Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
diabetes was associated with insulin resistant state which affects liver cells.Also fatty liver may be called NAFLA OR NASH may lead to liver cirrhosis and sometimes to hepatocelular carcinoma
Abstract— Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is also becoming public health impotance nowadays. So this study was aimed to determine the association of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome and Cardio-Vascular disease along with assessment of degree of severity of NAFLD with respect to number of components of metabolic syndrome. This study includes a total of 222 subjects were enrolled as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria, out of which 110 cases who had NAFLD with hepatic steatosis on ultrasonography and 112 subjects who did not have NAFLD were considered control. These cases and controls were interrogated and investigated further. Observations were recorded and association of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome and Cardio-Vascular disease along with assessment of degree of severity of NAFLD with respect to number of components of metabolic syndrome. Statistical methods used were unpaired student’s t-test for continuous variables, Fischer’s and chi-sq test for categorical variables using bivariate analysis by Graph Pad Instat Version 3.10. Risk was assessed in terms of Odd's Ratio. The patients with MS and NAFLD had a higher proportion of CVD compared with those who did not have NAFLD (29.1 vs 18.1 %). This study concludes that NAFLD is significantly associated with MS; most significant with WC, followed by TG and FBS and thus can be considered as hepatic component of MS. This needs more research with large multi-centric prospective studies to evaluate NAFLD as an independent risk factor for CVD.
Assessment Outcomes Dyslipidaemia in Dialysis PatientAI Publications
Background: Chronic kidney disease is defined as the presence, for more than three months, of changes in the structure or function of the kidneys, secondary to a progressive decline in the number of nephrons, with a consequent deterioration in health resulting from the inability of the kidneys to perform their excretory functions, softener, and metabolism. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical condition caused by the progressive and progressive loss of kidney function. Chronic kidney disease is not only implicated by the gradual deterioration of quality of life and life expectancy when it progresses to more advanced stages but also by the increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which is the leading cause of death in these patients. Aim: This paper aims to assess the outcomes of dyslipidemia in a dialysis patient. Patients and method: In this study, a descriptive cross-sectional study was applied to study the Assessment Outcomes of Dyslipidemia in Dialysis Patients in Iraq from 4th January 2021 to 7th August 2022. Data were collected for 150 patients in different hospitals in Iraq, where the patients were divided into two groups, the first group of patients, which included DIALYSIS PATIENTS, which included 80, and the second group, the control group, which included patients, which include 70 patients. Results and discussions: collected 150 cases distributed according to dialysis patients (80) and controls (70); the most frequent ages in this study ranged from 40-49 years old 34 (42.5%) patients group, 33 (47.14%) control group with a statistical difference of 0.0831. In this study was evaluated the Outcomes of dyslipidemia in a dialysis patient. Imbalances were found in levels of dyslipidemia which LDL 5.12±3.4 of the patients' group, as for the control group 2.1±3.3-HDL 2.43±2.4 of the patients' group, 1.4±1.5 for the control group, TRIGLYCERIDE 1.75±1.8 of patients group, 0.55±0.43 for the control group with A statistically significant relationship were found between dyslipidemia levels and outcomes in the group of patients at P value < 0.05.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dyslipidemia among Type Two Diabeti...ijtsrd
Dyslipidemia is one of the major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients is attributed to increased free fatty acids flux secondary to insulin resistance. Despite its high prevalence and related complications of in type 2 diabetic patients, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients in Tiko. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia amongst type 2 diabetic patients attending Tiko Cottage Hospital. A cross sectional based study was conducted from February to April 2023. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit 179 type 2 diabetic patients into the study. Data on socio demographic characteristics, behavioral and clinical factors were collected using a structured questionnaire through face to face interviews. Five milliliters of venous blood sample were collected for serum glucose and lipid analysis. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21, whereby univarriate analysis using frequency and proportions described the variables, bivarriate analysis with the support of Chi Test of independence measured the association between two variable while multivariate analysis was employed to highlight critical risk factors with the support Logistic Regression. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia among study participants was 54.7 . Isolated lipid profile abnormality of hypercholesterolemia was found in 14.0 , hypertriglyceridemia was absent, high level of High density lipoprotein HDL C was found in 53.1 , and high level of low density lipoprotein LDL C was found in 0.6 of study participants. Being obese was significantly associated with dyslipidemia and female were significantly more exposed. The study concluded that high prevalence of dyslipidemia was found among type 2 diabetic patients in the study area and that obesity was a critical risk factor. The findings of this study should be taken into account to conduct appropriate intervention measures on the identified risk factors and implement routine screening, treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia. Fodji Praise Afuh | Moses N. Ngemenya | Lepasia Arnold Fonge | Nana Célestin "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dyslipidemia among Type Two Diabetic Patients Attending Tiko Cottage Hospital" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61307.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/61307/prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-of-dyslipidemia-among-type-two-diabetic-patients-attending-tiko-cottage-hospital/fodji-praise-afuh
High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase Proteins ...JapaneseJournalofGas
Patients with plasma HDL values lower than 40 mg/dL were collected into the first group, and then age and gender matched patients with plasma HDL values of 40 mg/dL
High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase Proteins ...JohnJulie1
Patients with plasma HDL values lower than 40 mg/dL were collected into the first group, and then age and gender matched patients with plasma HDL values of 40 mg/dL and greater were collected into the second group, and compared in between
Dyslipidemia, specially high LDL cholesterol is the key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presentation discusses metabolism and structure of lipoproteins, their screening and interpretation, risk assessment methods, targets for various lipoproteins and its step by step treatment.
This is a lecture note for 5th semester MBBS students. Lecture notes on hepatology, liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, portal hypertension, ascites. Introduction to ascites and management of ascites.
diabetes was associated with insulin resistant state which affects liver cells.Also fatty liver may be called NAFLA OR NASH may lead to liver cirrhosis and sometimes to hepatocelular carcinoma
Abstract— Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is also becoming public health impotance nowadays. So this study was aimed to determine the association of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome and Cardio-Vascular disease along with assessment of degree of severity of NAFLD with respect to number of components of metabolic syndrome. This study includes a total of 222 subjects were enrolled as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria, out of which 110 cases who had NAFLD with hepatic steatosis on ultrasonography and 112 subjects who did not have NAFLD were considered control. These cases and controls were interrogated and investigated further. Observations were recorded and association of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome and Cardio-Vascular disease along with assessment of degree of severity of NAFLD with respect to number of components of metabolic syndrome. Statistical methods used were unpaired student’s t-test for continuous variables, Fischer’s and chi-sq test for categorical variables using bivariate analysis by Graph Pad Instat Version 3.10. Risk was assessed in terms of Odd's Ratio. The patients with MS and NAFLD had a higher proportion of CVD compared with those who did not have NAFLD (29.1 vs 18.1 %). This study concludes that NAFLD is significantly associated with MS; most significant with WC, followed by TG and FBS and thus can be considered as hepatic component of MS. This needs more research with large multi-centric prospective studies to evaluate NAFLD as an independent risk factor for CVD.
Assessment Outcomes Dyslipidaemia in Dialysis PatientAI Publications
Background: Chronic kidney disease is defined as the presence, for more than three months, of changes in the structure or function of the kidneys, secondary to a progressive decline in the number of nephrons, with a consequent deterioration in health resulting from the inability of the kidneys to perform their excretory functions, softener, and metabolism. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a clinical condition caused by the progressive and progressive loss of kidney function. Chronic kidney disease is not only implicated by the gradual deterioration of quality of life and life expectancy when it progresses to more advanced stages but also by the increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, which is the leading cause of death in these patients. Aim: This paper aims to assess the outcomes of dyslipidemia in a dialysis patient. Patients and method: In this study, a descriptive cross-sectional study was applied to study the Assessment Outcomes of Dyslipidemia in Dialysis Patients in Iraq from 4th January 2021 to 7th August 2022. Data were collected for 150 patients in different hospitals in Iraq, where the patients were divided into two groups, the first group of patients, which included DIALYSIS PATIENTS, which included 80, and the second group, the control group, which included patients, which include 70 patients. Results and discussions: collected 150 cases distributed according to dialysis patients (80) and controls (70); the most frequent ages in this study ranged from 40-49 years old 34 (42.5%) patients group, 33 (47.14%) control group with a statistical difference of 0.0831. In this study was evaluated the Outcomes of dyslipidemia in a dialysis patient. Imbalances were found in levels of dyslipidemia which LDL 5.12±3.4 of the patients' group, as for the control group 2.1±3.3-HDL 2.43±2.4 of the patients' group, 1.4±1.5 for the control group, TRIGLYCERIDE 1.75±1.8 of patients group, 0.55±0.43 for the control group with A statistically significant relationship were found between dyslipidemia levels and outcomes in the group of patients at P value < 0.05.
Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dyslipidemia among Type Two Diabeti...ijtsrd
Dyslipidemia is one of the major modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic patients. Dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients is attributed to increased free fatty acids flux secondary to insulin resistance. Despite its high prevalence and related complications of in type 2 diabetic patients, there is a paucity of data on the prevalence of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients in Tiko. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of dyslipidemia amongst type 2 diabetic patients attending Tiko Cottage Hospital. A cross sectional based study was conducted from February to April 2023. A convenient sampling technique was used to recruit 179 type 2 diabetic patients into the study. Data on socio demographic characteristics, behavioral and clinical factors were collected using a structured questionnaire through face to face interviews. Five milliliters of venous blood sample were collected for serum glucose and lipid analysis. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21, whereby univarriate analysis using frequency and proportions described the variables, bivarriate analysis with the support of Chi Test of independence measured the association between two variable while multivariate analysis was employed to highlight critical risk factors with the support Logistic Regression. The overall prevalence of dyslipidemia among study participants was 54.7 . Isolated lipid profile abnormality of hypercholesterolemia was found in 14.0 , hypertriglyceridemia was absent, high level of High density lipoprotein HDL C was found in 53.1 , and high level of low density lipoprotein LDL C was found in 0.6 of study participants. Being obese was significantly associated with dyslipidemia and female were significantly more exposed. The study concluded that high prevalence of dyslipidemia was found among type 2 diabetic patients in the study area and that obesity was a critical risk factor. The findings of this study should be taken into account to conduct appropriate intervention measures on the identified risk factors and implement routine screening, treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia. Fodji Praise Afuh | Moses N. Ngemenya | Lepasia Arnold Fonge | Nana Célestin "Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Dyslipidemia among Type Two Diabetic Patients Attending Tiko Cottage Hospital" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd61307.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/61307/prevalence-and-associated-risk-factors-of-dyslipidemia-among-type-two-diabetic-patients-attending-tiko-cottage-hospital/fodji-praise-afuh
High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase Proteins ...JapaneseJournalofGas
Patients with plasma HDL values lower than 40 mg/dL were collected into the first group, and then age and gender matched patients with plasma HDL values of 40 mg/dL
High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase Proteins ...JohnJulie1
Patients with plasma HDL values lower than 40 mg/dL were collected into the first group, and then age and gender matched patients with plasma HDL values of 40 mg/dL and greater were collected into the second group, and compared in between
Dyslipidemia, specially high LDL cholesterol is the key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presentation discusses metabolism and structure of lipoproteins, their screening and interpretation, risk assessment methods, targets for various lipoproteins and its step by step treatment.
This is a lecture note for 5th semester MBBS students. Lecture notes on hepatology, liver disease, alcoholic liver disease, alcohol-related liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, portal hypertension, ascites. Introduction to ascites and management of ascites.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. Introduction
Chronic liver disease affects people in the most productive years of their life and has a
significant impact on global economy as a result of premature death, illness and disability.
The liver plays an important role in lipid metabolism and several stages of synthesis,
transportation and degradation of lipoprotein.1,2 The liver is the principal site for formation
and clearance of lipoproteins. So the liver contributes to both the exogenous and
endogenous cycles of lipid metabolism and transport of lipids through plasma. As the liver
is involved in many steps of lipid metabolism and transport, therefore chronic liver disease
can affect plasma lipid levels in a variety of ways.
Chronic liver disease due to various causes is often associated with drastic reductions in
plasma triglycerides and cholesterol levels due to reduced lipoprotein biosynthetic capacity.
Nowadays alcoholic liver disease is a prime cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the
world. Alcohol consumption causes fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and ultimately, alcoholic
cirrhosis in some patients.
3. In Western countries alcntries like Japan and India. Alcohol-related liver deaths
account for up to 48% of cirrhosis-associated deaths in the United States, and are
also major contributors to liver disease-related mortality in other countries.
As there is a high prevalence of chronic liver disease in this part of rural Eastern India
where a vast majority of the population is of tribal origin, and especially as alcoholism
is a leading cause.
4. RESEARCH QUESTION
If there is correlation between extent of alterations of lipid profile in alcoholics
and non alcoholics patients.
5. AIM
To assess the degree of alteration of serum lipid levels in
alcoholic and non alcoholic liver disease patients .
6. OBJECTIVES
● PRIMARY OBJECTIVE :
1. To compare the different parameters of lipid profile among alcoholic and non-
alcoholic and healthy people,
● SECONDRY OBJECTIVE :
1. To find out if there is any correlation between extent of lipid profile changes
and severity of chronic liver disease .
2. To detect how serum lipid levels change with amount and duration of alcohol
consumed.
7. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE RESEARCH WORK PLANNED
The subjects were selected randomly, only they had to satisfy the inclusion and exclusion
criteria. Patients suffering from concomitant diseases which can alter the lipid profile like
Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Thyroid problem, Nephrotic syndrome, HIV, Cancer, acute
pancreatitis, acute GI bleeding, renal failure, recent parenteral nutrition, chronic smokers,
patients who were on glucose or lipid lowering drugs and patients with past history of
hyperlipidemia and patients who refuse to be a part of the study were excluded.
The criteria for inclusion of cases were history of alcoholism with clinical, biochemical and
ultrasonographic evidence of cirrhosis (and upper GI endoscopy and liver biopsy/FNAC,
wherever feasible). A questionnaire of personal characteristics including history of
alcoholism, type, quantity and duration of alcohol intake and demographic variables was
completed for each patient. The amount of alcohol consumed in grams was calculated
using the following formula: Volume of alcohol (in ml) x Density (0.794) = Weight in grams.
8. LITERATURE REVIEW
Patient must have regular intake of alcohol for at least 7 years to be termed alcoholic.
The questionnaire also focused on whether the patients had developed complications
of like cirrhosis , coagulopathy, ascites, portal hypertension and/or encephalopathy
helping in grading by a 3-point scale according to Child-Pugh criteria.
Fasting serum lipid profile - Serum triglyceride, Total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL and HDL
cholesterol - was drawn from each of the subjects and analyzed by standard and
appropriate technique.
9. Methodology of the research work
• Setting: AVMC hospital.
• Study design: comparative, analytical, cross sectional, institution-based, single
centre study.
• Study participants: patients fulfilling the following inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Study duration: 2022 to 2024.
• Sample size: Randomly selected subjects 50 each of alcoholics, non-alcoholics and
50 healthy normal from the OPD and Indoor Wards of department of General
Medicine of Aarupadai veedu Medical College and Hospital situated in
pondicherry.
10. INCLUSION CRITERIA
● Age greater than 30
● Male and female
● Patient must have regular intake of alcohol for at least 7 years to be termed
alcoholic
● history of alcoholism with clinical, biochemical and ultrasonographic
evidences.
11. • EXCLUSION CRITERIA
Patients suffering from concomitant diseases which can alter the lipid profile like
Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Thyroid problem, Nephrotic syndrome, HIV, Cancer,
acute pancreatitis, acute GI bleeding, renal failure, recent parenteral, chronic
smokers,
patients who were on glucose or lipid lowering drugs and
patients with past history of hyperlipidemia and
patients who refuse to be a part of the study were excluded.
12. Data collection procedure
● History of alcoholism.
● Type.
● Quantity of alcohol intake.
● Duration of alcohol intake.
● Patient must have regular intake of alcohol for at least 7 years.