1) The article summarizes guidelines for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension in adults, last updated in 2014. It discusses the history of guidelines and new therapies approved since then.
2) Key points include recommending initial combination therapy with ambrisentan and tadalafil for treatment-naive patients, and adding tadalafil to existing ambrisentan therapy. The addition of oral treprostinil or bosentan to other therapies showed insufficient evidence of benefit.
3) Non-drug recommendations include incorporating palliative care and pulmonary rehabilitation into overall management of PAH patients.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
New class of therapeutic agents called soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators.
Impairment of NO synthesis and signaling through the NO-sGC–cGMP pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
Dual mode of action,
Directly stimulating sGC independently of NO, and
Increasing the sensitivity of sGC to NO.
vasorelaxation , antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
New class of therapeutic agents called soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulators.
Impairment of NO synthesis and signaling through the NO-sGC–cGMP pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension.
Dual mode of action,
Directly stimulating sGC independently of NO, and
Increasing the sensitivity of sGC to NO.
vasorelaxation , antiproliferative and antifibrotic effects
efficacy and safety of Sulfad tablets in the management of NASH
patients: A randomized ,prospective, open label, multi-center,
controlled, phase III clinical trial.
Dra. Margaret Redfield. Congreso ACC 2013, Estados Unidos. RELAX: Inhibidor de la fosfodiesterasa-5 no mostró beneficio en la insuficiencia cardiaca con función ventricular preservada. Encuentre más presentaciones de este congreso en la página oficial de SOLACI: www.solaci.org/
efficacy and safety of Sulfad tablets in the management of NASH
patients: A randomized ,prospective, open label, multi-center,
controlled, phase III clinical trial.
Dra. Margaret Redfield. Congreso ACC 2013, Estados Unidos. RELAX: Inhibidor de la fosfodiesterasa-5 no mostró beneficio en la insuficiencia cardiaca con función ventricular preservada. Encuentre más presentaciones de este congreso en la página oficial de SOLACI: www.solaci.org/
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
1. JOURNAL CLUB : REVIEW ARTICLE
Therapy for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Adults
BY: Dr. Keshav Kumar Garg
Moderator: Dr. Rengaraj (Cardiologist)
This article was published in Chest Journal by Expert Panel of
Chest’s Professional Standards Committee on March 2019.
2. INTRODUCTION
• World Health Organization (WHO) Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive
and fatal disorder for which there was once no effective treatment.
• As a resource for clinicians, the American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST) convened expert
panelists who developed guidelines for the treatment of PAH.
• HISTORY
2004: First guidelines came for PAH
• 2007: Update of previous guidelines occurred.
• 2014: CHEST published the most recent guideline and expert panel report regarding
pharmacotherapy for PAH based on evidence available before November 2013.
• Two medications received regulatory approval for the treatment of PAH. An orally active
preparation of Treprostinil was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in December
2013 Selexipag, an oral prostacyclin receptor agonist, received FDA approval in 2015.
• The guideline committee chose to use the 6-min walk test as a clinically relevant outcome, which
allowed data to be extracted from the Ambrisentan and Tadalafil in patients with pulmonary
arterial hypertension (Ambition) and prostacyclin (pgi2) receptor agonist in pulmonary arterial
hypertension (Griphon) (a clinical trial of a prostacyclin receptor agonist as monotherapy or add-
on therapy in patients with PAH) trials.
3. PULMONARY ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION(PH)
• It is defined as a mean pulmonary arterial pressure greater than 25 mm Hg at
rest or greater than 30 mm Hg during exercise, is often characterized by a
progressive and sustained increase in pulmonary vascular resistance that
eventually may lead to right ventricular failure.
Clinical Classification of Pulmonary Hypertension :
• Group 1 - Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH)
• Group 2 - Pulmonary hypertension due to left-sided heart
disease
• Group 3 - Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease
and/or hypoxia
• Group 4 - Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
(CTEPH)
• Group 5 - Pulmonary hypertension with unclear or
multifactorial etiologies, including hematologic
disorders
4.
5. Risk Factor For PAH
• Family history of PAH
• Genetic mutation (BMPR2, TBXA2)
• Mixed connective tissue disease
• Hiv infection
• Portal hypertension
• Exposure of drugs or toxins ( Fenfluramine, Aminorex,
methamphetamine)
• Congenital heart disease with surgically repaired left to right shunt
with in 3-6 months
12. Newly Approved Therapies
1)Selexipag:
• Phase 2 trial, Mean change in 6MWD from baseline to 17 weeks was reported as an increase of
24.2 m for the selexipag group, with no change in 6MWD reported for the placebo group.
• Phase 3 trial, the change in 6MWD within the selexipag group was statistically significant 12 m it
did not meet our pre-specified MID defined in the PAH literature as 33 m for clinically significant
improvement.
• The committee concluded that there is insufficient evidence at this time to make a
recommendation for or against the use of selexipag.
2)Oral Treprostinil:
• Oral treprostinil is FDA-approved as monotherapy for PAH. One randomized controlled trial on
monotherapy by Jing et al (FREEDOM-M), which assessed the efficacy and safety of monotherapy
with oral treprostinil compared with placebo. Investigators found that among patients receiving
oral treprostinil, 6MWD significantly improved at 8 weeks.
• The panel was unable to make a recommendation for or against the use of oral treprostinil as
monotherapy.
13. 3)Combination studies of ERAs and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors:
a)Bosenten added to Sildenafil in patients with PAH:
• McLaughlin et al conducted a multicenter prospective, double-blind, event-
driven trial of patients with symptomatic PAH who were on stable therapy
with sildenafil at > 20 mg three times daily for at least 3 months.
• Three hundred and thirty-four patients were randomized to receive
placebo or bosentan at 62.5 mg twice daily for 1 month followed by 125
mg twice daily.
• The between-group mean difference for 6MWD was found to be 21.8 m in
the bosentan-treated patients compared with placebo.
• Although this increase was found to be statistically significant, it was less
than the MID (33 m)
• There is currently insufficient evidence to make a recommendation for or
against the addition of bosentan to patients on sildenafil
14. b)Initial use of Ambrisentan plus Tadalafil in PAH:
• Ambrisentan and Tadalafil in Patients with Pulmonary Arterial
Hypertension (AMBITION) trial, Galie et al studied combination therapy
with ambrisentan (10 mg daily) plus tadalafil (40 mg daily) vs either
ambrisentan or tadalafil alone in PAH
• The improvement in 6MWD in the treatment group suggests that initial
combination treatment may be more efficacious than monotherapy in
improving exercise capacity.
• Recommendation for treatment naive PAH patients with WHO FC II and
III, we suggest initial combination therapy with ambrisentan and tadalafil
to improve 6MWD (weak recommendation, moderate quality evidence).
15. c) Adding Tadalafil to existing Ambrisentan in PAH:
• Zhuang et al conducted a prospective, double-blinded, randomized
controlled study to investigate the efficacy of the addition of oral tadalafil in
patients receiving background ambrisentan therapy for PAH.
• Patients with symptomatic idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension
(IPAH), heritable PAH, or PAH associated with connective tissue disease or
repaired congenital heart disease who were treated with ambrisentan (10
mg daily) for > 4 months received either placebo or tadalafil (40 mg daily)
for 16 weeks.
• Recommendation for stable or symptomatic PAH patients on background
therapy with ambrisentan, we suggest the addition of tadalafil to improve
6MWD (weak recommendation, low quality evidence).
16. 4)Combination of Prostacyclin Therapy With ERAs and PDE5Is:
• Tapson et al performed an international multicenter, double-blind, placebo
controlled trial of the addition of oral treprostinil to patients with PAH
receiving background therapy with ERAs and/or PDE5Is in the FREEDOM-C2
trial.
• No significant difference was shown in the primary outcome of
improvement in the 6MWD from baseline to 16 weeks.
5)Palliative Care:
• Palliative medicine is a well-established and growing field with clearly
documented benefits to patients and outcomes.
• Recommendation suggest incorporating palliative care services in the
management of PAH patients.
17. 6) Pulmonary Rehabilitation:
• Pulmonary rehabilitation has been shown to be safe and beneficial in
improving exercise capacity and quality of life in chronic lung disease.
• International guidelines recommend integrating exercise training into the care
of patients.
• Recommendation suggest that patients with PAH participate in supervised
exercise activity as part of the integrated care of their disease.
7) Heart-lung transplantation:
• Current guidelines from the International Society for Heart and Lung
Transplantation recommend early counseling about transplant and early
referral to a transplant program to minimize risks of delay of timely listing for
transplantation for potential candidates
• Bilateral lung transplant is the most common transplant procedure for
patients with PAH; however, heart-lung transplantation may be required for
patients with complex congenital disease and other considerations
18. CONCLUSION
• This document provides an evidence-based update addressing
important developments in the utilization of combination therapy,
and consensus-based suggestions on the integration of palliative care
and exercise training (cardiopulmonary rehabilitation) into overall
disease management.
• A treatment algorithm has been added to assist the care provider in
navigating the guideline.
• Importantly, we continue to suggest early referral to expert centers
and collaborative care using sound clinical judgment.