The document outlines the steps to create an LVM logical volume on a Linux system. It begins by creating a new partition on /dev/sda and formatting it as an LVM physical volume. A volume group is then created using this physical volume. Finally, a logical volume is created within the volume group, formatted, and mounted. Attempts are made to extend the size of the logical volume but are unsuccessful due to size constraints.

1. LVMs STEP BY STEP
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING:DOS-compatible mode isdeprecated.It'sstronglyrecommendedto
switchoff the mode (command'c') andchange displayunitsto
sectors(command'u').
Command (m for help):n
Firstcylinder(1633-2610, default1633):
Usingdefaultvalue 1633
Last cylinder,+cylindersor+size{K,M,G} (1633-2610, default2610): +50M
Command (m for help):w
The partitiontable hasbeenaltered!
Callingioctl() tore-readpartitiontable.
WARNING:Re-readingthe partitiontable failedwitherror16: Device orresource busy.
The kernel still usesthe oldtable.The new table will be usedat
the nextrebootor afteryourun partprobe(8) orkpartx(8)
Syncingdisks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING:DOS-compatible mode isdeprecated.It'sstronglyrecommendedto
switchoff the mode (command'c') andchange displayunitsto
sectors(command'u').
Command(mfor help):p
Disk/dev/sda:21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads,63 sectors/track,2610 cylinders
Units= cylindersof 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sectorsize (logical/physical):512 bytes/ 512 bytes

2. I/Osize (minimum/optimal):512 bytes/512 bytes
Diskidentifier:0x00043f93
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition1 doesnotendon cylinderboundary.
/dev/sda2 26 1301 10240000 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1301 1562 2097152 82 Linux swap/ Solaris
/dev/sda4 1562 2610 8421849 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1562 1626 517837+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda6 1627 1632 48163+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 1633 1639 56196 83 Linux
Command(mfor help):t
Partitionnumber(1-7):7
Hex code (type L to listcodes):L (Listof Hex codes)
0 Empty 24 NECDOS 81 Minix / oldLin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan9 82 Linux swap/ Soc1 DRDOS/sec(FAT-
2 XENIXroot 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec(FAT-
3 XENIXusr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hiddenC: c6 DRDOS/sec(FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPCPRePBoot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume setda Non-FSdata
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFSvolume setdb CP/M/ CTOS/ .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintextde Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e LinuxLVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 AmoebaBBT e3 DOS R/O

3. b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBMThinkpadhi eb BeOSfs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd(LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/
10 OPUS 56 GoldenBow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISCb
11 HiddenFAT12 5c PriamEdisk a8 DarwinUFS f1 SpeedStor
12 Compaqdiagnost61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor
14 HiddenFAT16<3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwinboot f2 DOSsecondary
16 HiddenFAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS/ HFS+ fb VMware VMFS
17 HiddenHPFS/NTF65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE
18 ASTSmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Multb8 BSDI swap fd Linux raidauto
1b HiddenW95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizardhidfe LANstep
1c HiddenW95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solarisboot ff BBT
1e HiddenW95 FAT1
Hex code (type L to list codes):8e
Changedsystemtype of partition7to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command(mfor help):w
The partitiontable hasbeenaltered!
Callingioctl() tore-readpartitiontable.
WARNING:Re-readingthe partitiontable failedwitherror16: Device orresource busy.
The kernel still usesthe oldtable.The new table will be usedat
the nextrebootor afteryourun partprobe(8) orkpartx(8)
Syncingdisks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device orresource busy

4. error addingpartition1
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition2
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition3
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition4
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition5
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition6
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition7
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/partitions
majorminor #blocks name
8 0 20971520 sda
8 1 204800 sda1
8 2 10240000 sda2
8 3 2097152 sda3
8 4 1 sda4
8 5 517837 sda5
8 6 48163 sda6
8 7 56196 sda7
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda7
Physical volume"/dev/sda7"successfullycreated

5. [root@localhost ~]# vgcreate /dev/sda7
Please enteraphysical volume path
Run`vgcreate --help'formore information.
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate /dev/sda
Please enteraphysical volume path
Run`vgcreate --help'formore information.
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate Aoc /dev/sda
Device /dev/sdanotfound(orignoredbyfiltering).
Unable toadd physical volume '/dev/sda'tovolume group'Aoc'.
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate aoc /dev/sda
Device /dev/sdanotfound(orignoredbyfiltering).
Unable toadd physical volume '/dev/sda'tovolume group'aoc'.
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate vg1 /dev/sda
Device /dev/sdanotfound(orignoredbyfiltering).
Unable toadd physical volume '/dev/sda'tovolume group'vg1'.
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
Novolume groupsfound
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate aoc /dev/sda7
Volume group"aoc"successfullycreated
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name aoc
SystemID
Format lvm2
MetadataAreas 1

6. MetadataSequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
OpenLV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 52.00 MiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 13
AllocPE/ Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 13 / 52.00 MiB
VG UUID WiiSuj-VtRD-3zES-YFse-yLwN-3YS9-vnCB2k
[root@localhost ~]# blkid/dev/sda7
/dev/sda7:UUID="3h4r7d-1JO1-kmi5-RWwW-0hJ8-cNQw-oe7BS4"TYPE="LVM2_member"
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L 25M -nAoc1 aoc
Roundingupsize tofull physical extent28.00 MiB
Logical volume "Aoc1"created
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize OriginSnap% Move Log Copy% Convert
Aoc1 aoc -wi-a- 28.00m
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/aoc/Aoc1
mke2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)

7. Filesystemlabel=
OS type:Linux
Blocksize=1024 (log=0)
Fragmentsize=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0blocks,Stripe width=0blocks
7168 inodes,28672 blocks
1433 blocks(5.00%) reservedforthe superuser
Firstdata block=1
Maximumfilesystemblocks=29360128
4 blockgroups
8192 blockspergroup,8192 fragmentspergroup
1792 inodespergroup
Superblockbackupsstoredonblocks:
8193, 24577
Writinginode tables:done
Creatingjournal (1024 blocks):done
Writingsuperblocksandfilesystemaccountinginformation:done
Thisfilesystemwill be automaticallycheckedevery25 mountsor
180 days,whichevercomesfirst. Use tune2fs -cor -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize OriginSnap% Move Log Copy% Convert
Aoc1 aoc -wi-a- 28.00m
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mountedon
/dev/sda2 ext4 9.7G 2.3G 6.9G 25% /

8. tmpfs tmpfs 504M 260K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 194M 24M 161M 13% /boot
/dev/sda5 ext4 490M 11M 455M 3% /usr/olx
/dev/sr0 iso9660 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.0i386 Disc 1
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size UsedAvail Use%Mountedon
/dev/sda2 9.7G 2.3G 6.9G 25% /
tmpfs 504M 260K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 194M 24M 161M 13% /boot
/dev/sda5 490M 11M 455M 3% /usr/olx
/dev/sr0 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.0 i386 Disc1
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk -l
Disk/dev/sda:21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads,63 sectors/track,2610 cylinders
Units= cylindersof 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sectorsize (logical/physical):512 bytes/ 512 bytes
I/Osize (minimum/optimal):512 bytes/512 bytes
Diskidentifier:0x00043f93
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition1 doesnotendon cylinderboundary.
/dev/sda2 26 1301 10240000 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1301 1562 2097152 82 Linux swap/ Solaris
/dev/sda4 1562 2610 8421849 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1562 1626 517837+ 83 Linux

9. /dev/sda6 1627 1632 48163+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 1633 1639 56196 8e Linux LVM
Disk/dev/dm-0:29 MB, 29360128 bytes
255 heads,63 sectors/track,3 cylinders
Units= cylindersof 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sectorsize (logical/physical):512 bytes/ 512 bytes
I/Osize (minimum/optimal):512 bytes/512 bytes
Diskidentifier:0x00000000
Disk/dev/dm-0doesn'tcontainavalidpartitiontable
[root@localhost ~]# mkdir AOC
[root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/aoc/Aoc1 AOC
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size UsedAvail Use%Mountedon
/dev/sda2 9.7G 2.3G 6.9G 25% /
tmpfs 504M 260K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 194M 24M 161M 13% /boot
/dev/sda5 490M 11M 455M 3% /usr/olx
/dev/sr0 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.0 i386 Disc1
/dev/mapper/aoc-Aoc1 28M 1.4M 25M 6% /root/AOC
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize OriginSnap% Move Log Copy% Convert
Aoc1 aoc -wi-ao28.00m
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L10M /dev/aoc/Aoc1
Roundingupsize tofull physical extent12.00 MiB
Newsize given(3extents) notlargerthanexistingsize (7extents)

10. Run`lvextend --help'formore information.
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L5M /dev/aoc/Aoc1
Roundingupsize tofull physical extent8.00MiB
Newsize given(2extents) notlargerthanexistingsize (7extents)
Run`lvextend --help'formore information.
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L2M /dev/aoc/Aoc1
Roundingupsize tofull physical extent4.00MiB
Newsize given(1extents) notlargerthanexistingsize (7extents)
Run`lvextend --help'formore information.
[root@localhost~]# lvextend -L15M /dev/aoc/Aoc1
Roundingupsize tofull physical extent16.00 MiB
Newsize given(4extents) notlargerthanexistingsize (7extents)
Run`lvextend --help'formore information.
[root@localhost ~]# lvextend -L15M /dev/aoc/Aoc1clear
Logical volume Aoc1clearnotfoundinvolume groupaoc
[root@localhost ~]# clear
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING:DOS-compatible mode isdeprecated.It'sstronglyrecommendedto
switchoff the mode (command'c') andchange displayunitsto
sectors(command'u').
Command(mfor help):n
Firstcylinder(1640-2610, default1640):
Usingdefaultvalue 1640
Last cylinder,+cylindersor+size{K,M,G} (1640-2610, default2610): +500M

11. Command(mfor help):w
The partitiontable hasbeenaltered!
Callingioctl() tore-readpartitiontable.
WARNING:Re-readingthe partitiontable failedwitherror16: Device orresource busy.
The kernel still usesthe oldtable.The new table will be usedat
the nextrebootor afteryourun partprobe(8) orkpartx(8)
Syncingdisks.
[root@localhost ~]# fdisk /dev/sda
WARNING:DOS-compatible mode isdeprecated.It'sstrongly recommendedto
switchoff the mode (command'c') andchange displayunitsto
sectors(command'u').
Command(mfor help):p
Disk/dev/sda:21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads,63 sectors/track,2610 cylinders
Units= cylindersof 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sectorsize (logical/physical):512 bytes/ 512 bytes
I/Osize (minimum/optimal):512 bytes/512 bytes
Diskidentifier:0x00043f93
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 1 26 204800 83 Linux
Partition1 doesnotendon cylinderboundary.
/dev/sda2 26 1301 10240000 83 Linux
/dev/sda3 1301 1562 2097152 82 Linux swap/ Solaris
/dev/sda4 1562 2610 8421849 5 Extended
/dev/sda5 1562 1626 517837+ 83 Linux

12. /dev/sda6 1627 1632 48163+ 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 1633 1639 56196 8e Linux LVM
/dev/sda8 1640 1704 522081 83 Linux
Command (m for help):t
Partition number(1-8): 8
Hex code (type L to list codes):8e
Changedsystemtype of partition8to 8e (Linux LVM)
Command (m for help):w
The partitiontable hasbeenaltered!
Callingioctl() tore-readpartitiontable.
WARNING:Re-readingthe partitiontable failedwitherror16: Device orresource busy.
The kernel still usesthe oldtable.The new table will be usedat
the nextrebootor afteryourun partprobe(8) orkpartx(8)
Syncingdisks.
[root@localhost ~]# partx -a /dev/sda
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition1
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition2
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition3
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition4
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition5

13. BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition6
BLKPG: Device orresource busy
error addingpartition7
[root@localhost ~]# pvcreate /dev/sda8
Physical volume"/dev/sda8"successfullycreated
[root@localhost ~]# vgcreate VG1 /dev/sda8
Volume group"VG1"successfullycreated
[root@localhost ~]# vgdisplay
--- Volume group ---
VG Name VG1
SystemID
Format lvm2
MetadataAreas 1
MetadataSequence No 1
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 0
OpenLV 0
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 508.00 MiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB

14. Total PE 127
AllocPE/ Size 0 / 0
Free PE / Size 127 / 508.00 MiB
VG UUID 5BaD8w-YikM-He7J-3q3P-LdP1-snoO-SflLpS
--- Volume group ---
VG Name aoc
SystemID
Format lvm2
MetadataAreas 1
MetadataSequence No 2
VG Access read/write
VG Status resizable
MAX LV 0
Cur LV 1
OpenLV 1
Max PV 0
Cur PV 1
Act PV 1
VG Size 52.00 MiB
PE Size 4.00 MiB
Total PE 13
AllocPE/ Size 7 / 28.00 MiB
Free PE / Size 6 / 24.00 MiB
VG UUID WiiSuj-VtRD-3zES-YFse-yLwN-3YS9-vnCB2k
[root@localhost ~]# lvcreate -L +100M -n LV1 VG1

15. Logical volume "LV1"created
[root@localhost ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/VG1/LV1
mke2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystemlabel=
OS type:Linux
Blocksize=1024 (log=0)
Fragmentsize=1024 (log=0)
Stride=0blocks,Stripe width=0blocks
25688 inodes,102400 blocks
5120 blocks(5.00%) reservedforthe superuser
Firstdata block=1
Maximumfilesystemblocks=67371008
13 blockgroups
8192 blockspergroup,8192 fragmentspergroup
1976 inodespergroup
Superblockbackupsstoredonblocks:
8193, 24577, 40961, 57345, 73729
Writinginode tables:done
Creatingjournal (4096 blocks):done
Writingsuperblocksandfilesystemaccountinginformation:done
Thisfilesystemwill be automaticallycheckedevery20 mountsor
180 days,whichevercomesfirst. Use tune2fs -cor -i to override.
[root@localhost ~]# ls
acer Aoc Desktop Downloads install.log.syslog Music Public Templates vinod
anaconda-ks.cfg AOC Documents install.log jeson Pictures sudhaa Videos

16. [root@localhost ~]# mount /dev/VG1/LV1 jeson/
[root@localhost ~]# df -h
Filesystem Size UsedAvail Use%Mountedon
/dev/sda2 9.7G 2.3G 6.9G 25% /
tmpfs 504M 260K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 194M 24M 161M 13% /boot
/dev/sda5 490M 11M 455M 3% /usr/olx
/dev/sr0 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.0 i386 Disc1
/dev/mapper/aoc-Aoc1 28M 1.4M 25M 6% /root/AOC
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1 97M 5.6M 87M 7% /root/jeson
[root@localhost~]#lvextend -L+50M /dev/VG1/LV1
Roundingupsize tofull physical extent52.00 MiB
Extendinglogical volumeLV1to152.00 MiB
Logical volume LV1successfullyresized
[root@localhost~]#df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mountedon
/dev/sda2 ext4 9.7G 2.3G 6.9G 25% /
tmpfs tmpfs 504M 260K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 194M 24M 161M 13% /boot
/dev/sda5 ext4 490M 11M 455M 3% /usr/olx
/dev/sr0 iso9660 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.0i386 Disc 1
/dev/mapper/aoc-Aoc1
ext4 28M 1.4M 25M 6% /root/AOC
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
ext4 97M 5.6M 87M 7% /root/jeson

17. [root@localhost ~]# resize2fs/dev/VG1/LV1
resize2fs1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystemat/dev/VG1/LV1ismountedon/root/jeson;on-line resizingrequired
olddesc_blocks= 1, new_desc_blocks=1
Performinganon-lineresizeof /dev/VG1/LV1to155648 (1k) blocks.
The filesystemon/dev/VG1/LV1isnow155648 blockslong.
[root@localhost ~]# df -hT
Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mountedon
/dev/sda2 ext4 9.7G 2.3G 6.9G 25% /
tmpfs tmpfs 504M 260K 504M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/sda1 ext4 194M 24M 161M 13% /boot
/dev/sda5 ext4 490M 11M 455M 3% /usr/olx
/dev/sr0 iso9660 2.8G 2.8G 0 100% /media/RHEL_6.0i386 Disc 1
/dev/mapper/aoc-Aoc1
ext4 28M 1.4M 25M 6% /root/AOC
/dev/mapper/VG1-LV1
ext4 148M 5.6M 135M 4% /root/jeson
LVM REMOVE
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize OriginSnap% Move Log Copy% Convert
LV1 VG1 -wi-a- 152.00m
Aoc1 aoc -wi-a- 28.00m
[root@localhost ~]# lvremove /dev/aoc
Do youreallywantto remove active logical volume Aoc1?[y/n]:y

18. Logical volume "Aoc1"successfullyremoved
[root@localhost ~]# lvs
LV VG Attr LSize OriginSnap% Move Log Copy% Convert
LV1 VG1 -wi-a- 152.00m
[root@localhost ~]# vgremove aoc
Volume group"aoc"successfullyremoved
[root@localhost ~]# vgs
VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
VG1 1 1 0 wz--n- 508.00m 356.00m
[root@localhost ~]# pvremove /dev/sda7
Labelson physical volume "/dev/sda7"successfullywiped