gain pace and the Indian economy rebounds its way in 2022, the auto industry is set to enter a new phase of growth, innovation and investment. However, the road to the future of EV is battling various challenges. While the government is aggressively promoting EV adoption in India, the inadequate infrastructure, lack of high performing EVs and high upfront cost is causing a major hindrance for its mass adoption.
Capital cost has always been a major factor in th
Capital cost has always been a major factor in the EV purchase decision, with 63% of consumers believing that an EV is beyond their budget. The lack of adequate charging infrastructure in our country is a huge barrier to increased EV penetration. Compared to traditional petrol stations, charging stations are harder to find, normally limited by investment costs and difficult infrastructure development enabling people to charge where they usually park, at home or at work, which presents its own challenges, such as dealing with multi-tenant buildings, grid-connection management, and charging slot availability. It is anticipated that there will be a shortage of nickel, and scaling up lithium production would be a challenge, leading to supply shortage that may cause manufacturers to use lower-quality mineral inputs, adversely affecting battery performance.
PPT On Spring Design , it is used in Machine Design for Engineering and At various Perpuses.
Compression springs are coil springs that resist a compressive force applied axially. Compression springs or coil springs have a spring constant and may be cylindrical springs, conical springs, tapered , concave or convex in shape. Compression springs are linear and thus have the same rate per inch throughout the entire spring. You can have large compression springs, heavy duty compression springs, conical compression spring, small compression springs, or even micro compression springs. Coil compression springs are wound in a helix usually out of round wire. The changing of compression spring ends, direction of the helix, material, and finish all allow a compression spring to meet a wide variety of special industrial needs. Coil springs can be manufactured to very tight tolerances, this allows the coil spring to precisely fit in a hole or around a shaft. A digital load tester, or coil spring compression tester can be used to accurately measure the specific load points in your metal spring. The possibilities are almost endless because there are so many applications for metal springs.
Compression springs can accomplish many types of applications such as pushing or twisting, thus allowing you to achieve numerous results. Compression springs offer resistance to linear compressing forces (push) and are in fact one of the most efficient energy storage devices available. A ballpoint pen is an excellent example of how small compression springs work. The small spring will compress when the pen is clicked and then the small spring will return to it's original position. Other uses include vibration dampening and high temperature applications.
Compression springs that are engineered for high temperature applications can reach up to 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
3. Comparison:
Lead vs. Lithium in EVs
Charging
Lead-acid batteries charges well in a long string
Over voltage in a cell is not good, but generally passes the current to the
next cell in an equalization cycle with little damage.
Cell balancing can be done with a sophisticated charger (IUIa cycle)
Lithium batteries OK in a string, but over voltage on a individual cell can
do serious cell damage.
Individual cell charging is solution, or
Balancing cells and charge in a string.
Discharging
Lead can tolerate discharging to 0% State of charge (SOC) with some
cycle life damage.
Lithium will have serious damage when discharging below 2.0V, can be
completely ruined.
5. Lithium Discharge Curves
Lithium Batteries have a fairly flat discharge curve with
sharp shoulders
http://enerdel.com/content/view/105/88/
6. Lithium BMS Challenges
1. Must not Over-Charge an individual cell
2. Must not Over-Discharge an individual
cell
3. Must not let cells get too hot during
charge or discharge
7. ENTER THE LITHIUM BMS
Many thoughts and discussions on what constitutes a
Battery Management System (BMS):
Monitor and Detect Cell Over-Charge, and cut off charger
Monitor and Detect Cell Over-discharge and alert operator, or cut
off system power.
Cell Balance for string charging
Temperature Monitoring
Remaining State of Charge determination
This is done in your cell phone & laptop, why not in your
car?
High voltages and high currents make it difficult
Sparse BMS technology availability has held up Lithium
conversion projects.
8. BMS Topology: Distributed
Put voltage monitor and
discharge balancer on
each cell, with digital
communications for
charger cutoff and status.
Advantages: Simpler design and construction and its potential for higher
reliability in an automotive environment.
Disadvantages: Large number of mini-slave printed circuit boards which are
needed and the difficulty of mounting them on some cell types.
9. BMS Topology: Modular
Advantages: Does not need printed circuit boards connected to individual
cells.
Disadvantages: Master-Slave isolated communications can be challenging in
an EV.
Several Slave
controllers
consolidate data
to a master
10. BMS Topology: Centralized
Centralized
Master Control
Unit
Advantages: Single installation point. No complex inter-vehicle communications
Disadvantages: Typical EV batteries are distributed in the vehicle, requiring
wiring to a central location.
Single source for balancer heat generation.
Central
Master
Control Unit
1
11. Li-Ion BMS Market options
Investigate BMS solution for highway
capable EV conversion
Needs to support typical DC system:
160 AH prismatic LiFeP04 (3.2V),
250A + systems
40-48 cells (128 to 153 volts)
Must monitor
Should manage, report and balance
13. Li-Ion BMS options (continued)
Company
(1)
Topology
(3)
No
of
cells
(4)
Balan.
(5)
Temper.
(6)
Display
Fuel
gauge
(8)
Over
Volt
Protection
Comm.
(9)
Case
(10)
Price,
48-cell
(11)
High Tech
Systems
(SSI?)
Distri
b.
1~any ✓ ✓ ? - ? Wire - ??
Ningbo
Yangming
Elite
Power
(BMS 50)
Mod
ular
Up to
50,
higher
available
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ - ? Metal $1789
PackTrakr
from
KJHall
Motor Co
Mod
ular
6~40 - ✓ ✓ - - RS23
2
Plastic $710 (40
cells
only)
REAP
systems
Mod
ular
4~168 ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Bus - 697 x 4 =
$2788*
Volt
Blocher
Distri
b.
1~any ✓ - - - opt Opt
wire
- $864-
1008
assemble
d
14. BMS Honorable Mention
Lithium Balance – No published specs or pricing
Gary Goodrum – DIY BMS Ckt, 24 cell on Endless
Sphere, Low current device for bikes
Metric Mind – Custom BMS, no pricing for BMS products
Boundless – creates custom battery packs.
Hot Juice Electric BEQ – Balance only
Manzanita Micro – Partial solution, 4 cells for $250
Open Source BMS projects – no resolutions
15. Small Print:
1. Company: A few other companies are getting ready to offer Li-Ion BMSs, but are not yet ready to be listed here.
2. Class:
• Simple: analog technology, just able to detect that some cell's voltage is too low or too high
• Fancy: sophisticated digital technology, able to measure and report every cell voltage, and to calculate SOC
3. Topology: See previous slides
4. Number of cells: this is the acceptable range in the number of cells in series. The number of cells in parallel does
not matter.
5. Balance: The BMS is able to remove energy just from the most charged cells, to allow the other cells to reach the
same level of charge.
6. Temperature: The BMS is able to measure and report individual cells' temperature.
7. Current sense: The BMS includes a current sensor or at least an input for a current sensor, to measure battery
current. This enables the BMS to react to excessive current, and to calculate the SOS or DOD.
8. "Fuel gauge": a.k.a.: "Gas Gauge". The BMS calculates the SOC (State Of Charge) or DOD (Depth Of Discharge),
by integrating the battery current.
9. Communications:
• Wire: separate wires are used, each with a single, specific function, such as to turn on the charger relay.
• CAN: CAN bus, common in vehicles and European industrial equipment.
• RS232: serial point-to-point communication, usually used only for initial set-up and testing, but some time also
available for communication during operation.
10. Case: Whether the BMS controller is enclosed (metal or plastic case), or it is an open PCB assembly. Unless
otherwise noted, any cell-mounted boards are assumed to be open PCB assemblies.
11. Price: from manufacturers' websites or discussion with their clients.
16. Hardy EV Flex BMS
Centralized BMS Architecture
Miniature In car display and operator alerts
Battery monitoring for over-voltage, under voltage
3 versions in production
Up to 36 cells - For NEVs and small EVs
Up to 48 cells – For DC systems
Up to 84 cells – Prius plug-in conversions and AC systems
Temperature monitoring
Adjustable voltage and temperature thresholds
Cell balancing with built-in thermal management
Full diagnostic self test identifies faulty wiring
Internal Log allows identification of problem batteries
USB Log Option for detailed cell monitoring logs
Current monitor option for state of charge determination
Works with charger up to AC: 25A 240V
Priced for EV conversions: $891 for 48 cell system
Data logger option $50
Current Monitor option $60
www.ConvertTheFuture.com