LIRADS is a standardized system for interpreting and reporting findings of liver imaging to improve detection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It provides strict criteria and algorithms to categorize liver lesions identified on ultrasound, CT or MRI as definitely or probably benign (LR-1 to LR-3) or HCC (LR-4 to LR-5). The system aims to improve consistency and communication between radiologists and clinicians to help determine appropriate management. Major updates since 2011 have refined the diagnostic criteria and introduced algorithms for assessing treatment response to locoregional therapies for HCC. LIRADS is now integrated into American guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
This document discusses the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS), which provides a standardized system for interpreting, reporting, and collecting data on liver imaging findings. It aims to improve communication, patient care, education, and research. The document outlines the LI-RADS categories (LR-1 through LR-5), major and ancillary imaging features used to assign categories, and how the system was updated in 2018. It also discusses applying LI-RADS in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and how LI-RADS is used to assess treatment response.
The document discusses primary retroperitoneal neoplasms. It notes that 70-80% of primary retroperitoneal neoplasms are malignant in nature. The retroperitoneum contains mesodermal neoplasms, neurogenic tumors, germ cell and sex cord tumors, and lymphoid neoplasms. The most common primary retroperitoneal sarcomas are liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Neurogenic tumors such as schwannomas and neurofibromas are usually benign and occur in a younger age group. Teratomas are germ cell tumors that may contain fat, calcium, or sebum levels on imaging.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the liver and gall bladder.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an ultrasound protocol and guidelines for examining the liver and gallbladder. It begins with an overview of the role and technique of ultrasound for the liver, including scanning positions and images to capture. Common liver pathologies such as fatty liver, cirrhosis, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses, and metastases are described. Guidelines are provided for gallbladder ultrasound including patient preparation, technique, and anatomy. Normal findings and pathologies like stones, acute cholecystitis, and emphysematous cholecystitis are outlined. The document concludes with potential vascular disorders of the liver involving blood flow.
This document provides information on renal artery anatomy and Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the renal arteries. It describes:
1. The typical origin and course of the right and left renal arteries. Approximately 30% of individuals have variant anatomy with more than one renal artery on each side.
2. How Doppler ultrasound is used to image the renal arteries from different approaches and measure parameters like peak systolic velocity to evaluate for renal artery stenosis.
3. The normal Doppler waveforms expected in the main renal artery and intrarenal arteries, as well as normal values for measured parameters.
4. How a bilateral renal Doppler examination is performed, including evaluating each kidney, the renal arteries and veins, and measuring parameters to identify
This document summarizes common focal liver lesions that can be seen on multiphasic CT scans. It describes key features of benign lesions such as hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia as well as malignant lesions including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastases. Characteristics of each lesion like appearance on different phases of CT and other modalities like MRI are discussed. Differential features between lesions are also provided to aid in diagnosis.
Urinary bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and tenth most common in women. About 90% are urothelial in origin. Risk factors include smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, and genetic predisposition. Tumors are classified as non-invasive papillary or invasive into the muscle. Diagnosis is usually via cystoscopy following hematuria detection. Staging involves CT, MRI, or PET to assess tumor depth, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis. Treatment depends on stage, with superficial tumors addressed via surgery and chemotherapy or immunotherapy, while muscle-invasive tumors require radical cystectomy.
This document provides an overview of abdominal imaging with a focus on hepatic CT and MRI imaging. It discusses indications for hepatic imaging including assessing equivocal findings, staging neoplasms, metastatic workup, and evaluating diffuse hepatic diseases and biliary abnormalities. It then covers patient preparation, positioning, and protocols for hepatic CT and MRI. The remainder of the document details normal hepatic anatomy and vasculature as well as descriptions of benign and malignant focal and diffuse hepatic lesions with accompanying imaging examples.
This document provides information on performing and interpreting CT angiography of the lower limbs. It discusses scanning techniques, protocols, contrast injection, and principles of timing acquisitions. Image post-processing includes MIP, VR, and MPR. Interpretation requires scrutinizing calcifications and stents to avoid overestimating stenosis. Peripheral CTA is useful for evaluating occlusive disease, aneurysms, trauma, infections, embolism, and postoperative surveillance. Examples demonstrate various vascular pathologies.
This document discusses the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS), which provides a standardized system for interpreting, reporting, and collecting data on liver imaging findings. It aims to improve communication, patient care, education, and research. The document outlines the LI-RADS categories (LR-1 through LR-5), major and ancillary imaging features used to assign categories, and how the system was updated in 2018. It also discusses applying LI-RADS in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and how LI-RADS is used to assess treatment response.
The document discusses primary retroperitoneal neoplasms. It notes that 70-80% of primary retroperitoneal neoplasms are malignant in nature. The retroperitoneum contains mesodermal neoplasms, neurogenic tumors, germ cell and sex cord tumors, and lymphoid neoplasms. The most common primary retroperitoneal sarcomas are liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Neurogenic tumors such as schwannomas and neurofibromas are usually benign and occur in a younger age group. Teratomas are germ cell tumors that may contain fat, calcium, or sebum levels on imaging.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the liver and gall bladder.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an ultrasound protocol and guidelines for examining the liver and gallbladder. It begins with an overview of the role and technique of ultrasound for the liver, including scanning positions and images to capture. Common liver pathologies such as fatty liver, cirrhosis, cysts, hemangiomas, abscesses, and metastases are described. Guidelines are provided for gallbladder ultrasound including patient preparation, technique, and anatomy. Normal findings and pathologies like stones, acute cholecystitis, and emphysematous cholecystitis are outlined. The document concludes with potential vascular disorders of the liver involving blood flow.
This document provides information on renal artery anatomy and Doppler ultrasound evaluation of the renal arteries. It describes:
1. The typical origin and course of the right and left renal arteries. Approximately 30% of individuals have variant anatomy with more than one renal artery on each side.
2. How Doppler ultrasound is used to image the renal arteries from different approaches and measure parameters like peak systolic velocity to evaluate for renal artery stenosis.
3. The normal Doppler waveforms expected in the main renal artery and intrarenal arteries, as well as normal values for measured parameters.
4. How a bilateral renal Doppler examination is performed, including evaluating each kidney, the renal arteries and veins, and measuring parameters to identify
This document summarizes common focal liver lesions that can be seen on multiphasic CT scans. It describes key features of benign lesions such as hemangioma and focal nodular hyperplasia as well as malignant lesions including hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, and metastases. Characteristics of each lesion like appearance on different phases of CT and other modalities like MRI are discussed. Differential features between lesions are also provided to aid in diagnosis.
Urinary bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in men and tenth most common in women. About 90% are urothelial in origin. Risk factors include smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, and genetic predisposition. Tumors are classified as non-invasive papillary or invasive into the muscle. Diagnosis is usually via cystoscopy following hematuria detection. Staging involves CT, MRI, or PET to assess tumor depth, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis. Treatment depends on stage, with superficial tumors addressed via surgery and chemotherapy or immunotherapy, while muscle-invasive tumors require radical cystectomy.
This document provides an overview of abdominal imaging with a focus on hepatic CT and MRI imaging. It discusses indications for hepatic imaging including assessing equivocal findings, staging neoplasms, metastatic workup, and evaluating diffuse hepatic diseases and biliary abnormalities. It then covers patient preparation, positioning, and protocols for hepatic CT and MRI. The remainder of the document details normal hepatic anatomy and vasculature as well as descriptions of benign and malignant focal and diffuse hepatic lesions with accompanying imaging examples.
This document provides information on performing and interpreting CT angiography of the lower limbs. It discusses scanning techniques, protocols, contrast injection, and principles of timing acquisitions. Image post-processing includes MIP, VR, and MPR. Interpretation requires scrutinizing calcifications and stents to avoid overestimating stenosis. Peripheral CTA is useful for evaluating occlusive disease, aneurysms, trauma, infections, embolism, and postoperative surveillance. Examples demonstrate various vascular pathologies.
This document discusses benign focal liver lesions of different cellular origins - hepatocellular, cholangiocellular, and mesenchymal. It provides details on common benign liver tumors including cavernous hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatic adenoma, hepatic cysts, and infantile hemangioendothelioma. Imaging characteristics on ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans are described to help differentiate these benign liver lesions. Common features seen include hypodense lesions on CT, varying signal intensities on MRI, presence of fat, cystic components, enhancement patterns, and visualization of scars.
This document discusses liver lesions and their appearance on various imaging modalities. It covers benign lesions like hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma. Malignant primary lesions discussed are hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. Imaging features of hypervascular and hypovascular lesions on multiphasic CT are summarized. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and clinical presentation are outlined. Imaging appearance of HCC on ultrasound, CT and MRI is described in detail. Hepatic metastases are also discussed along with hypervascular metastatic lesions.
This document discusses the appropriate use of ultrasound, CT, and MRI in liver imaging. It provides examples of using each modality to diagnose various common liver conditions like cirrhosis, fatty liver, hepatitis, and liver lesions. Ultrasound is useful as a first-line exam but has limitations. CT is the standard for assessing liver cancer patients but exposes patients to radiation. MRI is now the preferred method for evaluating cirrhosis and differentiating liver lesions as it uses tissue-specific contrast agents without radiation. Biopsy is still often needed where imaging results are doubtful.
Metastases are the most common malignant liver lesions and liver imaging is often used to detect them. They can be hypovascular or hypervascular. Hypovascular metastases are best seen on portal venous phase imaging while hypervascular ones are best seen on arterial phase. Differentiating metastases from other lesions such as hemangiomas or cysts requires analyzing features like enhancement pattern and imaging characteristics on multiple sequences/phases. Multiphasic CT or MRI is often used to fully characterize lesions.
This document discusses the use of radiology in evaluating and managing portal hypertension. It begins by defining portal hypertension and describing how ultrasound can be used to diagnose it by measuring portal vein pressure and blood flow. Specific ultrasound findings that indicate portal hypertension are described, including enlarged portal veins, decreased flow, and the presence of collateral blood vessels. The document then discusses how computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can further evaluate the portal venous system and collateral vessels. It concludes by covering interventional radiology procedures like TIPS and variceal embolization that can treat portal hypertension by decompressing the portal vein or controlling its complications.
PI-RADS is a structured reporting scheme for evaluating the prostate for prostate cancer using multi-parametric MRI. Version 2 of PI-RADS (PI-RADSv2) was created by a joint committee to standardize terminology and simplify reporting. It aims to improve cancer detection, localization, characterization, and risk stratification. PI-RADSv2 uses T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging to assess different areas of the prostate and assigns a score to help determine need for biopsy or treatment. It provides a standardized way to evaluate prostate MRI but has limitations such as not addressing other cancer scenarios or prescribing technical parameters.
Cystic liver lesions - An ultrasound perspectiveSamir Haffar
This document summarizes the diagnosis and imaging findings of various cystic hepatic lesions. It describes simple hepatic cysts, hydatid cysts, and congenital fibrocystic liver diseases including biliary hamartomas, peribiliary cysts, choledochal cysts, and polycystic liver disease. Imaging findings on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and MRCP are provided for each condition to aid diagnosis. Differential features between lesion types are emphasized, along with WHO classification of hydatid cyst appearance and post-operative evaluation of hydatid cyst treatment.
Triphasic CT (TPCT) Scan of the liver is essential in view of the dual blood supply of the liver. TPCT allows characterisaiton of all liver lesions and close to pathological correlaiton by non invasive imaging alone. Additionally providing segmental vascular analysis as a surgicical guide.
1. MRI is the preferred imaging modality for local staging of rectal cancer, allowing assessment of tumor stage, depth of invasion, and relationship to surrounding structures.
2. A high-quality MRI with thin slices and a small field of view is needed to accurately evaluate the tumor, lymph nodes, and circumferential resection margin.
3. Key findings on MRI include tumor distance to the mesorectal fascia, involvement of surrounding organs, and presence of extramural vascular invasion, which have prognostic significance.
This document discusses renal Doppler ultrasound techniques and findings. It describes three main approaches to imaging the renal arteries - anterior, oblique, and flank. Normal and abnormal Doppler waveforms are presented. Evaluation of renal artery stenosis can be done directly by imaging the renal arteries or indirectly by imaging intrarenal arteries. Findings suggestive of stenosis include increased velocities, renal/aortic ratios over 3.5, absence of the early systolic peak, and tardus parvus waveforms. Pathologies of renal transplants like rejection, infarction, and arterial or venous stenosis are also summarized.
Liver transplantation is the standard treatment for end-stage liver disease. Imaging plays a key role in donor and recipient evaluation, surgical planning, post-transplant monitoring, and follow up. The document outlines the various imaging modalities used at each stage of the transplantation process including US, CT, MRI, angiography and interventional radiology. It describes the indications, contraindications, surgical techniques for cadaveric and living donor liver transplantation and complications that may be evaluated with imaging.
This document summarizes various malignant focal liver lesions including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC), hepatoblastoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA), and metastases. It describes the epidemiology, risk factors, imaging appearance and characteristics of each lesion on ultrasound, CT and MRI. Common imaging findings include arterial phase enhancement on CT/MRI for HCC and FLC due to their hypervascular nature. Hepatoblastoma often demonstrates intralesional hemorrhage, necrosis and calcifications. ICCA typically shows delayed central enhancement on CT. Metastases exhibit a variety of appearances depending on the primary tumor and degree of necrosis.
The CT scan of the liver showed no abnormalities. The liver appeared normal in size and density without any focal lesions, cysts, or signs of cirrhosis. The visualized intra- and extra-hepatic biliary ducts were also normal in caliber with no evidence of dilatation or obstruction.
This document discusses malignant liver lesions. It describes the different types of primary and secondary malignant tumors that can occur in the liver. The most common are metastatic deposits from other primary cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is described in detail, including risk factors, pathogenesis, imaging appearance on ultrasound, CT and MRI, staging systems, treatment surveillance, and diagnostic criteria. Other liver cancers such as cholangiocarcinoma are also briefly mentioned.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the adrenal glands and kidneys.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses the ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands and kidneys. It provides details on the anatomy and sonographic appearance of normal and pathological adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located anteromedially to the kidneys. Common pathological conditions that can be identified with ultrasound include adrenal adenomas, myelolipomas, hemorrhages, abscesses, hyperplasia, cysts and metastases. Malignant tumors like metastases are often irregular with complex internal echoes. Ultrasound is useful to characterize adrenal lesions but CT may be needed for definitive diagnosis.
Doppler ultrasound of the portal system - Normal findingsSamir Haffar
This document provides an overview of Doppler ultrasound of the normal portal system, including:
1. Principles of Doppler ultrasound and how to adjust settings like color box size, velocity scale, gain, and wall filter to optimize the examination.
2. Sites for duplex insonation of the portal system and techniques for obtaining spectral waveforms.
3. Normal Doppler ultrasound findings of the portal vein, hepatic veins, and hepatic artery, including measurements and anatomy.
This document discusses Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys. It begins with the normal anatomy of the kidneys and renal vasculature. It then describes how to perform grayscale and Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys, including imaging planes and settings. Normal Doppler waveforms of renal arteries are presented. Key measurements like resistive index, acceleration time, and peak systolic velocity of renal arteries are discussed. Variants of renal and renal vein anatomy are also reviewed.
This document discusses locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specifically percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). It provides details on the procedures, indications, outcomes, and complications of PEI and RFA. PEI involves injecting ethanol directly into tumors to induce chemical necrosis. It is indicated for HCC lesions ≤3 cm and can achieve complete ablation in 70-80% of lesions <3 cm. RFA uses heat generated by radiofrequency energy to ablate tumors. It is effective for tumors <3 cm, with an ablation success rate of 90% for lesions <2 cm. Both PEI and RFA have low risks of major complications but can
This document discusses the principles and techniques of triple phase CT for liver imaging. It begins by explaining hepatic contrast enhancement and the dual blood supply of the liver. It then describes how lesions are detected based on attenuation differences between the lesion and normal liver tissue. The three phases of CT - arterial, portal venous, and delayed equilibrium - are outlined in detail, including optimal timing, contrast injection rates, and what types of lesions enhance in each phase. Specific protocols for the detection and characterization of liver lesions are provided.
Management of Advances Hepatocellular CarcinomaPratap Tiwari
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. For advanced HCC that cannot be treated with surgery or transplantation, the standard of care has been sorafenib. Lenvatinib and cabozantinib have also shown efficacy in advanced HCC. Immunotherapy with nivolumab has shown promise based on phase II data. Combination therapies and future targeted agents may provide additional treatment options for this difficult to treat cancer.
HCC Clinical update and hints from AASLD 2017 guidelines mainly about surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma in different stages.
This document discusses benign focal liver lesions of different cellular origins - hepatocellular, cholangiocellular, and mesenchymal. It provides details on common benign liver tumors including cavernous hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), hepatic adenoma, hepatic cysts, and infantile hemangioendothelioma. Imaging characteristics on ultrasound, CT, and MRI scans are described to help differentiate these benign liver lesions. Common features seen include hypodense lesions on CT, varying signal intensities on MRI, presence of fat, cystic components, enhancement patterns, and visualization of scars.
This document discusses liver lesions and their appearance on various imaging modalities. It covers benign lesions like hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatic adenoma. Malignant primary lesions discussed are hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma. Imaging features of hypervascular and hypovascular lesions on multiphasic CT are summarized. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk factors and clinical presentation are outlined. Imaging appearance of HCC on ultrasound, CT and MRI is described in detail. Hepatic metastases are also discussed along with hypervascular metastatic lesions.
This document discusses the appropriate use of ultrasound, CT, and MRI in liver imaging. It provides examples of using each modality to diagnose various common liver conditions like cirrhosis, fatty liver, hepatitis, and liver lesions. Ultrasound is useful as a first-line exam but has limitations. CT is the standard for assessing liver cancer patients but exposes patients to radiation. MRI is now the preferred method for evaluating cirrhosis and differentiating liver lesions as it uses tissue-specific contrast agents without radiation. Biopsy is still often needed where imaging results are doubtful.
Metastases are the most common malignant liver lesions and liver imaging is often used to detect them. They can be hypovascular or hypervascular. Hypovascular metastases are best seen on portal venous phase imaging while hypervascular ones are best seen on arterial phase. Differentiating metastases from other lesions such as hemangiomas or cysts requires analyzing features like enhancement pattern and imaging characteristics on multiple sequences/phases. Multiphasic CT or MRI is often used to fully characterize lesions.
This document discusses the use of radiology in evaluating and managing portal hypertension. It begins by defining portal hypertension and describing how ultrasound can be used to diagnose it by measuring portal vein pressure and blood flow. Specific ultrasound findings that indicate portal hypertension are described, including enlarged portal veins, decreased flow, and the presence of collateral blood vessels. The document then discusses how computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging can further evaluate the portal venous system and collateral vessels. It concludes by covering interventional radiology procedures like TIPS and variceal embolization that can treat portal hypertension by decompressing the portal vein or controlling its complications.
PI-RADS is a structured reporting scheme for evaluating the prostate for prostate cancer using multi-parametric MRI. Version 2 of PI-RADS (PI-RADSv2) was created by a joint committee to standardize terminology and simplify reporting. It aims to improve cancer detection, localization, characterization, and risk stratification. PI-RADSv2 uses T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging to assess different areas of the prostate and assigns a score to help determine need for biopsy or treatment. It provides a standardized way to evaluate prostate MRI but has limitations such as not addressing other cancer scenarios or prescribing technical parameters.
Cystic liver lesions - An ultrasound perspectiveSamir Haffar
This document summarizes the diagnosis and imaging findings of various cystic hepatic lesions. It describes simple hepatic cysts, hydatid cysts, and congenital fibrocystic liver diseases including biliary hamartomas, peribiliary cysts, choledochal cysts, and polycystic liver disease. Imaging findings on ultrasound, CT, MRI, and MRCP are provided for each condition to aid diagnosis. Differential features between lesion types are emphasized, along with WHO classification of hydatid cyst appearance and post-operative evaluation of hydatid cyst treatment.
Triphasic CT (TPCT) Scan of the liver is essential in view of the dual blood supply of the liver. TPCT allows characterisaiton of all liver lesions and close to pathological correlaiton by non invasive imaging alone. Additionally providing segmental vascular analysis as a surgicical guide.
1. MRI is the preferred imaging modality for local staging of rectal cancer, allowing assessment of tumor stage, depth of invasion, and relationship to surrounding structures.
2. A high-quality MRI with thin slices and a small field of view is needed to accurately evaluate the tumor, lymph nodes, and circumferential resection margin.
3. Key findings on MRI include tumor distance to the mesorectal fascia, involvement of surrounding organs, and presence of extramural vascular invasion, which have prognostic significance.
This document discusses renal Doppler ultrasound techniques and findings. It describes three main approaches to imaging the renal arteries - anterior, oblique, and flank. Normal and abnormal Doppler waveforms are presented. Evaluation of renal artery stenosis can be done directly by imaging the renal arteries or indirectly by imaging intrarenal arteries. Findings suggestive of stenosis include increased velocities, renal/aortic ratios over 3.5, absence of the early systolic peak, and tardus parvus waveforms. Pathologies of renal transplants like rejection, infarction, and arterial or venous stenosis are also summarized.
Liver transplantation is the standard treatment for end-stage liver disease. Imaging plays a key role in donor and recipient evaluation, surgical planning, post-transplant monitoring, and follow up. The document outlines the various imaging modalities used at each stage of the transplantation process including US, CT, MRI, angiography and interventional radiology. It describes the indications, contraindications, surgical techniques for cadaveric and living donor liver transplantation and complications that may be evaluated with imaging.
This document summarizes various malignant focal liver lesions including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC), hepatoblastoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICCA), and metastases. It describes the epidemiology, risk factors, imaging appearance and characteristics of each lesion on ultrasound, CT and MRI. Common imaging findings include arterial phase enhancement on CT/MRI for HCC and FLC due to their hypervascular nature. Hepatoblastoma often demonstrates intralesional hemorrhage, necrosis and calcifications. ICCA typically shows delayed central enhancement on CT. Metastases exhibit a variety of appearances depending on the primary tumor and degree of necrosis.
The CT scan of the liver showed no abnormalities. The liver appeared normal in size and density without any focal lesions, cysts, or signs of cirrhosis. The visualized intra- and extra-hepatic biliary ducts were also normal in caliber with no evidence of dilatation or obstruction.
This document discusses malignant liver lesions. It describes the different types of primary and secondary malignant tumors that can occur in the liver. The most common are metastatic deposits from other primary cancers, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is described in detail, including risk factors, pathogenesis, imaging appearance on ultrasound, CT and MRI, staging systems, treatment surveillance, and diagnostic criteria. Other liver cancers such as cholangiocarcinoma are also briefly mentioned.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound examination of the adrenal glands and kidneys.Abdellah Nazeer
This document discusses the ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands and kidneys. It provides details on the anatomy and sonographic appearance of normal and pathological adrenal glands. The adrenal glands are located anteromedially to the kidneys. Common pathological conditions that can be identified with ultrasound include adrenal adenomas, myelolipomas, hemorrhages, abscesses, hyperplasia, cysts and metastases. Malignant tumors like metastases are often irregular with complex internal echoes. Ultrasound is useful to characterize adrenal lesions but CT may be needed for definitive diagnosis.
Doppler ultrasound of the portal system - Normal findingsSamir Haffar
This document provides an overview of Doppler ultrasound of the normal portal system, including:
1. Principles of Doppler ultrasound and how to adjust settings like color box size, velocity scale, gain, and wall filter to optimize the examination.
2. Sites for duplex insonation of the portal system and techniques for obtaining spectral waveforms.
3. Normal Doppler ultrasound findings of the portal vein, hepatic veins, and hepatic artery, including measurements and anatomy.
This document discusses Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys. It begins with the normal anatomy of the kidneys and renal vasculature. It then describes how to perform grayscale and Doppler ultrasound of the kidneys, including imaging planes and settings. Normal Doppler waveforms of renal arteries are presented. Key measurements like resistive index, acceleration time, and peak systolic velocity of renal arteries are discussed. Variants of renal and renal vein anatomy are also reviewed.
This document discusses locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), specifically percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA). It provides details on the procedures, indications, outcomes, and complications of PEI and RFA. PEI involves injecting ethanol directly into tumors to induce chemical necrosis. It is indicated for HCC lesions ≤3 cm and can achieve complete ablation in 70-80% of lesions <3 cm. RFA uses heat generated by radiofrequency energy to ablate tumors. It is effective for tumors <3 cm, with an ablation success rate of 90% for lesions <2 cm. Both PEI and RFA have low risks of major complications but can
This document discusses the principles and techniques of triple phase CT for liver imaging. It begins by explaining hepatic contrast enhancement and the dual blood supply of the liver. It then describes how lesions are detected based on attenuation differences between the lesion and normal liver tissue. The three phases of CT - arterial, portal venous, and delayed equilibrium - are outlined in detail, including optimal timing, contrast injection rates, and what types of lesions enhance in each phase. Specific protocols for the detection and characterization of liver lesions are provided.
Management of Advances Hepatocellular CarcinomaPratap Tiwari
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. For advanced HCC that cannot be treated with surgery or transplantation, the standard of care has been sorafenib. Lenvatinib and cabozantinib have also shown efficacy in advanced HCC. Immunotherapy with nivolumab has shown promise based on phase II data. Combination therapies and future targeted agents may provide additional treatment options for this difficult to treat cancer.
HCC Clinical update and hints from AASLD 2017 guidelines mainly about surveillance, diagnosis and treatment of Hepatocellular carcinoma in different stages.
The document summarizes the key changes in the 2017 version of LI-RADS (Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System) for CT and MR imaging. The major changes include new categories to better characterize observations for diagnosis and treatment response assessment. For diagnosis, new categories were added for observations that cannot be categorized (LR-NC) and for malignancies other than hepatocellular carcinoma (LR-M). Treatment response criteria were also added. Thresholds for major features like tumor growth were clarified. Ancillary features were designated as optional to upgrade or downgrade categories by one level.
This document discusses stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver tumors. It begins with an overview of liver anatomy and the Couinaud classification system for liver segments. It then discusses SBRT, including indications such as hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases. Clinical outcomes for SBRT in HCC and cholangiocarcinoma are summarized from various studies. Case selection criteria and dose constraints are outlined for SBRT treatment of liver tumors.
This document compares different staging systems for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), including TNM, BCLC, CLIP, Okuda, and others. It discusses the limitations of TNM staging for HCC, as TNM does not consider factors like underlying liver function which are important for prognosis and treatment selection. Other staging systems like BCLC and CLIP provide more prognostic information by incorporating tumor characteristics and liver reserve. While no system is perfect, studies have found BCLC and CLIP provide good stratification of survival for HCC patients treated with different modalities. Ongoing research aims to develop more accurate staging models for HCC given the complexity of the disease and factors influencing prognosis and treatment.
This document summarizes the management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It discusses the incidence, biological markers, staging evaluations, and treatment options for HCC depending on the stage. For early stage disease (BCLC stages 0 and A), primary curative treatments include surgical resection or liver transplantation. For intermediate stage disease (BCLC stage B), locoregional therapies like radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, stereotactic body radiation therapy, and selective internal radiation therapy are options. For more advanced HCC (BCLC stages C and D), palliative treatments like transarterial chemoembolization or systemic therapies like sorafenib are utilized. SBRT is also explored as a bridge to liver transplantation
Surgeons view on AHA/ACC Coronary revascularisation guidelines .pptxChaitanya Chittimuri
The document summarizes perspectives from surgeons on the 2021 ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary artery revascularization. There are three main areas of concern: 1) Downgrading CABG for treatment of three-vessel CAD, 2) Not recognizing superior long-term benefits of CABG over PCI, and 3) Awarding a high recommendation for radial artery grafts without sufficient evidence. The surgeons argue that studies like ISCHEMIA should not decrease CABG recommendations for multivessel CAD and that earlier studies found CABG superior to PCI. They are also concerned about arbitrarily downgrading CABG and only including one side of the heart team in guidelines development.
This document discusses the use of stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for liver tumors. It provides details on common liver tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma and metastases. It describes SBRT as a treatment option for inoperable early stage tumors, as a bridge to transplant, and for intermediate or locally advanced stages. Key factors for patient selection and treatment planning such as tumor size, number and location, as well as liver function are summarized. The document also briefly discusses proton beam therapy and current clinical trials investigating SBRT for liver cancer.
1) The document provides guidelines for coronary artery revascularization from the 2021 ACC/AHA/SCAI, including definitions of lesion severity, recommendations for revascularization of infarct arteries in STEMI, and timing of invasive strategies for NSTE-ACS.
2) It recommends using tools like the SYNTAX score and coronary physiology to help define lesion severity and guide revascularization decisions for intermediate lesions.
3) For STEMI patients, the guidelines recommend PCI if within 12 hours of symptoms or CABG if mechanical complications occur, and provide recommendations for revascularizing non-infarct arteries.
This document summarizes guidelines for managing patients with chronic coronary disease from the 2023 AHA/ACC/ACCP/ASPC/NLA/PCNA. It finds that non-Hispanic white men have the highest prevalence of chronic coronary disease, myocardial infarction, and angina in the US. Risk stratification for patients with chronic coronary disease should incorporate demographics, medical history, biomarkers, and results from cardiac diagnostic testing. Features associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes include older age, male sex, comorbidities like diabetes, prior myocardial infarction, biomarkers like high-sensitivity troponin, and abnormal findings on stress testing.
STEREOTACTIC BODY RADIATION THERAPY USING CYBERKNIFE® FOR LIVER METASTASES: A...accurayexchange
Zhi-Yong Yuan, MD, PhD
Chun-Lei Liu, MD Ma0-Bin Meng, MD, PhD
CyberKnife Center, Department of Radiation Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital
Focal therapy aims to eradicate significant prostate cancer while minimizing side effects to preserve gland function. Accurate localization of tumors is important and is achieved through multiparametric MRI and biopsy. Cryotherapy, high-intensity focused ultrasound, photodynamic therapy, and radiofrequency ablation are ablative technologies used in focal therapy. Factors like freezing speed and thaw cycles impact cryotherapy's effectiveness. Follow-up is best with MRI-ultrasound fusion to assess treatment response.
This document discusses the management of intermediate and high risk prostate cancer. It begins by providing background on prostate cancer epidemiology and risk stratification. It then covers various treatment options including observation, active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, and androgen deprivation therapy. Several studies comparing the efficacy of radiotherapy alone versus radiotherapy with short or long-term ADT are summarized. For intermediate risk prostate cancer, the document recommends 4-6 months of ADT with radiotherapy based on trial results. For high risk prostate cancer, 2-3 years of ADT with radiotherapy is recommended.
The document summarizes the key steps and considerations in evaluating potential living liver donors. The evaluation involves a multi-stage process including medical history, physical exam, imaging to assess liver volume and anatomy, and further tests as needed. Factors like obesity, steatosis, and variant anatomy require special consideration. The goals are to ensure the donor's safety, obtain an adequate graft for the recipient, and identify any contraindications to donation.
2013 cillo laparoscopic ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic pat...Marco Zaccaria
The study evaluated the safety and efficacy of laparoscopic ablation for 169 cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who were unsuitable for resection or percutaneous ablation. Laparoscopic ablation was found to be a safe procedure, with no perioperative mortality and an overall morbidity rate of 25%. Patients had a median postoperative hospital stay of 3 days. The median overall survival was 33 months, with a 3-year survival rate of 47%. Several preoperative factors, including age, diabetes, albumin levels, and alpha-fetoprotein levels, as well as the ability to undergo liver transplantation postoperatively, were found to predict patient survival.
This document summarizes the management of pancreatic carcinoma. It discusses the anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, hereditary syndromes, pathophysiology including pre-cancerous lesions, types of pancreatic cancer, staging, prognostic factors, diagnostic techniques, treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy and historical prospective studies. It provides a comprehensive overview of pancreatic carcinoma covering all relevant aspects of the disease.
Information about monitoring after therapies for hcc by Dr Dhaval Mangukiya.
Details of Monitoring after therapies for HCC, Staging, Management of Hepatocellluar Carcioma, Limitation, RECIST criteria, Assessment, Target lesion, Special recommendations etc.
https://drdhavalmangukiya.com/
http://www.youtube.com/c/DrDhavalMangukiyaGastrosurgeonSurat
https://gastrosurgerysurat.blogspot.com/
1. The document presents Italian consensus guidelines for the diagnostic workup and follow up of cystic pancreatic neoplasms (CPNs).
2. It provides 52 statements with evidence levels and recommendations on topics including clinical evaluation, imaging, endoscopic ultrasound, cyst fluid markers, and pathology.
3. The guidelines are intended to standardize the evaluation and management of CPNs according to morphology and symptoms, while taking into account resources in the Italian healthcare system.
This document discusses non-invasive methods for assessing liver fibrosis as alternatives to liver biopsy. Transient elastography (FibroScan) has been widely adopted due to its simplicity, speed, safety and high degree of accuracy in determining liver cirrhosis. Several blood tests like APRI and Fibrosure can also estimate fibrosis levels but have limitations. Newer techniques like acoustic radiation force impulse imaging and magnetic resonance elastography are presented as promising alternatives. Guidelines now recommend using non-invasive methods first before considering liver biopsy to reduce risk and costs.
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Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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2. Introduction
• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and the third leading cause of cancer-
related mortality worldwide.
• Early detection of HCC is important as it has been shown to improve overall survival, particularly when patients are
able to receive potentially curative therapy such as resection or orthotopic liver transplantation.
• The diagnosis of HCC may be made noninvasively by imaging findings alone, often without the need for
percutaneous biopsy, in patients who are considered to be at high risk for HCC.
• Consequently, radiologists must be accurate in their interpretation and reporting of liver imaging so that therapy may be
rendered to patients with HCC in an appropriate and timely manner.
Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for
the Study of Liver Diseases. Hepatology.
2018;68(2):723–750.
3. LIRADS
• LI-RADS provides a standardized lexicon, strict diagnostic criteria, an easy-to-follow diagnostic algorithm, and
reporting guidelines to improve the consistency and clarity of radiologist interpretation and reporting.
• One benefit of LI-RADS is improved communication between radiologists and clinicians.
• According to the LI-RADS diagnostic algorithm, each liver observation in a patient at high risk for HCC is assigned a
category (from LR-1 to LR-5) reflecting the relative likelihood of being HCC.
• LI-RADS is supported and endorsed by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and in 2018 was integrated into the
American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD) guidance statement for HCC.
4. Overview of major Li-RADS updates
• Li-RADS v2011
• The initial version of LI-RADS was released in 2011 with a standardized lexicon and five major categories for
classifying observations in the liver:
• LR-1 (definitely benign),
• LR-2 (probably benign),
• LR-3 (intermediate probability for HCC),
• LR-4 (probably HCC), and
• LR-5 (definitely HCC).
5. 2013Li-RADS 2014Li-RADS 2017Li-RADS 2018Li-RADS
Overview of major Li-RADS updates
Introduced a diagnostic table
and imaging atlas.
• Introduced material on hepatobiliary agents.
• Split cell was introduced into the algorithm.
• The lexicon and atlas were refined and
expanded.
• Added new algorithms for US surveillance and
CT/MRI treatment response assessment.
• The category LR-noncategorizable (LR-NC) was
added.
Unified LI-RADS and AASLD
6. US Li-RADS
• Ultrasound is the most commonly used method for surveillance in patients at risk for HCC.
• It has the benefit of being a noninvasive, accessible, safe, and low-cost screening tool for HCC.
• In a meta-analysis of 15 scientific studies on HCC surveillance in patients with cirrhosis, sonography had a pooled
sensitivity of 47% for early-stage cancer detection.
• Two prospective, randomized controlled trials in East Asia have shown that ultrasound surveillance decreased
HCC-related mortality by 31%–37%.
An ACR-endorsed working group developed a new LI-RADS algorithm specific to the interpretation of HCC
screening and surveillance by ultrasound (US LI-RADS).
1. Tzartzeva K, Obi J, Rich NE, et al. Surveillance imaging and alpha deto-protein for early detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with cirrhosis: a meta-analysis.
Gastroenterology.2018;154(6):1706–1718.e1.
2. Zhang BH, Yang BH, Tang ZY. Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2004;130(7):417–422.
3. Yeh YP, Hu TH, Cho PY, et al; Changhua Community-Based Abdominal Ultrasonography Screening Group. Evaluation of abdominal ultra-sonography mass screening for hepatocellular
carcinoma in Taiwan. Hepatology. 2014;59(5):1840–1849.
8. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of Li-RADS (CT, MRI and
ultrasound surveillance)
• The AASLD recommends not
performing surveillance of
patients with cirrhosis with
Child’s class C unless they are on
the transplant waiting list, given
the low anticipated survival for
patients with Child's C cirrhosis.
ACR and AASLD 2018
9. • The US LI-RADS algorithm includes two components:
• Ultrasound category
• Visualization score
US Li-RADS
10. Ultrasound category
• American College of Radiology. Ultrasound Li-RADS v2017. https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/Li-
RADS/Ultrasound-Li-RADS-v2017.
OR AFP ≥ 20 ng/ml
11. Visualization score
• The visualization score is assigned to each examination based on technical quality and study limitations and
conveys the expected sensitivity of the examination for detection of liver lesions.
• Multiple extrinsic and intrinsic factors can affect the quality of ultrasound visualization of the liver parenchyma
including the:
• patient body habitus,
• obscuration of the liver by lung or bowel gas,
• a patient’s inability to hold their breath or hold still,
• hepatic parenchymal heterogeneity or sound attenuation due to fibrosis/cirrhosis or steatosis.
12. • American College of Radiology. Ultrasound Li-RADS v2017. https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/Li-
RADS/Ultrasound-Li-RADS-v2017.
It is important to note that currently the visualization score does not impact management recommendations
18. US-LIRADS algorithm – STEP 2 (Apply Tiebreaking rule if needed)
Tiebreaking rules: Rules to assign a final single category when
deciding between two categories.
For screening or surveillance exam (US LI-RADS):
Assign the category with a higher degree of suspicion.
Rationale: In screening context, goal is to maximize sensitivity
For diagnostic exam (CT/MRI LI-RADS):
Assign the category with a lower degree of certainty.
Rationale: In diagnostic (confirmatory) context,
emphasis is on specificity.
20. US-LIRADS algorithm – STEP 4 (Final check)
After Steps 1, 2, and 3 – See if the assigned US category and visualization score seem
reasonable and appropriate
If YES: Its done.
If NO: Assigned US category and/or visualization score may be inappropriate, so
reevaluate.
21. Recommendation for US category
Category 1 Continue routine surveillance every 6 months.
Category 2 Close follow-up with short-interval ultrasound every 3–6 months to identify
growth beyond the 1 cm threshold, in which case, further characterization with a
contrast-based study is warranted.
If an observation in an US-2 study is stable in size for 2 years or greater, the
patient can return to routine 6-month surveillance.
Category 3 Further characterization with multiphase contrast-enhanced CT, MRI, or CEUS
AASLD 2018
22. US Li-RADS Category 3 observation in a 59-year-old male
with hepatitis C cirrhosis undergoing US surveillance.
Notes: Sagittal US image shows a 3.6 cm solid hypoechoic
observation with lobulated margins in segment 6. This
patient requires contrast-based studies; CeUS,
CeCT, or CeMRi to further characterize the lesion.
US Li-RADS Category 3 observation in a 70-year-old female
with cryptogenic cirrhosis undergoing US surveillance.
Notes: Transverse US image shows a large area of
heterogeneity (arrows) distinctive from background liver,
shown to represent an HCC with infiltrative
Appearance.
26. CT/MRI LI-RADS Categories
Of all LR-2 lesions about 16% are
HCC and 18% are malignant.
Of all LR-3 lesions approximately
37% are HCC and 39% are
malignant
Of all LR-4 observations about
74% are HCC and 81% are
malignant
Of all LR-5 lesions 95% are HCC
and 98% are malignant.
28. LI-RADS Major Imaging Features
Nonrim-like enhancement in arterial phase unequivocally greater
in whole or in part than liver.
Enhancing part must be higher in attenuation or intensity than
liver in arterial phase.
Nonperipheral visually assessed temporal reduction in enhancement in whole
or in part relative to composite liver tissue from earlier to later phase resulting
in hypoenhancement in the extracellular phase:
• portal venous or delayed phase if ECA or gadobenate is given
• portal venous phase if gadoxetate is given
29. • There is an observation with non-rim hyperenhancement (yellow arrow).
In a late phase there is washout. These are typical features of HCC.
LI-RADS Major Imaging Features
The other lesion (green
arrow) is a treated lesion.
30. • Seventy-one-year-old female
demonstrating nonrim arterial phase
hyperenhancement.
• Notes: Contrast-enhanced CT shows a
large mass (arrows) in the left hepatic
lobe, partially exophytic, demonstrating
heterogeneous arterial phase
hyperenhancement.
• Posthepatectomy pathology confirmed
well-differentiated hepatocellular
carcinoma.
LI-RADS Major Imaging Features
31. LI-RADS Major Imaging Features
Smooth, uniform, sharp border around most or all of an observation,
unequivocally thicker or more conspicuous than fibrotic tissue around
background nodules, and visible as as enhancing rim in PVP, DP, or
TP.
Largest outer-edge-to-outer-edge dimension of an observation:
• Include “capsule” in measurement.
• Pick phase, sequence, plane in which margins are clearest.
• Do not measure in arterial phase or DWI if margins are clearly visible on
different phase (size may be overestimated in arterial phase)
32. • Patient with an enhancing lesion and washout. Note the enhancing capsule on the delayed phase.
• A capsule is one of the major features of HCC and can be complete or partial.
A capsule should always be included within the measurement of the lesion.
LI-RADS Major Imaging Features
33. LI-RADS Major Imaging Features
Size increase of a mass by ≥ 50% in ≤ 6 months
• Apply threshold growth only if the observation unequivocally is a mass.
Do not apply threshold growth if there is a reasonable possibility that the
observation is a pseudolesion such as a perfusion alteration.
• Apply threshold growth only if there is a prior CT or MRI exam of
sufficient quality and appropriate technique to gauge if growth has
occurred. Do not assess threshold growth by comparing to prior US or
CEUS exams.
• Measure on same phase, sequence, and plane on serial exams if possible.
34. • The images show an observation in segment 5 of the liver demonstrating arterial hyperenhancement.
The lesion has grown from 8 mm to 21 mm in 3 months, which means that there is threshold growth.
LI-RADS Major Imaging Features
35. LI-RADS Major Imaging Features (Tumor in Vein LR-TIV)
Unequivocal enhancing soft tissue in vein,
regardless of visualization of parenchymal mass
Additional clues to diagnosis of tumor in vein:
Imaging features that suggest tumor in vein but do NOT establish its presence are listed below:
• Occluded vein with ill-defined walls
• Occluded vein with restricted diffusion
• Occluded or obscured vein in contiguity with malignant parenchymal mass
• Heterogeneous vein enhancement not attributable to artifact.
36. a) Arterial phase MDCT shows a large hypovascular mass, which invades the portal vein bifurcation (arrow). There
are multiple solid nodules present in both lobes, most likely metastases.
b) Venous phase MDCT confirms hypovascularity of the tumour.
c) Paraxial volume-rendered technique demonstrates the extent of tumour thrombosis in the left system (arrows).
LI-RADS Major Imaging Features (Tumor in Vein LR-TIV)
37. • Targetoid mass
• Target-like imaging morphology. Concentric arrangement of internal components.
• Likely reflects peripheral hypercellularity and central stromal fibrosis or ischemia.
• OR
• Nontargetoid mass with one or more of the following:
• Infiltrative appearance.
• Marked diffusion restriction. No tumor in vein
• Necrosis or severe ischemia. Not meeting LR-5 criteria
• Other feature that in radiologist’s judgment suggests non-HCC malignancy.
LI-RADS Major Imaging Features (LR-M criteria)
38. • A 2 cm observation in hepatic segment 5 shows
• (A) rim arterial phase hyperenhancement,
• (B) progressive delayed central enhancement on portal venous, and
• (C) delayed phase, corresponding to a targetoid appearance (LR-M). Biopsy confirmed intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
LI-RADS Major Imaging Features (LR-M criteria)
40. CT/MRI-LIRADS algorithm – STEP 1 (Apply CT/MRI LI-RADS
Diagnostic Algorithm )
If unsure about the presence of any major feature: characterize that feature as absent.
41. CT/MRI-LIRADS algorithm – STEP 2 (Optional: Apply Ancillary
Features (AFs) )
Ancillary features may be used at radiologist discretion for: Improved
detection, increased confidence, or category adjustment.
For category adjustment (upgrade or downgrade), apply ancillary features as follows:
≥ 1 AF favoring malignancy: upgrade by 1 category up to LR-4 (Absence of these AFs should not be used to
downgrade)
≥ 1 AF favoring benignity: downgrade by 1 category (Absence of these AFs should not be used to upgrade)
If ≥ 1 AF favoring malignancy and ≥ 1 AF favoring benignity: Do not adjust category
Ancillary features cannot be be used to upgrade to LR-5
43. CT/MRI-LIRADS algorithm – STEP 3 (Apply Tiebreaking Rules if
Needed)
If unsure between two categories, choose the one reflecting lower certainty
If unsure about presence of TIV,
do not categorize as LR-TIV
44. CT/MRI-LIRADS algorithm – STEP 4 (Final check)
After Steps 1, 2, and 3 – Re-assess if the assigned category seems
reasonable and appropriate
If YES: Its done, move on the next observation (if any).
If NO: Assigned LI-RADS category may be inappropriate, so reevaluate.
46. LI-RADS treatment response
The LI-RADS treatment response algorithm was introduced in v2017 to guide interpretation of response following
locoregional therapy (but do not apply to systemic treatment response; the system can be used with caution in
patients undergoing both locoregional and systemic therapy when the locoregional treatment effects are
dominant).
50. If unsure between two categories, choose the one reflecting lower certainty
CT/MRI-LIRADS treatment response algorithm – STEP 3 (Apply
Tiebreaking Rules if Needed)
51. CT/MRI-LIRADS treatment response algorithm – STEP 4 (Final
check)
After Steps 1, 2, and 3 – Re-assess if the assigned category seems
reasonable and appropriate
If YES: Its done, move on the next observation (if any).
If NO: Assigned LI-RADS category may be inappropriate, so reevaluate.