Linux Kernel Release 2.6
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Linux Kernel Release 2.6 aided embedded computing in several ways. It introduced kernel preemption, allowing other applications to continue running even during complex background tasks. The scheduler was improved to be more efficient, prioritizing tasks in O(1) time. New synchronization primitives like mutexes and futexes were added to help applications safely share resources and avoid race conditions. Overall, while not a true real-time OS, Linux 2.6 enhanced responsiveness for embedded systems through these changes.
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The document provides an introduction to the Linux operating system, including:
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- An overview of Linux distributions, kernels, features, and structure, explaining concepts like monolithic vs. microkernel designs.
- Descriptions of key Linux components like modules, eBPF, and the roles of processes, user mode, kernel mode, and context switches.
- Discussions of ongoing developments like extended BPF which allow more dynamic programmability of the Linux kernel.
Cooperative Linux
Cooperative Linux (coLinux) allows Linux to run natively on Windows by modifying the Linux kernel to run cooperatively alongside the host operating system. CoLinux consists of a kernel driver that loads the Linux guest kernel and handles context switches, and userspace daemons that manage devices and input/output. It provides an easy way for Windows users to try Linux applications without rebooting. While faster than traditional virtual machines, coLinux can potentially crash the entire system if the guest kernel fails and has limited graphics support. It is being used in projects combining Linux and Windows clusters and for embedded Linux development.
linux software architecture
The document presents an overview of the software architecture of the Linux operating system. It discusses the need to study software architecture to support design decisions, enhance communication, and understand system abstractions. The Linux system structure contains five major subsystems: the process scheduler, memory manager, virtual file system, network interface, and interprocess communication. Each subsystem is inspected in more detail, including its functions, dependencies, and role within the overall Linux architecture. The presentation concludes by discussing future work refining the conceptual and concrete architecture models of Linux.
State of Linux Containers for HPC
In this video from the 2017 HPC Advisory Council Stanford Conference, Christian Kniep from Gaikai presents: Best Practices: State of Linux Containers.
"Linux Containers gain more and more momentum in all IT ecosystems. This talk provides an overview about what happened in the container landscape (in particular Docker) during the course of the last year and how it impacts datacenter operations, HPC and High-Performance Big Data. Furthermore Christian will give an update/extend on the ‘things to explore’ list he presented in the last Lugano workshop, applying what he learned and came across during the year 2016."
Watch the video: http://wp.me/p3RLHQ-glP
Learn more: http://qnib.org
and
http://www.hpcadvisorycouncil.com/events/2017/stanford-workshop/
Sign up for our insideHPC Newsletter: http:/insidehpc.com/newsletter
MIcrokernel
The document discusses microkernels, which are a minimal form of operating system kernel that provides only basic functionality like address space management, thread management, and inter-process communication. Traditional OS functions like device drivers and file systems are implemented as user-space servers that communicate via IPC. Early microkernels had poor IPC performance, but more optimized designs like L4 achieved much lower overhead. Modern microkernels are minimal and aim to implement all policy in user space for flexibility, while providing efficient IPC and other core mechanisms.
Robust Containers by Eric Brewer
The keynote discussed how containers can provide robustness and improved utilization of resources. Containers isolate applications and enable sets of applications called pods to run together with shared resources. The key challenges discussed were unpredictable interference between containers, low resource utilization, and hard to enforce isolation. Solutions presented were using cgroups for isolation, allowing "slack" resources to be used for lower priority tasks, and moving enforcement directly into the kernel. Kubernetes was introduced as an open source project for orchestrating pods across multiple machines through replication and reconciliation of the actual vs desired state.
Studies
This document provides an overview of the CSC 539 Operating Systems Structure and Design course. It discusses influential early operating systems like Atlas, CTSS, MULTICS, OS/360, UNIX, Alto and Mach. It then focuses on case studies of the Linux and Windows XP operating systems, describing their histories, design principles, process management, memory management, virtual memory, file systems and more.
Enea Enabling Real-Time in Linux Whitepaper
This document discusses three approaches to enabling real-time capabilities in Linux:
1) The PREEMPT_RT kernel patch, which modifies Linux to allow full preemption and reduce jitter through priority inheritance. This adds some overhead.
2) User space partitioning, which isolates CPU cores to run single POSIX threads without kernel interference, enabling very low overhead handling of events.
3) Dual-OS partitioning, which runs a real-time executive on isolated CPU cores entirely separate from the Linux kernel for maximum determinism and minimal latency. Each approach provides different performance, latency, and functionality trade-offs.
Webinar: OpenEBS - Still Free and now FASTEST Kubernetes storage
Webinar Session - https://youtu.be/_5MfGMf8PG4
In this webinar, we share how the Container Attached Storage pattern makes performance tuning more tractable, by giving each workload its own storage system, thereby decreasing the variables needed to understand and tune performance.
We then introduce MayaStor, a breakthrough in the use of containers and Kubernetes as a data plane. MayaStor is the first containerized data engine available that delivers near the theoretical maximum performance of underlying systems. MayaStor performance scales with the underlying hardware and has been shown, for example, to deliver in excess of 10 million IOPS in a particular environment.
First steps on CentOs7
Namespaces, Cgroups and systemd document discusses:
1. Namespaces and cgroups which provide isolation and resource management capabilities in Linux.
2. Systemd which is a system and service manager that aims to boot faster and improve dependencies between services.
3. Key components of systemd include unit files, systemctl, and tools to manage services, devices, mounts and other resources.
Japan's post K Computer
In this deck from the HPC User Forum in Austin, Yutaka Ishikawa from Riken AICS presents: Japan's post K Computer.
Watch the video presentation: http://wp.me/p3RLHQ-fJ6
Learn more: http://hpcuserforum.com
Linux@assignment ppt
The document discusses various topics related to open source software and the Linux operating system. It begins by defining open source software and listing some examples of open source programs. It then discusses the history and development of Linux, from its origins in 1991 to its current usage. The rest of the document covers Linux distributions, features, kernel functions, process management, input/output handling, memory management, and advantages of the Linux operating system.
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Linux Kernel Release 2.6
- 1. Linux Kernel Release 2.6 By :- Debajit Dutta, Roll No: 33401217069, BCA 6th semester, Siliguri Institute of Technology
- 2. Confidential Customized for Lorem Ipsum LLC Version 1.0 Topics to Discuss Overview #2.6 was epic The embedded computing universe Characteristics of Embedded Systems How Linux 2.6 Satisfies the Requirements Kernel Pre-emption An Efficient Scheduler New Synchronization Primitives Linux kernel evolution Bibliography and further reads
- 3. Overview 2.6.X ran 2003->2011, and happened during a time of massive change in tech in general. It saw the addition of VM hypervisors, the standardization of Linux in general, and became widespread during this time, with various Linux distributions and companies stepping up with even more kernel extensibility products (thinking kSplice here, although there were others). In today’s presentation we will see how Linux 2.6 has aided the Embedded Computing. “Necessity is the mother of invention” #2.6 was epic
- 4. The embedded computing universe from tiny portable devices- -such as wristwatch cameras-- they require required massive parallel processors, memory and computing power. Linux 2.6 as a Solution
- 5. Characteristics of Embedded Systems need to meet timing constraints reliably. embedded systems have access to far fewer resources than does a normal PC. a price difference of as little as $2 or $3 can make or break a consumer device produced on a large scale 1 2 3 RESOURCES
- 6. How Linux 2.6 Satisfies the Requirements “Although Linux 2.6 is not yet a true real-time operating system, it does contain improvements that make it a worthier platform than previous kernels when responsiveness is desirable.” preemption points in the kernel an efficient scheduler improved synchronization
- 7. Kernel Pre-emption As of kernel 2.6, the kernel is now preemptible Linux 2.6 avoids unreasonable delays in system calls by periodically testing a preemption point. so other applications can continue to run even when something low-level and complicated is going on in the background.
- 8. An Efficient Scheduler The scheduler in Linux 2.6 no longer scans all tasks every time current queue. When the task is running, it is given a time slice expired queue. priority. Enhanced Efficiency O(1) scheduler.
- 9. New Synchronization Primitives “Applications involving the use of shared resources, such as shared memory or shared devices, have to be developed carefully to avoid race conditions.” Mutex . Fast User- Space Mutexes (Futex) As a result “It also supports setting priorities to allow applications or threads of higher priority to have first access to the contested resource.”
- 11. Bibliography and further reads… ● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_kernel ● https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/linux/what-is-the-linux-kernel ● https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ChangeLog-2.6.0 ● https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_39 ● https://www.linux.org/threads/linux-kernel-release-2-6.28513/
- 12. Thank you. “Never stop aspiring”