The document discusses important skills for being a good listener, including being attentive, receptive, seeking information, and evaluating what is heard. It outlines factors that can affect listening such as physical/mental state, the speaker, prejudices, and the environment. Some tips for controlling these factors include being well-rested, focusing on the message, keeping an open mind, and adjusting the physical environment. The document also discusses techniques for listening critically such as identifying the speaker's goal and main ideas, looking for supporting details, and paying attention to nonverbal clues and emphasis.

1. LISTENING AND EVALUATING

2. What makes a good listener? Hearing and listening are not the same thing. Hearing means being able to detect a sound. Listening means getting meaning from sounds that are heard.

3. What does being a good listener means? Attentive and Receptive Seek information Evaluate what they hear And respond to it.

4. What can you do as a good listener? You can Develop your interpersonal skills Discover unexpected coming Increase your knowledge Improve your performance in school and at work

5. Analyzing the factors that affect listening Your physical and mental state The speaker Your prejudices The environment

6. physical and mental state Requires: Energy and focus Can be affected if you are tired or hungry

7. The speaker Personality involves a person’s traits, attitudes, and habits. Prejudices A prejudice is a prejudgment: a beliefs you have already formed that may not be grounded in facts.

8. Environment Environmental factors: Temperature Light Noise Space Seating Other people

9. How to control factors that affect listening Be energetic and focused: eat and sleep well Focus on the message: listen to what is being said. Keep an open mind: be ready to learn something new. Do what you can do to adjust the physical environment_: block out noises

10. Listening critically Critical listening: it means that you need to test the strength of the ideas and not only comprehending. Identifying the speaker’s goal: The speaker’s goal is the purpose he or she has for giving a speech. Identifying the main ideas: Main ideas are the speaker’s most important points. Once the speaker imply the main ideas you will have to analyze to identify what you think are the main ideas.

11. A speaker may used repetitions repeat a certain word, phrase, or sentence each time a new point is mention. Some rely on signal words words that indicate that a list, contrast, or connection is about to be made. Identifying supporting details Supporting details are the examples, facts, statistics, reasons, anecdotes, or expert testimony that speaker used to support the main idea

12. Using context clues This is used when you are giving a speech that contain new words, and the speaker tries to give clues such in terms in the context. Context the surrounding words and sentences. Taking Advantages of nonverbal clues Nonverbal clues: Eye contact Posture Paralanguage (voice and sound variation) Movement and gestures Facial expression silence

13. Emphasis speakers can emphasize key meaning through changing volume, stressing certain words, and using gestures. Contradiction contradicting what the other person says.

14. Listening Actively Good listener are active. They look for meaning. Think about what they heard. Respond to it.

15. Techniques for Active Learning Strategy Apply what you hear to yourself Think as you listen Use associations a and devices to remember important details Take notes Give the speaker and yourself feedback Examples Relate the information to your own experience. Summarize and review throughout the presentation. Make an association – a mental images that will help you to remember. Do not write every detail but use your own words. Use body language such as eye contact, gestures and more.

16. Evaluating a speaker’s reasoning The most important about being an effective listener is evaluating the speaker’s reasoning. You nedd to ask yourself if the speaker is using a faulty reasoning What is a faulty reasoning? Statement that seem reasonable, even well reasoned, are very often based on mistakes in logic.

17. Hasty generalizations Generalitazions are gerenal conclusions or opinions drawn from particular observation. Valid generalization are based on sufficient evidence (use the words most, some and generally) Hasty generalization are conclusions or opinions that are drawn from very few observation Begging the question means assuming the truth of a statement before it is proven. Listeners must be careful to see that speakers have actually proven what they claim as fact.

18. False premises A premise is a stated or implied starting point of an argument. A false premise is a premise that is untrue False analogies Analogy: is a form of reasoning by comparison. A good analogy draws valid conclusions from items that can be logically compared. A false analogy: draws invalid conclusions A band member says to a friend, “I wish you’d learn to play the saxophone so you could join the marching band” Irrelevant evidence: is information that has nothing to do with the argument being made. Ex: the merchandise at the UTRa store is top quality .

19. Examining propaganda techniques Persuasion – is the attempt to convince others to do something or to change a belief of their own free will. Propaganda – is persuasion that intentionally discourage people from thinking for themselves.

20. Transfer: is a method that builds a connection between things that are not logically connected. In advertising this connection is built between a product and a positive value. Bandwagon: the bandwagon technique encourages people to act because everyone else is doing it. Name-calling: is labeling intended to arouse powerful negative feelings. Its purpose is to represent a particular person or group as inferior or bad without providing evidence to support their declare.

21. Card- stacking: is based on half-truths. It presents only partial information in order to leave and mistaken impression. Stereotypes: is a unfair belief about a whole group of people based on insufficient or irrelevant evidence. Loaded work: evoke, or draw out, very strong positive or negative attitudes toward a person, group or idea. Connotation: the feeling associations a word evokes. Denotation: specific meaning. Emotional appeals: or statements used to arouse emotional reactions.

22. Listening and evaluating Once the speaker finished presenting you are going to evaluate him or her Critique: is an analysis and evaluation. The oral critique: analyze and evaluate given out loud. The written critique: detail look at a speech than a oral critique.