This document summarizes research on the effects of multiple candidates competing in primary elections in different countries. It discusses studies on primary systems in the Netherlands, China, Latin America, and the US state of California. The findings from these studies varied - in some places like China, multiple candidates hindered election outcomes by encouraging voting based on kinship rather than qualifications, while in Latin America it increased voter participation. Overall, the document concludes that multiple candidates can affect outcomes positively or negatively depending on other cultural and societal factors in each location.
This paper explores whether racial prejudice affected the results of the 2016 Republican primary elections. The author uses regression analysis to examine the relationship between the percentage of votes Donald Trump received in each state and various measures of racism, including hate crime rates, numbers of hate groups, and racially charged Google searches. The analysis found that Trump performed better in states with higher levels of hate crimes and more hate groups per capita. This suggests that racial prejudice may have contributed to Trump's success in the 2016 Republican primaries.
This document summarizes two experiments on how information presented to voters can influence voting behavior on ballot measures regarding same-sex marriage. The first experiment found that slightly altering the wording of a ballot measure by adding four words made a significant difference in how people voted. The second experiment showed that exposure to campaign messages supporting constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage significantly changed people's attitudes towards the proposed bans. Overall, the findings suggest that the wording of ballot measures and exposure to campaign ads have the potential to strongly impact voting outcomes on civil rights issues.
A short presentation. Research proposal on the voting preferences of generation X and Y voters in Metro Manila, Philippines. Qualitative research class.
The document analyzes the relationship between political polarization, wealth inequality, voter turnout laws, and voter turnout. Regression models found that political polarization and voter ID laws did not significantly impact turnout, but wealth inequality did have a significant negative effect on turnout. While the study has limitations, it provides initial evidence that increasing wealth inequality, rather than polarization alone, may contribute to decreasing voter participation. Further research is needed to more fully understand the impacts of polarization and inequality on political engagement.
Dov Levin - Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing...Davide J. Mancino
This document introduces a new dataset on Partisan Electoral Interventions by the Great Powers (PEIG) between 1946 and 2000. The dataset provides information on instances where the US and USSR/Russia attempted to influence election results in other countries. It defines partisan electoral interventions and how cases were identified and coded. Some initial patterns are presented, such as the US and USSR intervened in about one of every nine competitive national elections. The dataset aims to facilitate further quantitative research on electoral interventions and their effects.
The document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) and provides statistics on its prevalence. It notes that IPV disproportionately impacts LGBT and immigrant populations. IPV occurs across demographic groups but language barriers, social isolation, and threats to immigration status make immigrant populations especially vulnerable. The document also examines IPV within same-sex couples and differences in legal protections and community resources available. It outlines government programs and funding aimed at addressing IPV through prevention, research, victim services and promoting coordinated community responses.
This study examined feelings of distinctiveness, satisfaction, and identity among biracial and African American students at a predominantly white university. Twenty-nine students (20 African American and 9 biracial) completed surveys on distinctiveness and satisfaction. Biracial students also answered additional questions about their biracial identity. The results showed that African American students reported greater feelings of racial awareness and accountability than biracial students. However, both groups reported similar levels of satisfaction with their university experience and frequency of being the only student of their race in class. Biracial students felt pressure to identify with one race over the other and that people made assumptions about their racial identity, though racial status was not a major part of their personal identity
Different models of issue voting in britainAnurag Gangal
This document summarizes and compares different models of issue voting, and how they explain voting behavior in recent British elections. It discusses models like the Michigan Model, proximity models, valence voting models, and how they have evolved over time from the 1950s to today. While no single model can fully capture unpredictable voter behavior, these models provide useful frameworks for analyzing trends and major patterns of issue-based voting. The document also analyzes how factors like party identification, policy preferences, leadership images, and economic conditions influence how voters make choices between parties in British elections.
This paper explores whether racial prejudice affected the results of the 2016 Republican primary elections. The author uses regression analysis to examine the relationship between the percentage of votes Donald Trump received in each state and various measures of racism, including hate crime rates, numbers of hate groups, and racially charged Google searches. The analysis found that Trump performed better in states with higher levels of hate crimes and more hate groups per capita. This suggests that racial prejudice may have contributed to Trump's success in the 2016 Republican primaries.
This document summarizes two experiments on how information presented to voters can influence voting behavior on ballot measures regarding same-sex marriage. The first experiment found that slightly altering the wording of a ballot measure by adding four words made a significant difference in how people voted. The second experiment showed that exposure to campaign messages supporting constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage significantly changed people's attitudes towards the proposed bans. Overall, the findings suggest that the wording of ballot measures and exposure to campaign ads have the potential to strongly impact voting outcomes on civil rights issues.
A short presentation. Research proposal on the voting preferences of generation X and Y voters in Metro Manila, Philippines. Qualitative research class.
The document analyzes the relationship between political polarization, wealth inequality, voter turnout laws, and voter turnout. Regression models found that political polarization and voter ID laws did not significantly impact turnout, but wealth inequality did have a significant negative effect on turnout. While the study has limitations, it provides initial evidence that increasing wealth inequality, rather than polarization alone, may contribute to decreasing voter participation. Further research is needed to more fully understand the impacts of polarization and inequality on political engagement.
Dov Levin - Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing...Davide J. Mancino
This document introduces a new dataset on Partisan Electoral Interventions by the Great Powers (PEIG) between 1946 and 2000. The dataset provides information on instances where the US and USSR/Russia attempted to influence election results in other countries. It defines partisan electoral interventions and how cases were identified and coded. Some initial patterns are presented, such as the US and USSR intervened in about one of every nine competitive national elections. The dataset aims to facilitate further quantitative research on electoral interventions and their effects.
The document discusses intimate partner violence (IPV) and provides statistics on its prevalence. It notes that IPV disproportionately impacts LGBT and immigrant populations. IPV occurs across demographic groups but language barriers, social isolation, and threats to immigration status make immigrant populations especially vulnerable. The document also examines IPV within same-sex couples and differences in legal protections and community resources available. It outlines government programs and funding aimed at addressing IPV through prevention, research, victim services and promoting coordinated community responses.
This study examined feelings of distinctiveness, satisfaction, and identity among biracial and African American students at a predominantly white university. Twenty-nine students (20 African American and 9 biracial) completed surveys on distinctiveness and satisfaction. Biracial students also answered additional questions about their biracial identity. The results showed that African American students reported greater feelings of racial awareness and accountability than biracial students. However, both groups reported similar levels of satisfaction with their university experience and frequency of being the only student of their race in class. Biracial students felt pressure to identify with one race over the other and that people made assumptions about their racial identity, though racial status was not a major part of their personal identity
Different models of issue voting in britainAnurag Gangal
This document summarizes and compares different models of issue voting, and how they explain voting behavior in recent British elections. It discusses models like the Michigan Model, proximity models, valence voting models, and how they have evolved over time from the 1950s to today. While no single model can fully capture unpredictable voter behavior, these models provide useful frameworks for analyzing trends and major patterns of issue-based voting. The document also analyzes how factors like party identification, policy preferences, leadership images, and economic conditions influence how voters make choices between parties in British elections.
Election, particiption and voting behaviourShyam Budhwar
Voting behavior in India is influenced by many determinants. Religious, caste, community, and linguistic factors play a role as politicians appeal to these identities. Money also influences votes as it is used by parties to win elections. Ideology and policies can sway voters, as can the purpose of an election. The extent of suffrage also impacts behavior. Additionally, the charisma of leaders is very influential, as slogans and personalities have changed voter minds and election outcomes in India. Some examples given are Indira Gandhi's "Garibi Hatao" slogan and Narendra Modi's strong image. Caste alliances and regionalism further guide how many Indians vote.
This document discusses a study on altruistic punishment in elections. The study uses a voting experiment to provide evidence that many voters are willing to vote at a cost to punish candidates who broke electoral promises, even when the voter is indifferent to the election outcome. Specifically, the experiment found that at least 14% of indifferent voters chose to vote against a candidate who broke a promise, incurring a personal cost to do so, indicating they voted based on altruistic punishment motives rather than strategic concerns. This provides quantitative evidence that altruistic punishment, the desire to sanction uncooperative behavior, can influence political voting decisions.
The document summarizes a study that investigated how first- and second-generation immigrant college students use social media to engage with their cultural and ethnic identities. 30 immigrant students completed a Q-sort to rank statements about social media use. 3 factors emerged from the analysis: 1) Heritage Immersed users leveraged social media to connect with their culture through language and social issues. 2) Heritage through Family users, who were second-generation, maintained ties to family abroad to access culture. 3) Filtered Conscientious users, who were all female, connected to family but regulated posts to avoid conflicts from a diverse network. The factors provided insight into how variations in social media use reflect different types of cultural capital.
The document discusses various aspects of the US political system and elections, including political parties, interest groups, voting behavior, and campaign finance. It covers topics like the two-party system, the rise of political action committees (PACs), voter turnout rates among different demographic groups, and the impact of media on presidential elections. The document is a study guide or test that asks 150 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of these and related concepts in American government and politics.
This report summarizes the results of a survey of over 1,200 Vermont college students about their plans after graduation. The top factors that would influence students to stay in Vermont are high-paying or meaningful jobs, affordable housing and cost of living, assistance with student loans, and personal relationships. Students gave Vermont its highest ratings for natural amenities but lowest ratings for affordable housing and transportation options. Open-ended responses indicated improved job opportunities, housing, and financial incentives could encourage more students to remain in the state.
This document is a thesis analyzing the effect of state judicial selection systems on the ethnic, racial, and gender diversity of state court judges. It utilizes 2010 data on state judges and lawyers to examine diversity at the trial, appellate, and supreme court levels. Regression models are used to analyze the relationship between selection system and diversity while controlling for the presence of female and minority lawyers. The results do not find clear or consistent relationships between selection system and diversity. Previous literature on this topic has also produced inconsistent results. The unclear findings of this and prior studies suggest a need for longitudinal analysis of how selection systems affect diversity over time as judicial systems evolve.
This document discusses various factors that influence voter turnout and participation in the United States. It begins by noting the most common form of participation is voting but that US turnout rates lag other industrialized nations. Potential reasons proposed include that voting is not compulsory, registration laws, and elections being held on weekdays. The document then reviews historical barriers to voting for black Americans and key pieces of voting rights legislation. Additional topics covered include the impact of voter laws, cultural and demographic factors on turnout, and theories regarding how political attitudes and decisions are formed.
This document discusses previous research on the relationship between education and white Americans' racial attitudes. While some consider higher education to promote tolerance, others argue it enables dominant groups to better defend their privileged positions. The paper seeks to extend this work by analyzing the effect of education on attitudes toward multiple minority groups, using improved controls. It reviews two leading theories - that education enlightens views, or allows refinement of self-interested ideologies. Previous mixed findings are described, showing education correlates with more principled but not practical support for racial equality.
This document discusses truancy - unexcused absences from school. It notes that truancy laws vary by state, defining truancy and legal requirements. The document also summarizes research showing that truancy is linked to various problems like delinquent behavior, substance abuse, dropping out of high school, and lower lifetime earnings. It concludes by discussing some court and community responses to truancy like laws linking driving privileges to school attendance.
The document discusses various topics related to American politics and elections, including political parties, interest groups, campaign fundraising, voter turnout, and realignments. It contains multiple choice questions about these topics, asking about key figures, events, trends, and concepts. The questions cover topics such as the origins of the major political parties, the role of lobbyists and PAC contributions, sources of campaign money, reasons why some citizens do not vote, and impact of economic issues on election outcomes.
What we see may not always be the reality and what we
presume as real may not be our observation always. In a democratic
set-up, this has often emerged as a reality. Democracies had always been subjected to criticism but it is astonishing to note how the
interplay of corrupt vision and changing social attitudes playing a
havoc in our democratic systems. This paper broadly investigates
the voting behavior and attitudes in response to sophisticated
tempting actions by political parties to pull voters. This research
demonstrates that higher the level of temptation combined with
many socio-economic perils leads to higher biasness towards
them. Participatory research, interviews, journals, publications,
and observation and media reporting have been studied, analyzed,
and scrutinized to discover how different poor and illiterate people
vote. Findings and results attribute a greater role of education,
financial liberty, backwardness, and awareness to political reality
in determining voting behavior.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that explores how African American students attending predominantly white institutions (PWIs) develop their racial identity and achieve academic success despite facing marginalization. The paper examines how total marginality, defined as the cumulative dissonance Black students face on campus, impacts identity development and success. It reviews literature on racial identity and oppositional culture theories. The study was conducted through interviews at a Midwestern state university to understand how successful Black students resisted total marginality and developed their racial identity. The findings provide insight into how peer groups, environment, and embracing their racial identity can help Black students graduate from PWIs.
The document summarizes research on felon disenfranchisement laws and their impact. It finds that US disenfranchisement laws are the most restrictive globally and disproportionately impact minority populations. Surveys show most public support voting rights for felons after completing sentences, but not for those currently incarcerated. Studies link regaining the ability to vote to lower recidivism rates.
Our two main political parties are at a crossroads. Can a consumer marketing lens reveal a way forward?
By Stacy Baas and Samantha Cabaluna
Full text of the report available at https://www.baasstrategy.com/blog/making-sense-of-the-moment-b4tsw
The quality of government and why elections fail ( pdf drive )Shobhit Thapliyal
This document discusses factors that influence the quality and integrity of elections, focusing on the structure, capacity, and culture of electoral authorities. It analyzes how the independence of electoral management bodies, government effectiveness, and the impartiality of public administration may impact electoral performance. While conventional wisdom suggests that independent electoral authorities improve elections, the study found no evidence for this, and instead found that state capacity and bureaucratic norms were more influential on electoral integrity. Administrative errors, failures, and inconsistencies were shown to potentially undermine legitimacy across many democracies, not just fragile states.
This study examined potential biases based on sexual orientation and political orientation. Participants read one of three scenarios about a physical altercation between students where one was identified as heterosexual or homosexual. They then answered questions about fairness of the outcome. Researchers hypothesized that liberals would exhibit bias in favor of homosexuals and conservatives would exhibit bias against homosexuals. Results found no significant bias by conservatives, but indirect support for liberals displaying bias against the heterosexual student. The goal was to extend research on relationships between political orientation and biases like those involving race, to biases regarding sexual orientation.
The document provides a summary of a research paper that investigates the relationship between voters' opinions of President Obama and whether voters feel they can relate to him through personal factors. It reviews literature on how factors like race, religion, age, and political affiliation can influence voter opinions. The research aims to test if a voter's ability to relate to Obama personally affects their opinion of him, while controlling for race, religion, age, political party identification through statistical analysis of survey data. It hypothesizes that if a voter feels they can relate to Obama as a person, their opinion of him will be more positive.
This document discusses the functions and roles of political parties in government. It describes how political parties seek to control government by electing party members to office. Parties work to aggregate interests, integrate new issues, and socialize and recruit citizens. Third parties can influence ideas but typically fade over time as major parties adopt their issues. The document also examines theories of party competition and decline in terms of voters' attachments to parties, party organizations, and party control of government. In recent decades, partisanship has resurged both in party organizations and control of government.
This study examined 221 cases of child abuse among immigrant Chinese families in Los Angeles. The researchers reviewed case files to analyze victim characteristics, perpetrator traits, family characteristics, and outcomes. Most victims endured physical abuse or neglect, and perpetrators generally had less education and spoke English less well than counterparts. Children were often kept in the home, reflecting cultural norms favoring keeping families together. The study provided insight into culturally-informed abuse patterns and implications for social services.
The document discusses several studies on the impact of women in legislatures. It notes that while women's participation in government has increased, they still hold less than 20% of seats in the US House and Senate and less than 25% in state legislatures. Some key points made:
- The American electoral system of single-member districts favors incumbents and hinders women's representation.
- Studies found women more likely to support women's issues as their numbers grow, allowing more impact on policy.
- Gender influences voting on women's issues but less so on other issues where party affiliation is a stronger predictor.
- Differences exist between white women and black women in legislatures, such as more cohesive policy
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
Election, particiption and voting behaviourShyam Budhwar
Voting behavior in India is influenced by many determinants. Religious, caste, community, and linguistic factors play a role as politicians appeal to these identities. Money also influences votes as it is used by parties to win elections. Ideology and policies can sway voters, as can the purpose of an election. The extent of suffrage also impacts behavior. Additionally, the charisma of leaders is very influential, as slogans and personalities have changed voter minds and election outcomes in India. Some examples given are Indira Gandhi's "Garibi Hatao" slogan and Narendra Modi's strong image. Caste alliances and regionalism further guide how many Indians vote.
This document discusses a study on altruistic punishment in elections. The study uses a voting experiment to provide evidence that many voters are willing to vote at a cost to punish candidates who broke electoral promises, even when the voter is indifferent to the election outcome. Specifically, the experiment found that at least 14% of indifferent voters chose to vote against a candidate who broke a promise, incurring a personal cost to do so, indicating they voted based on altruistic punishment motives rather than strategic concerns. This provides quantitative evidence that altruistic punishment, the desire to sanction uncooperative behavior, can influence political voting decisions.
The document summarizes a study that investigated how first- and second-generation immigrant college students use social media to engage with their cultural and ethnic identities. 30 immigrant students completed a Q-sort to rank statements about social media use. 3 factors emerged from the analysis: 1) Heritage Immersed users leveraged social media to connect with their culture through language and social issues. 2) Heritage through Family users, who were second-generation, maintained ties to family abroad to access culture. 3) Filtered Conscientious users, who were all female, connected to family but regulated posts to avoid conflicts from a diverse network. The factors provided insight into how variations in social media use reflect different types of cultural capital.
The document discusses various aspects of the US political system and elections, including political parties, interest groups, voting behavior, and campaign finance. It covers topics like the two-party system, the rise of political action committees (PACs), voter turnout rates among different demographic groups, and the impact of media on presidential elections. The document is a study guide or test that asks 150 multiple choice questions testing knowledge of these and related concepts in American government and politics.
This report summarizes the results of a survey of over 1,200 Vermont college students about their plans after graduation. The top factors that would influence students to stay in Vermont are high-paying or meaningful jobs, affordable housing and cost of living, assistance with student loans, and personal relationships. Students gave Vermont its highest ratings for natural amenities but lowest ratings for affordable housing and transportation options. Open-ended responses indicated improved job opportunities, housing, and financial incentives could encourage more students to remain in the state.
This document is a thesis analyzing the effect of state judicial selection systems on the ethnic, racial, and gender diversity of state court judges. It utilizes 2010 data on state judges and lawyers to examine diversity at the trial, appellate, and supreme court levels. Regression models are used to analyze the relationship between selection system and diversity while controlling for the presence of female and minority lawyers. The results do not find clear or consistent relationships between selection system and diversity. Previous literature on this topic has also produced inconsistent results. The unclear findings of this and prior studies suggest a need for longitudinal analysis of how selection systems affect diversity over time as judicial systems evolve.
This document discusses various factors that influence voter turnout and participation in the United States. It begins by noting the most common form of participation is voting but that US turnout rates lag other industrialized nations. Potential reasons proposed include that voting is not compulsory, registration laws, and elections being held on weekdays. The document then reviews historical barriers to voting for black Americans and key pieces of voting rights legislation. Additional topics covered include the impact of voter laws, cultural and demographic factors on turnout, and theories regarding how political attitudes and decisions are formed.
This document discusses previous research on the relationship between education and white Americans' racial attitudes. While some consider higher education to promote tolerance, others argue it enables dominant groups to better defend their privileged positions. The paper seeks to extend this work by analyzing the effect of education on attitudes toward multiple minority groups, using improved controls. It reviews two leading theories - that education enlightens views, or allows refinement of self-interested ideologies. Previous mixed findings are described, showing education correlates with more principled but not practical support for racial equality.
This document discusses truancy - unexcused absences from school. It notes that truancy laws vary by state, defining truancy and legal requirements. The document also summarizes research showing that truancy is linked to various problems like delinquent behavior, substance abuse, dropping out of high school, and lower lifetime earnings. It concludes by discussing some court and community responses to truancy like laws linking driving privileges to school attendance.
The document discusses various topics related to American politics and elections, including political parties, interest groups, campaign fundraising, voter turnout, and realignments. It contains multiple choice questions about these topics, asking about key figures, events, trends, and concepts. The questions cover topics such as the origins of the major political parties, the role of lobbyists and PAC contributions, sources of campaign money, reasons why some citizens do not vote, and impact of economic issues on election outcomes.
What we see may not always be the reality and what we
presume as real may not be our observation always. In a democratic
set-up, this has often emerged as a reality. Democracies had always been subjected to criticism but it is astonishing to note how the
interplay of corrupt vision and changing social attitudes playing a
havoc in our democratic systems. This paper broadly investigates
the voting behavior and attitudes in response to sophisticated
tempting actions by political parties to pull voters. This research
demonstrates that higher the level of temptation combined with
many socio-economic perils leads to higher biasness towards
them. Participatory research, interviews, journals, publications,
and observation and media reporting have been studied, analyzed,
and scrutinized to discover how different poor and illiterate people
vote. Findings and results attribute a greater role of education,
financial liberty, backwardness, and awareness to political reality
in determining voting behavior.
Resisting Total Marginality: Understanding African-American College Students’...QUESTJOURNAL
This document summarizes a research paper that explores how African American students attending predominantly white institutions (PWIs) develop their racial identity and achieve academic success despite facing marginalization. The paper examines how total marginality, defined as the cumulative dissonance Black students face on campus, impacts identity development and success. It reviews literature on racial identity and oppositional culture theories. The study was conducted through interviews at a Midwestern state university to understand how successful Black students resisted total marginality and developed their racial identity. The findings provide insight into how peer groups, environment, and embracing their racial identity can help Black students graduate from PWIs.
The document summarizes research on felon disenfranchisement laws and their impact. It finds that US disenfranchisement laws are the most restrictive globally and disproportionately impact minority populations. Surveys show most public support voting rights for felons after completing sentences, but not for those currently incarcerated. Studies link regaining the ability to vote to lower recidivism rates.
Our two main political parties are at a crossroads. Can a consumer marketing lens reveal a way forward?
By Stacy Baas and Samantha Cabaluna
Full text of the report available at https://www.baasstrategy.com/blog/making-sense-of-the-moment-b4tsw
The quality of government and why elections fail ( pdf drive )Shobhit Thapliyal
This document discusses factors that influence the quality and integrity of elections, focusing on the structure, capacity, and culture of electoral authorities. It analyzes how the independence of electoral management bodies, government effectiveness, and the impartiality of public administration may impact electoral performance. While conventional wisdom suggests that independent electoral authorities improve elections, the study found no evidence for this, and instead found that state capacity and bureaucratic norms were more influential on electoral integrity. Administrative errors, failures, and inconsistencies were shown to potentially undermine legitimacy across many democracies, not just fragile states.
This study examined potential biases based on sexual orientation and political orientation. Participants read one of three scenarios about a physical altercation between students where one was identified as heterosexual or homosexual. They then answered questions about fairness of the outcome. Researchers hypothesized that liberals would exhibit bias in favor of homosexuals and conservatives would exhibit bias against homosexuals. Results found no significant bias by conservatives, but indirect support for liberals displaying bias against the heterosexual student. The goal was to extend research on relationships between political orientation and biases like those involving race, to biases regarding sexual orientation.
The document provides a summary of a research paper that investigates the relationship between voters' opinions of President Obama and whether voters feel they can relate to him through personal factors. It reviews literature on how factors like race, religion, age, and political affiliation can influence voter opinions. The research aims to test if a voter's ability to relate to Obama personally affects their opinion of him, while controlling for race, religion, age, political party identification through statistical analysis of survey data. It hypothesizes that if a voter feels they can relate to Obama as a person, their opinion of him will be more positive.
This document discusses the functions and roles of political parties in government. It describes how political parties seek to control government by electing party members to office. Parties work to aggregate interests, integrate new issues, and socialize and recruit citizens. Third parties can influence ideas but typically fade over time as major parties adopt their issues. The document also examines theories of party competition and decline in terms of voters' attachments to parties, party organizations, and party control of government. In recent decades, partisanship has resurged both in party organizations and control of government.
This study examined 221 cases of child abuse among immigrant Chinese families in Los Angeles. The researchers reviewed case files to analyze victim characteristics, perpetrator traits, family characteristics, and outcomes. Most victims endured physical abuse or neglect, and perpetrators generally had less education and spoke English less well than counterparts. Children were often kept in the home, reflecting cultural norms favoring keeping families together. The study provided insight into culturally-informed abuse patterns and implications for social services.
The document discusses several studies on the impact of women in legislatures. It notes that while women's participation in government has increased, they still hold less than 20% of seats in the US House and Senate and less than 25% in state legislatures. Some key points made:
- The American electoral system of single-member districts favors incumbents and hinders women's representation.
- Studies found women more likely to support women's issues as their numbers grow, allowing more impact on policy.
- Gender influences voting on women's issues but less so on other issues where party affiliation is a stronger predictor.
- Differences exist between white women and black women in legislatures, such as more cohesive policy
Slide 5 WestCal Political Science 1 - US Government 2015-2016WestCal Academy
American Leadership Policy Studies (ALPS) is a for-college credit certificate program that teaches the fundamentals of American government. ALPS includes a custom tailored Political Science 1 – US Government course taught in partnership with accredited colleges to assure students receive college credit. The class is taught from the perspective of industry professionals who work in local/state/federal bureaucracies and/or political/union campaigns. This course program may operate at the site of a partnering college or instructor of record who licenses ALPS course materials from WestCal Academy or at WestCal Academy’s main campus in partnership with an accredited college. WestCal Academy
This slide covers the following:
1. America’s Democratic Republic
2. Partisanship & Political Profiling
3. Party Competition
4. America’s Two Party System
5. Power Of The Vote
6. Power Of Money In The Political System
7. Elections As Symbolic
8. Candidate Image
9. Political Campaign Rhetoric
10. Interest Groups Protecting Elite Values
11. Lobbyists And The Power They Possess
12. Political Action Committees (PACs)
13. Invisible Hand: Capitalism & Democracy
14. Elite To Mass Communication
15. Messages & Manipulation
16. Elitism Take On Communication
17. Pluralism Take On Communication
Voter turnout is influenced by a variety of individual and social factors. Research shows that whether a person perceives themselves as a "winner" or "loser" after an election, their level of political and social trust, personality traits like conscientiousness, and social pressures all impact their likelihood of voting. The costs and benefits of voting, like fulfilling a civic duty or facing criticism for not voting, also affect an individual's decision. No single factor determines turnout, and different electoral systems can have varying effects depending on other contextual influences.
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This document provides an overview of voter fraud in the United States. It discusses what constitutes voter fraud, the methodology used in previous research on the topic, and a framework for understanding fraud. Key points include that organized fraud is more common than individual fraud, local political machines historically played a role in election fraud but have since declined, and election administration has become stronger over time which has reduced opportunities for fraud. Major cases of alleged fraud are also examined. The document aims to provide better information and analysis on voter fraud to inform election reform debates.
The document discusses various topics related to the dynamics of voting, including 2012 exit polls, how the makeup of the electorate varies in different elections, ballot initiatives and electoral timing, and theories of surge and decline in voter turnout. It also examines how voters decide, changing voter distributions between presidential and midterm elections, and evidence that the timing of an election can systematically affect the results of ballot initiative campaigns.
This document appears to be analyzing media coverage of the 2016 Democratic primary elections over time. It contains various charts and graphs showing trends in media coverage such as the percentage of clips that showed bias, were poll-driven, or focused on the primary candidates over the weeks following primary votes. Additional charts examine trends in tone of media coverage and time spent on the two main candidates, Hillary Clinton and Bernie Sanders.
The document summarizes research on how Cuba's dictatorship has survived for decades. It began after the Cuban Revolution and established Fidel Castro as the authoritarian leader. Over time, the regime has faced obstacles from human rights violations, economic problems, government corruption, and repression of citizens. As Castro stepped down, the literature discusses both the heroic image cultivated by the regime as well as ongoing human rights issues like arbitrary detentions. Raúl Castro's presidency was seen by some as a potential opportunity for economic liberalization, but others noted the regime continues to imprison and torture critics.
This document summarizes a research paper about how Cuba has survived under a dictatorship regime for decades. It identifies three key factors: 1) Fidel Castro's repressive behavior, including creating a spy network and punishing any opposition, instilled fear in Cubans. 2) The government propagandized the revolution to convince Cubans international interference threatened their way of life. 3) Cubans did not want interference from other countries like the U.S. or exiled Cubans reclaiming property, though it's unclear if this view was coerced. The document concludes Fidel Castro is largely responsible for Cuba surviving dictatorship through repressive tactics that continue under Raul Castro's leadership.
This document discusses the political and economic history of Cuba. It notes that Cuba has a communist government led by the Cuban Communist Party, with a three branch system led by President Raul Castro. The document outlines reforms Cuba has undertaken since the 1950s, including establishing a welfare state. More recently, Cuba has debated moving away from a purely socialist economic model and allowing some private enterprise and foreign investment to address economic issues while maintaining socialist values and sovereignty. The Cuban government recognizes weaknesses in its system and is working to improve political institutions, decentralize some functions, and distinguish essential socialist goals from aspects that can incorporate market principles.
This document appears to be a survey or poll consisting of 8 multiple choice questions asking the respondent about their familiarity with and views of two political candidates, how an article may have affected their views on voting, whether they felt informed, if they are registered to vote, their political party preference, sex, and age. The questions aim to collect information about the respondent's political knowledge and views.
Candidate A is a 66-year-old Republican from Kansas who owns a remodeling business. They believe in American exceptionalism and have run unsuccessfully for president 8 times. Candidate B is a 72-year-old retired aircraft mechanic from Texas with 28 years of service in the Air Force. They are active in their church and own a recording studio. Candidate B argues against expanding the legal definition of marriage but supports a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrants and legalizing all drugs.
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Candidate B is a 72-year-old retired aircraft mechanic and 28-year veteran of the U.S. Air Force who is running for President as a Democrat. After serving active duty from 1961-1965, Candidate B served in the Air Force Reserve until 1990 and received the Air Force Reserve "Airman of the Year" award in 1978.
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The author discusses their group project analyzing Fox News' Democratic primary coverage. They organized their group of 4 coders, scheduled coding days and trainer, created materials, and ensured good communication. They alternated who coded which primaries and met to code clips together for reliability. Each member volunteered for a section of the presentation - introduction, methods/results, and conclusion. The author felt their group communicated well and worked equally, and was honored to work with them.
Fox News coverage of the 2016 Democratic primaries favored Hillary Clinton over Bernie Sanders. Clinton received more overall coverage, but it was more negative in tone. Sanders received less coverage but it was mostly neutral or positive. Four coders analyzed Fox News coverage after five primary dates and found Clinton received 51% more primary focus than Sanders. Coverage was also more negative towards Clinton. Fox News coverage seemed aimed at their conservative audience by criticizing the Democratic frontrunner Clinton while taking a neutral stance on Sanders.
1. Adams-Wiley1
Ana M. Adams-Wiley
Dr. Glen Smith
Literature Review/3303
4/7/2016
The Pros and Cons to Primaries
How have multiple candidates in primaries affected election outcomes? The answer has a
several different answers. Scholars and researchers have examined several places around the
world about systems that allow proportional electorate systems with multiple candidates to
compete in a primary. This paper will discuss the four places that several scholars studied and
reported their findings on the effects of multiple candidates in primaries. Netherlands, China, and
Latin America have similar results compared with the state of California in the United States.
However, these places have some differences. Their research will discuss the many ways
democracy has developed within these countries and explain the choices that have been made in
how the voters have elected their representatives.
Research from other scholars will show that it is not just the amount of candidates
competing in a primary that can only affect election outcomes. It can be other factors that occur
in our everyday life. If multiple candidates competing for the same position in a primary is
affecting election outcomes negatively then should there be limits to how many candidates are
allowed to compete or should it continue if the effects on the election outcome is positive. This
literature review will compare and contrast between the countries’ multiple candidate system and
investigate whether or not this system is hindering election outcomes.
2. Adams-Wiley2
Positive and Negative Factors of Multiple Candidates
Multiple candidates in a primary can affect an election outcome positively or negatively.
The Netherlands and China share electorate problems but also share differences. In the
Netherlands, they had a multi-party system that had created problems with their results for
candidates due to the people voting based on their religion and class (Quinn, Martin, and
Whitford 1999). The law makers are elected by a national-list proportional representation
(Quinn, Martin, and Whitford 1999). Though the Netherlands in the beginning had competitive
elections, they later turned to being less competitive about their party positions and resulting in
better policy creation for the country. In the villages of China, they had less competition in the
beginning of their democracy. Since 1998, China has become more competitive in their primary
elections by allowing multiple candidates to enter the primary elections (Hin 2011). The results
in China’s electorate system had good and bad indications (Hin 2011). Latin America and the
United States demonstrated similar competitiveness in primaries. The authors in two different
articles agree that too much competition in primary presidential elections have consequences to
having too many candidates running for an office position (Carey and Polga-Hecimovich; 2006).
They feel that this could cause future candidates that are better qualified to not participate and
this could hinder better candidate selection for the voter (Carey and Polga-Hecimovich; 2006). In
the United States they claim that primary elections have hazardous conditions resulting from
political parties having more influence over the voters during the primary process (Carey and
Polga-Hecimovich; 2006). In Latin America, they distrust political parties and see primaries as
means to increase voter participation and then becomes an empirical focus (Carey and Polga-
Hecimovich; 2006). In the United States, the state of California has several different options such
as blanket, open, semi-closed, and non-partisan primary systems (Gerber and Morton 1998).
3. Adams-Wiley3
These systems have been proven to create moderate candidates (Gerber and Morton 1998).
However, this also suppresses the voters’ options for candidates if they have a preference. This
could result in that the voter will not have the representative of their choice to represent their
views (Gerber and Morton 1998).
Do Multiple Candidates have a Purpose in Primary Elections?
It appears that multiple candidates can have its purpose in these countries. It also seems
that depending on what type of culture in their society would depend on which system is better
suited for their electorate system. Hin’s research showed that the villagers in China made poor
choices in electing those to represent their town. Hin’s argument is since China’s society is based
on kinship, the people in the poorer villages will vote based on lineage and therefore elect
incapable leaders (Hin 2011). The multiple candidates running for a political position in China is
not the problem as much as it’s the society being polarized to electing those who can benefit
from a candidate that is closer to their family history (Hin 2011). Hin’s results are that the
villages’ committee is having problems producing a full committee due to having multiple
candidates competing in elections (Hin 2011). Therefore, multiple candidates competing can
have a purpose on if kinship was not a factor in their elections. Quinn, Martin, and Whitford’s
study on the Netherlands’s society showed that their society was polarized by a social ladder and
the people would vote for a candidate based on what policy proposals would fit their personal
views (Quinn, Martin, and Whitford 1999). The multiple candidate system did not suit them after
the mid-1970s; they became less concerned about their social ladder and began to focus on issues
that matter to the country (Quinn, Martin, and Whitford 1999). The Netherlands began to be less
competitive and the people stopped voting based on their place in society, along with not
aligning with their party identifications based on their party issues (Quinn, Martin, and Whitford
4. Adams-Wiley4
1999). They concluded that it was not so much a party identification that elects their
representatives but which representative can represent and solve the issue that concerns the
voters (Quinn, Martin, Whitford 1999). Carey and Polga-Hecimovich article proved that
primaries in the United States produced weak candidates for executive office of limited value
theoretically and empirically (Carey and Polga-Hecimovich 2006). However in Latin America,
results showed that the primary system helped their election outcomes by increasing participation
from voters that despise political parties (Carey and Polga-Hecimovich 2006). Theoretically the
United States’ party system supports a spatial pattern of primary competitions and empirically
the primary system is hard to test whether or not multiple candidates competing for that one
position is interfering with electorate process (Carey and Polga-Hecimovich 2006). Gerber and
Morton study on California’s several primary systems showed how the results in voting behavior
can result in voters’ preferences in candidates (Gerber and Morton 1998). The Open Primary Act
of 1996 was passed in California to give an open variety of selection in candidates to choose
from in a primary election and to end the restrictive closed primary policy (Gerber and Morton
1998). The primary system in California could help candidates of either party affiliation win an
election as long as they are moderate (Gerber and Morton 1998). They also discovered that the
primary election laws had a higher effect of the candidates elected and the choice they made
once in office (Gerber and Morton 1998).
Effectiveness of Multiple Candidates
To re-ask the original question, how have multiple candidates in primaries affected
election outcomes? After reviewing four sources, it appears it depends on the cultures and the
societies. However, there is another answer, in a study done by Forsythe, Myerson, Rietz, and
Weber on three or more candidates in a plurality voting during an election (Forsythe, Myerson,
5. Adams-Wiley5
Rietz, and Weber 1993). They tested Duverger’s Law, which means during plurality voting; only
two candidates will be important to the election outcome in a multiple candidate competition
(Forsythe, Myerson, Rietz, and Weber 1993). This idea is that voters will pick two frontrunners
and ignore all other candidates (Forsythe, Myerson, Rietz, and Weber 1993). Their results were
voters that pay attention to polls or election histories was the reason for voters choosing the two
frontrunners and Duverger’s Law was void (Forsythe, Myerson, Rietz, and Weber 1993).
Although, voters that did not pay attention to polls or election histories, the law would apply to
how the voters chose the frontrunners (Forsythe, Myerson, Rietz, and Weber 1993). Based on
this theory, it would seem that the effectiveness on multiple candidates in a primary could have
an impact on election outcomes.
Conclusion
Multiple candidates competing for the same position can have multiple effects on primary
election outcomes. After reviewing five resources, each one a different case while each case
showed that they were in some way whether it was positive or negative were affected by multiple
candidates competing in an election process. Latin America seems to be similar with the United
States. They both rely on primaries to elect who they want to win as their leader and they use the
primary system to increase support from their voters. They differ by how they use their political
parties. The United States’ political parties have more influence than the voters in who is
nominated as the primary electorate and Latin America uses the peoples’ distrust in political
parties to fuel them to participate in the primaries to ensure election outcomes. China’s multiple
candidate system in primaries has begun to hinder their results in better qualified leaders due to
the poorer villagers voting on lineage rather than who is more qualified. The Netherlands learned
that unlike China, voting based on social needs just hinders the democratic process. Overall,
6. Adams-Wiley6
multiple candidates in primaries can hinder election outcomes but it depends on how the process
is conducted. California’s semi-closed, blanket, non-partisan, and open primaries is an example
of whether or not multiple candidates in primaries are good for the primary process. California’s
primary system is only good for electing moderate candidates but if a voter has a preference then
the voters’ preference in a candidate stands a chance of not being elected and the voters’ views
will not be represented. It can be concluded that multiple candidates in a primary can hinder the
election outcomes. However, kinship, society, culture, polls, election histories, and primary
election laws are other factors that play a role in the election process.
7. Adams-Wiley7
References
Carey,J. M., & Polga‐Hecimovich,J. (2006).Primaryelectionsandcandidate strengthinLatinAmerica.
Journalof Politics, 68(3), 530-543.
Forsythe,R.,Myerson,R.B., Rietz,T.A., & Weber,R.J. (1993). Anexperimentoncoordinationinmulti-
candidate elections:The importance of pollsandelectionhistories. SocialChoiceand Welfare,
10(3), 223-247.
Gerber,E. R., & Morton, R. B. (1998). Primaryelectionsystemsandrepresentation. Journalof Law,
Economics,& Organization,304-324.
Lin,H. (2011). A MixedBag of Results:VillageElectionsinContemporaryChina. Asian Cultureand
History,3(1), 14.
Quinn,K.M., Martin, A.D., & Whitford,A.B. (1999). Voterchoice inmulti-partydemocracies:atestof
competingtheoriesandmodels. American Journalof PoliticalScience, 1231-1247.